Presentation on Burnout and Overtraining in Athletes presented at Schoharie Central School for staff deveopment and as part of Capstone Project at American College of Education Master's program in Health and Wellness Education

1. BURNOUT &
OVERTRAINING
BY : M AT T D AV I S
S C H O H A R I E C E N T R A L S C H O O L AT H L E T I C D E PA R T M E N T

2. OVERTRAINING
• Short Cycle of excessive training at maximal capacity
• Used to overload athletes
• All athletes are different
• Physical overload on an athlete without adequate
rest and recovery results in decreased performance.
(Weinberg,
2011)

3. SYMPTOMS OF
OVERTRAINING
• Physiological
– Altered resting heart rate and blood pressure
– Chronic fatigue
– Headaches
– Impaired muscular strength
– Decreased maximal work capacity
– Frequent nausea/gastrointestinal upsets
– Decreased efficiency of physical performance
– Inability to meet previously met standards
(Kinucan & Kravitz)

4. SYMPTOMS OF
OVERTRAINING
• Psychological
– Changes in personality
– Decreased self- esteem and motivation to workout
– Difficulty concentrating
– Emotional instability
– Fear of competition
– Feelings of sadness and depression
– Easily distracted
– General apathy ex) “giving up when the going gets tough”
(Kinucan & Kravitz)

5. STALENESS
• “ Physiological state of overtraining which manifests as
deteriorated athletic readiness”
• End result or outcome of overtraining
(Weinberg, 2011)

6. BURNOUT
• No one universally accepted definition
• Characteristics
• Exhaustion, both physical and emotional
• Feelings of low personal accomplishment, low self esteem, failure,
and depression
• Depersonalization and devaluation
(Weinberg, 2011) (Smith)

7. FACTORS LEADING TO
BURNOUT
• Lack of recognition or reward for good/hard work
• Working in a high pressure environment
• Working too much without enough recovery
• Too many responsibilities without support of others
• Injuries
• Training loads
• Lack of enjoyment
• Fatigue
• Emotional withdrawal
(Caine et al., 2016)

8. THE 5 MODELS OF BURNOUT
• Cognitive- Affective Stress Model
• Negative-Training Stress Response
Model
• One-dimensional Identify Development
and External Control Model
• Commitment and Entrapment Theory
• Self-Determination Theory
(Weinberg, 2011)

9. COGNITIVE-AFFECTIVE
STRESS MODEL
• 4 stages
• Involves psychological, physiological, and
behavioral components
– Situational Demands
– Cognitive appraisal
– Physiological responses
– Behavioral Responses
(Weinberg, 2011)

10. NEGATIVE-TRAINING STRESS
RESPONSE MODEL
• Focuses on responses to physical training
• Physical training stresses athlete both
physically and mentally
• Some cases of burnout are not caused by
physical overtraining
(Weinberg, 2011)

11. UNIDIMENSIONAL IDENTITY
DEVELOPMENT AND EXTERNAL
CONTROL MODEL
• Focuses on young athletes
• Real cause of burnout is related to social
organization of high-p its performance sport
and its effect on identity and control issues
• Coaches and parents make most of decisions
in youth sports
(Weinberg, 2011)

12. COMMITMENT AND
ENTRAPMENT THEORY
• Athletes commit to sport for 3 reasons
1. They want to participate
2. They believe they have to participate
3. For both reasons
– Athletes feel entrapped by sport
– They feel they have to continue to participate
even though they don’t want to
(Weinberg, 2011)

13. SELF-DETERMINATION
THEORY
• People have 3 basic psychological needs
1. Autonomy
2. Competence
3. Relatedness
– Athletes who have these needs satisfied have
low levels of burnout
(Weinberg, 2011)

14. “THE CASE OF LEO”
• Example scenario of an athlete experiencing overtraining and
burnout
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GagYZj
r5rbQ

15. OVERTRAINING AND BURNOUT
IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT
ATHLETES
• Overuse is most common factor that leads to injuries in
adolescent athlete
• Participation in sports year round
• Multiple teams
• Parental pressure
(Brenner, 2007)

16. OVERTRAINING AND BURNOUT
IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT
ATHLETES
• Growing problem in U.S.
• Estimated that 30 to 45 million youth 6-18 years old participate in
athletics
(Brenner, 2007)

17. OVERUSE INJURIES
• A micro traumatic damage to a bone, muscle, or tendon
subjected to repeated stress without sufficient time to heal
• 4 Stages
• 50% of injuries in pediatric sports medicine is due to overuse
(Brenner, 2007)

18. GROWTH AND MATURATION-
RELATED FACTORS
• Susceptibility to growth plate injuries
• Growth spurts
• Under-developed coordination and skills
• “The more frequent and intensive training and competition of
young elite athletes now may create conditions under which
these potential risk factors can more readily exert their
influence” (Caine et al., 2016).

19. AMERICAN ACADEMY OF
PEDIATRICS COUNCIL
• Recommendations
– Limit 1 sport activity to 5 days a week
– At least 1 day rest
– 2-3 months off per year
(Brenner, 2007)

20. YOUTH ATHLETES TODAY
• Weekend Athletic Tournaments
• Year –Round Training on Multiple Teams
• Multisport Athlete
• Travel Sports Teams
• Increased Pressure to Succeed
• Parental Mentality “Trophy Kids”
(Brenner, 2007)

21. BURNOUT IN SCHOOL
SPORTS
• Athletic Trainers
– Internal vs External locus of control
• Officials
• Coaches
– Gender differences
– Age/Experience Differences
– Coaching style
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AT442AZ6dZw
(Weinberg, 2011)

22. TREATMENT AND
PREVENTION OF BURNOUT
• Suggestions to prevent burnout
1. Monitor critical states in athletes
2. Communicate
3. Set short-term goals for competition and practice
4. Take relaxation breaks
5. Learn self-regulation skills
6. Keep a positive outlook
7. Manage post-competition emotions
8. Stay in good physical condition
(Weinberg, 2011)

23. NUTRITION’S IMPACT ON
OVERTRAINING SYNDROME
• Societal Pressure Factor (Kinucan &
Kravitz)
• Nutrient-Related Fatigue (Katch &
McArdle, 2011)
• Unbalanced Nutrition
– Carbohydrates
• Main source of fuel for exercise,
adequate carbs should be eaten
each day for athletes to train
consistently.
– Proteins
• Building block for muscles and
important for recovery
– Fats
• High source of energy
• Important for hormone regulation
and joint lubrication
(Quinn, 2016)

24. HYDRATION
• Proper Hydration is important in preventing injury and
overtraining
Hydration Protocols
• Drink 8-10 oz of water every 15-30 minutes during exercise
based on weather and practice intensity
• If exercising longer than 90 minutes, replenish carbohydrates
and electrolytes
• Ensure athletes are rehydrating after the succession of
practice/competitions
Quinn, 2016

25. QUESTIONS
Has anyone ever had or witnessed a situation where they thought
their coach was experiencing burnout?
Has anyone ever personally experienced burnout?

26. REFERENCES
• Brenner, J. S. (2007). Overuse Injuries, Overtraining, and Burnout in Child and
Adolescent Athletes. Pediatrics, 119(6), 1242-1245. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0887
• Caine, D., Walch, T., & Sabato, T. (2016). The elite young athlete: strategies to ensure
physical and emotional health. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 7,
99-113. doi:10.2147/oajsm.s96821
• Katch, V. L., McArdle, W. D., & Katch, F. I. (2011). Overuse Injuries, Overtraining, and
Burnout in Child and Adolescent Athletes (4th ed., pp. 185-202). Baltimore, MD:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkens.
• Kinucan, P., & Kravitz. (n.d.). Article Page Home Overtraining: Undermining Success?
Retrieved October 23, 2017, from
https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/overtraining4.html
• Smith, M., Segal, J., Robinson, L., & Segal, R. (2017, October). Burnout Prevention and
Treatment Techniques for Dealing with Overwhelming Stress. Retrieved October 23,
2017, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/stress/burnout-prevention-and-
recovery.htm
• Quinn, E. (2016, December 15). An Overview of Nutrition for Athletes. Retrieved
October 30, 2017, from https://www.verywell.com/nutrition-for-athletes-4013883
• Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of Sport and Exercise
Psychology (5th ed., pp. 493-511). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.