The document provides lessons on the English language, focusing on parts of speech, sentence structure, verb tenses and conjugation. It covers subjects, verbs, simple present tense, questions, negatives, the use of "am/is/are", and defines the components of a basic sentence. The lessons are presented through examples and exercises for students to practice forming sentences in English.

1. 1
ENGLISH COURSE
Lesson 1
Subjects
The list of main subjects we use in our
conversation.
I
You
He
She
We
You
They
Lesson 2
List of verbs
1. Go
2. Do
3. Come
4. Sit
5. Stand
6. Give
7. Eat
8. Sleep
9. Sweep
10 Take
Lesson 3
Simple Present Tense
Use the verbs with the Subjects.
I go
You go
He goes
She goes
We go
You go
They go
. I do
You do
He does
She does
We do
You do
They do
Note: He and she are Third person
singular so with the verb ‘s’ or ‘es’ or ‘ies’
is added.
Exercise
Repeat with the rest of the verbs
Lesson 4
List of verbs
1. Look
2. Pray
3. Clean
4. Dust
5. Finish
6. End
7. Comb
8. Begin
9. Start
10. Open
Exercise
Make simple sentences with the verbs.

2. 2
Lesson 5
The formula for Simple Present Tense.
Subject + first form of the verb + s or
es or ies + object.
e.g. I + go +to market every day.
He comes here on Mondays. [Come + s]
She + goes+ to market. [go + es]
She + carries + our bag. [carr + ies]
I + go + to market everyday.
You + go + to market everyday.
He + goes + to market everyday.
She + goes + to market everyday.
We + go + to market everyday.
You + go + to market everyday.
They + go + to market everyday.
Lesson 6
Common word used in Simple present.
Everything
Every day
Every Monday etc.
Every hour
Every morning
Every afternoon
Every evening
Every month
Every year
Everywhere
Once in a day
Once in a week
Once in an month
Once in a year
Once in a while
Once in a blue
moon
0nce in a way.
Once in God
knows
when .
On holidays
On weekdays
On weekends
On birthdays
On alternative
days
On Sundays,
On Mondays
On time
Twice in a day
Thrice in a day
Twice in a week
Thrice in a week
Twice in a month
Thrice in a month
Twice in a year
Thrice in a year
Always
Daily
Often
Rarely
Seldom
Sometimes
Usually
Translate the following sentences into
English.
Remember the formula for Simple Present
Tense is:
Subject + first form of the verb + s or
es or ies + object.
Answers:
1. He comes here every month.
2. She eats mangoes once in a week.
3. They go to the market on Sundays.
4. We clean the room every morning.
5. I sleep here on alternative days.
6. You clean the cup on Mondays.
7. He combs his hair thrice a day.
8. She knows my name.
9. We begin our class at 4 everyday.
10. They take him to the hospital on
Sundays.

3. 3
Lesson 7
Verb list
1. Hit
2. Want
3. Find
4. Break
5. Draw
6. Fall
7. Know
8. Forget
9. Remember
10. Drink
Lesson 8
Translate into English.
The answers
1. I do my homework on Sundays.
2. He comes here in the evening.
3. We sleep till 4 o’clock everyday.
4. They pray every morning.
5. He finishes his work on time.
6. The peon opens the classroom on
class days.
7. He wants to become a teacher.
8. He breaks the rules always.
9. She knows the answers well.
10. He forgets my name often.
Lesson 9
Negative forms
Subject + do [does] + not + first form of
the verb + object.
I do not go
You do not go
He does not go
She does not go
We do not go
You do not go
They do not go
Lesson 10
Verb list
1. Run
2. Walk
3. Put
4. Dry
5. Read
6. Write
7. Weep
8. See
9. Sing
10. Ring
Make negative Sentences. Use the formula:
Subject + do [does] + not + first form of
the verb + object.
Translate into English
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
8
9
10

4. 4
Answers
1. He does not come here every
month.
2. She does not eat mangoes once in a
week.
3. They do not go to the market on
Sundays.
4. We do not sweep the room every
morning.
5. I do not sleep here on alternative
days.
6. You do not clean the cup on
Mondays.
7. He does not comb his hair thrice a
day.
8. She does not know my name.
9. We do not begin our class at 4
everyday.
10. They do not take him to the hospital
on Sundays.
Lesson 11
Combined Sentences
I do my work
He goes there
She eats rice
But
He does not do.
She does not go.
They do not eat.
Sentences for drilling.
Type one
1. I go but he does not go
2. I eat but he does not eat.
Type two
1. I know your name but he does not know.
2. I know his name but he does not know
mine.
3. He comes here often but she does not.
4. She takes coffee but he does not.
Type Three
1. He comes here often but she comes
seldom.
2. He eats rice usually but eats chapattis
once in a while.
Lesson 12
Question forms
To make question forms add do or does
The formula for question forms:
Do [does]+ Subject + first from of the
verb + object.
Do I go?
Do you go?
Does he go?
Does she go?
Do I go?
Do you go?
Do they go?
Make questions forms with the given verbs.
Exercise
Make questions with the given verbs.
The formula for question forms:
Do [does]+ Subject + first from of the
verb + object.

5. 5
Lesson 13
Question and answers
1. Do you know his name? Yes, I
know. / No, I don’t know.
2. Does he go to school everyday?
Yes, he goes to school everyday.
No, he does not go to school
everyday.
3. Do you wash your cloths? Yes, I
wash my cloths. No. I don’t wash
my cloths.
4. Do they eat rice? Yes, they eat rice.
No, they don’t eat rice.
Lesson 14
Short form is used in spoken English.
Written form Spoken form
I do not
You do not
He does not
She does not
We do not
You do not
They do not
I don’t
You don’t
He doesn’t
She doesn’t
We don’t
You don’t
They don’t
Translate into English
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Answers
1. Does he come here every month?
2. Does she eat mangoes once in a
week?
3. Do they go to the market on
Sundays?
4. Do we clean the room every
morning?
5. Do I sleep here on alternative
days?
6. Do you clean the cup on Mondays?
7. Does He comb his hair thrice a
day?
8. Does She know my name?
9. Do we begin our class at 4
everyday?
10. Do they take him to the hospital on
Sundays.
Lesson 15
May, can, please, will
Sentences with May, can, please etc.
1. May I come in?
1. Can I help you?
2. Please sit down.
3. Will you come with me?
4. May I use your pen?
5. Can you lift this box
6. It may rain tomorrow.
7. I can work this sum.
8. He can swim across the river.
9. He may be at home.
10. May you live long!
11. Can I borrow your umbrella?
12. May I borrow your umbrella?
13. Will you wait for me?
14. Please wait for me.
15. Please close the windows.
16. May God bless you!
17. May I sit down?
18. he may come tomorrow.
19. Will you give him a message?
20. May I know your name?

6. 6
Lesson 16
Question forms with what, where, why,
when, how etc.
The formula
What + Do [does]+ Subject + first from
of the verb + object.
What do you want?
Where do you stay?
When do you want?
What do you think?
What does she want?
Why do you need a pen?
How do you pray?
Questions and answers
What do you want?
I want your help.
Where do you stay?
I stay in Delhi.
When do you want?
I want tomorrow morning.
What do you think?
I think it is alright/bad/
What does she want?
She wants a pen.
Why do you need a pen?
I want to write a letter.
How do you go there?
I take a bus to go there.
Whom do you want?
I want your brother.
Lesson 17
Simple present Tense
Simple present Tense shows an action done
in the present tense.
But its exact time is not definitely known. i.
e its time is indefinite.
The use of Simple present Tense
To express a habitual action
- She comes to school by bus.
- I drink tea but he drinks (prefers) coffee.
To express universal truths.
- The soul is immortal.
- The earth moves round the sun.
- The sun rises in the east.
To express a situation or a fact that is
preeminent.
- Delhi stands on the Yamuna.
- My house faces east.
To express a future action when the
futurity is indicated by the context.
- School reopens on December 2nd
.
- we leave by the 8.30 a.m train tomorrow.
- He leaves for Calcutta day after
tomorrow
To express what is actually taking place
now. Sometimes it shows exclamations.
Here comes the bride.
See, how it rains!
There goes the bus!
To express commands
Come here.
Give me a glass of water.
To express requests
Please come here.
Please give me a glass of water.
Lesson 18
Am /is/are
My name is Lisa
I am Indian. I am from Goa.
I am a student.
My father is a doctor and my mother is a
journalist.
I am 22.
I am not married.
My favourite colour is blue.

7. 7
My favourite sports are football and
swimming.
I am interested in arts.
I am cold. Can you close the window,
please?
I am 32 years old. My sister is 29.
My brother is very tall. He is a policeman.
Jerry is afraid of dogs.
It is ten o’clock. You are late again.
Mary and I are good friends.
Your keys are on the table.
Lesson 19
Negative forms
Positive Negative
I am
He is
It is
We re
I am not
He is not.
It is not
We are not
Short forms
Positive Negative
I’m
She’s
We’re
They’re
It’s
I’m not
She’s not/ she isn’t
We’re not/ we
aren’t
They’re not/ aren’t
It’s not/ it isn’t
I’m tired but I’m not hungry.
Tom isn’t interested in politics. He is
interested in music.
Jane isn’t at home at the moment. She is at
work.
Those people aren’t Indian they are
English.
It’s sunny today but it isn’t warm.
.

8. 8
II. SENTENCES
There are 26 letters in the English Alphabet. The letters combine to form words.
The words combine to form Phrases.
or Clauses. These combine to form a sentence. A sentence is a group of words, which
make complete sense.
A Phrase is a group of words, which make sense but not complete sense (We have
a pot of clay). There are three kinds
of Phrases: Adjective Phrases, Adverb Phrases and Noun Phrases.
A Clause is a group of words, which makes complete sense (We have a pot which
is made of clay). There are three kinds
of Clauses: Adjective Clauses (which+noun?), Adverb Clauses (verb+when?) and Noun
Clauses (verb+what?).
A Clause contains a Subject and a Predicate.
A. Types of Sentences:
1. Simple Sentence: It has only one Subject and one Predicate. There is only one
finite verb.
Eg. The grass is green.
a. The Subject is the part which names the person or the things we are
speaking about.
The Subject is made up of :
1) Subject-word:- It is always a Noun or a Noun equivalent
2) Attribute:- It is always a Adjective or a Adjective equivalent
b. The Predicate is the part which tells something about the the subject.
The Predicate is made up of :
1) Predicate-word:- It is always a verb.
2) Extension:- It is an Adverb or an Adverb equivalent.
2. Compound Sentence: It consists of two or more Principal or Main Clauses joined
by a connective.
Eg. It was raining and I did not have an umbrella.
B. KINDS
2. INTERROGATIVE
4. EXCLAMATORY
3. IMPERATIVE
1. DECLARATIVE
A. TYPES
1.SIMPLE
2.
COMPOUND
3. COMPLEX
I.SENTENCES

9. 9
3. Complex Sentence: It consists of one Main Clause and one or more Subordinate
Clauses joined by a connective.
Eg. I am content with what I have.
B. Kinds of Sentences:
1. Declarative : This sentence makes a statement or an assertion. (It is raining.)
2. Interrogative: This sentence asks questions. (Is it raining? )
3. Imperative: This sentence expresses a command or an entreaty. (Do not go out in
the rain.)
4. Exclamatory:This sentence expresses strong feelings. (What a downpour of rain!
)
C. Structures of Sentences:
{ C=Clause, S=Subject, V=Verb, D=Direct Object, I=Indirect Object, N=Noun,
P=Pronoun, Av=Adverb, Aj=Adjective, Pr=Preposition, If=Infinitive, PP=Present
Participle(_____), Cm=Complement(_____), Cj=Conjunctive(_____), Ti=to-
infinitive(_____), G=Gerund(_____).
An item within brackets ( _ ) is optional. }
1. SV+D [I have a watch.]
2. SV+(not)+Ti [She wants to go home.]
3. SV+(P)N+(not)Ti [She wants her to go there.]
4. SV+(P)N+(to be)+Cm [She proved him wrong.]
5. SV+(P)N+If [They saw the horse run.]
6. SV+(P)N+PP [We saw the horse running.]
7. SV+(P)N+Aj [He painted the wall white.]
8. SV+(P)N+N [The people made him a king.]
9. SV+(P)N+PP [The soldiers found the place deserted.]
10. SV+(P)N+Av [She threw the box out of the door.]
11. SV+that-C [She said that she was busy.]
12. SV+(P)N+that-C [She told me that she was busy.]
13. SV+Cj+Ti [He knows how to do that.]
14. SV +(P)N+Cj+Ti [She told him what to do.]
15. SV+ Cj+ C [We know why she has not come.]
16. SV+(P)N+ Cj+ C [They asked him why he had
not come.]
17. SV+G [They stopped working.]
18. SV+D+Pr+I [She gave the key to her sister.]
19. SV+I+D [She gave me the pen.]
20. SV+for+Av [We walked for five kilometers.]
21. SV [She is singing.]
22. SV+Cm [She is a doctor.]
23. SV+AvCm [He went home.]
24. SV+Pr.+I [They listened to her.]
25. SV+Ti [They came to see her.]

10. 10
PARTS OF SPEECH
THE NOUN
The noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing.
Kinds of Nouns:
1. Common Noun: The name given in common to every person or thing of the
same class or kind (Eg. tree).
2. Proper Noun: The name of some particular person or place (Eg. Arjun).
3. Collective Noun: The name of a number or collection of persons or things taken
together and spoken of as one whole (Eg. crowd).
4. Abstract Noun: The name of a quality, action or state considered apart from the
objects to which it belongs (Eg. Wisdom).
Gender:
Masculine: A noun that denotes a male (Eg. boy).
Feminine: A noun that denotes a female (Eg. girl).
Common: A noun that denotes either a male or a female (Eg. child).
Neuter: A noun that denotes neither a male or female, i.e. a non-living thing
(Eg. chair).
Number:
Singular: A noun that denotes one person or thing (Eg. bird).
Plural: A noun that denotes more than one person or thing (Eg. birds).
Case:
Nominative: A noun used as the subject of a verb (Who or What? before the
verb).
Objective (Accusative): A noun used as the object of a verb (Whom or What?
before the verb).
Possessive (Genitive): A noun used to show ownership or possession.
Vocative: A noun used to name a person or thing addressed.
Dative: A noun (Indirect Object) of the verb.
THE PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Kinds of Pronouns:
1. Personal Pronouns: They stand for the three persons
the person speaking (I, We)
the person spoken to (Thou, You)
the person spoken of (He, She, It, They)
2. Compound Pronouns: They are formed by adding –self/selves to the personal
pronouns.
Reflexive: The action done by the subject turns back upon the subject (Eg. He
hurt himself).
Emphatic: Used for the sake of emphasis (Eg. I will do it myself).

11. 11
3. Demonstrative Pronouns: Used to point out the objects to which they refer
(Eg. These are merely excuses).
4. Indefinite Pronouns: Used to refer to persons or things in a general way (Eg.
Do good to others).
5. Distributive Pronouns: Used to refer to persons or things one at a time (Eg.
Each took it in turn).
6. Relative Pronouns: Used to refer or relate to some noun going before it (Eg.
She found the pen, which she had lost).
7. Compound Relative Pronouns: Formed by adding ‘ever’ or ‘soever’ to ‘who’,
‘which’, or ‘what’ (Eg. Whoever comes is welcome).
8. Interrogative Pronouns: Used for asking questions (Eg. Who is there?).
9. Compound Interrogative Pronouns: Formed by adding ‘ever’ to ‘who’,
‘which’, or ‘what’ (Whatever are you doing?).
10. Exclamatory Pronouns: Used as an exclamation (Eg. What! You don’t know
Anil?).
THE ADJECTIVE
The adjective is a word used with a noun to add something for its meaning.
Kinds of Adjectives:
1. Quality: Shows the quality of person or thing (what kind? Eg. Bombay is a
large city).
2. Quantity: Shows how much of a thing is meant (how much? Eg. She ate some
rice).
3. Number: Shows how many persons or things are meant or in what order (how
many? Eg. Most girls like kho-kho).
4. Demonstrative: Point out which person or thing is meant (which? Eg. This
girl is very clever).
5. Interrogative: What, which and whose used with nouns to ask questions (Eg.
Whose slippers are these?).
6. Emphasizing: (own and very Eg. Mind your own business).
7. Exclamatory: (What! Eg. What an idea!).
Degrees of Comparison:
1. Positive: The Adjective is in its simple form (Eg. Aruna is a good girl).
2. Comparative: Denotes a higher degree of the quality than the Positive and is
used when two things (or two set of things) are compared (Eg. These apples
are better than those).
3. Superlative: Denotes the highest degree of quality (Eg. He is the cleverest boy
in the class).

12. 12
Articles (Demonstrative Adjectives ‘a’ or ‘an’ and ‘the’):
Kinds of Articles
Indefinite: ‘A’ or ‘An’. It leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of (Eg. a
boy). ‘a’ is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound. ‘an’ is
used before a word beginning with a vowel sound.
Definite: ‘The’. It points out some particular person or thing (Eg. The girl
wearing the red dress, is my sister).
THE VERB
A Verb is a word used to say something about some person, place or thing.
Moods:
The different modes or manners in which a Verb may be used to express an action
are called Moods.
Types of Moods:
Indicative: A verb, which makes a statement of fact or asks a question, or
expresses a supposition, which is assumed as a fact
(Eg. We are taught English in school).
Imperative: A verb which expresses a command, an exhortation, an entreaty or
prayer (Eg, Take care of your health).
Subjunctive: A verb, which expresses a wish or possibility (Eg. God bless you).
Tense:
The tense of a verb shows the time of an action or event.
Types of Tenses:
Present Tense: A verb that refers to the present time (Eg. I write).
Each Tense has four forms:
Simple Present: Mentions the action (Eg. I speak).
Present Continuous: The action is incomplete i.e. the action is still going on
(Eg. I am speaking).
Present Perfect: The action is complete at the time of speaking.
Present Perfect Continuous: The action is not complete at this
Past Tense: A verb that refers to the past time (Eg. I wrote).
Future Tense: A verb that refers to the future time (Eg. I shall write).
Kinds of Verbs:
Transitive: A verb that denotes an action, which passes over from the Subject to
the Object (Eg. The boy kicks the football).
It may consist of:
Indirect Object: It denotes the person to whom something is given or for
whom something is done
Direct Object: Name of some thing. [Eg. She gave her (IO) a key (DO)].
Intransitive: A verb that denotes an action which does not pass over from the
Subject to the Object or which expresses a state or being (Eg. The baby
sleeps).

13. 13
Most verbs can be used both as Transitive and as Intransitive, hence we
say that a verb is used Transitively or Intransitively.
[Eg. The dogs fought the wolves (T), Some dogs fought very
fiercely (IT)]
Voice: It is that form of a verb which shows whether what is denoted by a Subject does
something or has something done to it.
Kinds of Voices:
Active: A verb is in the Active Voice when its form shows that the person or
thing denoted by the Subject does something
(Eg. The girl is reading the book).
Passive: A verb is in the Passive Voice when its form shows that something is
done to the person or thing denoted by the Subject
(Eg. The book is being read by the girl).
Types:
Weak Verbs: Verbs whose Past Tense is formed by adding “-ed” or “-d” or “-
t” to the Present Tense (Eg. laugh  laughed).
Strong Verbs: Verbs whose Past Tense is formed by changing the inside vowel
of the Present Tense Eg. come  came).
Auxiliaries (Anomalous Verbs): An Auxiliary is a ‘helping verb’ used to make
the form of another verb.
(be, have, do, can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must,
ought, used, need, dare are Modal Auxiliaries).
The Infinitive is a Verbal Noun (Eg. The birds love to sing).
The Participle is a Verbal Adjective (Eg. Hearing the noise the girl woke up).
The Gerund is a Verbal Noun ending in ‘-ing’ (Eg. I liked reading poetry).
THE ADVERB
The Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective
or another Adverb.
Kinds:
Adverbs of Time (when) (Eg. She comes home daily).
Adverbs of Frequency (how often) (Eg. I have told you twice).
Adverbs of Place (where) (Eg. Go there).
Adverbs of Manner (how or in what manner) (Eg. Sunita reads clearly).
Adverbs of Degree or Quantity (how much or to what degree) (Eg. She sings
pretty well).
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation (Eg. He certainly went to the market. Eg. I
do not know).
Adverbs of Reason (He therefore left school).

14. 14
THE PREPOSITION
The preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in
what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something
else.
Kinds:
Simple Prepositions: At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up,
with.
Compound Prepositions: These are formed by prefixing a Preposition (usually
a=on or be=by) to a Noun, an Adjective or an Adverb.
About, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside,
underneath, within, without.
Phrase Prepositions: (Groups of words used with the force of a single
preposition).
According to, along with, away from, because of, by means of, by reason
of, for the sake of, in accordance, in case of, in favor of,
in front of, in order to, in place of, in reference to, in regard to, in spite
of, instead of, on account of, with reference to.
THE CONJUNCTION
A Conjunction is a word, which merely joins together sentences, and
sometimes words.
Classes of Conjunction:
A Co-ordinating Conjunction joins together clauses of equal rank
And, but, for, or nor, also, either…or, neither…nor
A Subordinating Conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for
its full meaning
After, because, if that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when,
where, while.
THE INTERJECTION
An Interjection is a word, which expresses some sudden feeling or
emotion.
Interjections may express joy (Hurrah!), grief (Alas!), surprise (What!),
Approval (Bravo!)

15. 15
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree
1. When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns
or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb.
2. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or
or nor, use a singular verb.
3. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural
noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the
part of the subject that is nearer the verb.
4. Doesn't is a contraction of does not and should be used only with a
singular subject. Don't is a contraction of do not and should be used
only with a plural subject. The exception to this rule appears in the
case of the first person and second person pronouns I and you. With
these pronouns, the contraction don't should be used.

16. 16
5. Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and
the verb. The verb agrees with the subject, not with a noun or
pronoun in the phrase.
6. The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody,
anybody, anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are
singular and require a singular verb.
7. Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news
require singular verbs.
Note: the word dollars is a special case. When talking about an
amount of money, it requires a singular verb, but when referring to
the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.

17. 17
8. Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, and shears require
plural verbs. (There are two parts to these things.)
9. In sentences beginning with there is or there are, the subject
follows the verb. Since there is not the subject, the verb agrees with
what follows.
10. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but
that are considered singular and take a singular verb, such as: group,
team, committee, class, and family.
In very few cases, the plural verb is used if the individuals in the group
are thought of and specifically referred to.

18. 18
11. Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied
by, in addition to, or as well do not change the number of the subject.
If the subject is singular, the verb is too.
Exercises for this handout are available.