The document provides a comprehensive overview of English grammar focusing on present tense, including the verb 'to be,' affirmative and negative sentences, yes/no and wh-questions, demonstratives, possessive adjectives, prepositions, and the present continuous tense. It highlights the formation of plural nouns, the use of possessive adjectives, and the structure of questions and negative sentences. Additionally, it discusses the verb 'can' for expressing ability, along with examples and rules for forming different sentence structures.

1. BASICS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR
PRESENT TENSE BE,
DEMONSTRATIVES,
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES,
PRESENT CONTINOUS, CAN,
PREPOSITIONS

2. PRESENT TENSE BE
●The verb BE has three forms: AM, IS, ARE,
which we have to use according to the pronoun
or subject.
TO BE
Occup
ations
Nouns
Adject
ives
Place
s

3. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
They are doctors.
ARE
They
We are friends.
ARE
We
It is a city.
IS
It
She is my sister.
IS
She
He is in the lab.
IS
He
You are a student.
ARE
You
I am a teacher.
AM
I
Example
Verb Form
Subject

4. NEGATIVE SENTENCES
You can make negative sentences similar to the
sentences before. The only different is to add NOT
after am, is, are, as you can see in the following chart.
She is not sad They are not in the
school

5. NEGATIVE SENTENCES
We’re not = We aren’t
You’re not = You aren’t
They’re not = They aren’t
We
You are not
They
He`s not = He isn’t
She’s not = She isn’t
It’s not = It isn’t
He
She is not
It
I`m not
I am not

6. YES / NO QUESTIONS
●In English we have to kind of questions:
Yes/No questions and Wh-questions.
●The Yes / No Questions are called that
because the answers always start with Yes or
No
●Remember to answer Yes/No questions you
have to pay attention to the subject.

7. YES / NO QUESTIONS
Mary tall and thin.
Mary tall and thin?
Yes, she is / No, she isn’t
Yes, she is tall and thin. / No, she
is not tall and thin
Affirmative Statement:
Yes / No question:
Short Answers:
Full /Complete
Answers:
John and Peter students.
John and Peter students?
Yes, they are / No, they aren’t
Yes, they are students. / No they
are not students.
Affirmative Statement:
Yes / No question:
Short Answers:
Full /Complete
Answers:
are
Are
is
Is

8. WH - QUESTIONS
●The wh-questions look for information
accoding to the question word.
●In this kind of questions you never answer Yes
or No, because they are asking for some
information. The answer is a statement with the
information according to the question word.

9. WH - QUESTIONS
How are you? I am sad.
How is Loja? It is small.
State
Form / manner
How
Where is he? In the house.
Places
Where
Who is the director of the school?
Carlos Samaniego.
People
Who
What is this? It is a book.
What is your name? Roberth.
What do you do? I am a driver.
What is he doing? He’s working
Things
Name
Occupations
Activities
What
Example
Information
about…
Wh-word

10. REVIEW
Are they doctors?
Are we friends?
Is it a city?
Is she my sister?
Is he in the lab?
Are you a student?
Am I a teacher?
Yes/No Question
They are not
doctors.
We are not friends.
It is not a city.
She is not my sister.
He is not in the lab.
You are not a
student.
I am not a teacher.
Negative
Statements
Yes, they are / No they
are not
They are
doctors.
Yes, we are / No, we are
not
We are friends.
Yes, it is / No, it is not
It is a city.
Yes, she is / No, she is
not
She is my sister.
Yes, he is / No, he is not
He is in the lab.
Yes, I am / No, I am not
You are a
student.
Yes, you are / No, you
are not
I am a teacher.
Short Answers
Statement

11. DEMONSTRATIVES
We use THIS / THESE when the objects are near to the speaker.
This is a blackboard These are papers
THIS
+Singular
Nouns
THESE + Plural
Nouns

12. DEMONSTRATIVES
We use THAT / THOSE when the objects are far from the speakers.
That is a lake.
Those are mountains
THAT + Singular Nouns
THOSE + Plural Nouns

13. DEMONSTRATIVES
Questions
●What is that?
That is an airplane.
●Is that a bird?
No, it is an airplane.
●What are those?
Those are books
●Are those books?
Yes, they are books.

14. PLURAL NOUNS
cat - cats
face - faces
day – days
Add -s
most others
fly - flies
try - tries
curry – curries
Change y to i
then
Add –es
consonant + y
boss - bosses
tax - taxes
bush - bushes
Add -es
s, x, ch or sh
Examples
Forming the plural
Noun ending

15. IRREGULAR PLURAL
potato - potatoes
tomato - tomatoes
volcano -
volcanoes
Add –es
Ends with - o
half - halves
wolf - wolves
loaf - loaves
Change f to v
then
Add –es
Ends with –f
knife - knives
life - lives
wife - wives
Change f to v
then
Add –s
Ends with -fe
Examples
Forming the plural
Noun type

16. IRREGULAR PLURAL
sheep
deer
fish (sometimes)
Singular and plural
are the same
Unchanging
man - men
foot - feet
child - children
person - people
tooth - teeth
mouse - mice
Change the vowel
or
Change the word
or
Add a different
ending
ALL KINDS
Examples
Forming the plural
Noun type

17. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
I My
You Your
He His
She Her +
It Its
We Our
They Their NOUN

18. POSSESSIVE ADJTECTIVES
This is our house
Her pants are blue
His shirt is new
This is her cat

19. POSSESSIVE FORM ‘S
Kevin’s wife is Rose.
His wife is Rose.
Charlie’s book is black.
The Child’s mother is happy

20. PREPOSITION OF PLACE
At the bus station at home
At the door at the top
At work at the end of
AT (lugar específico)
On a shelf on a wall
On a plate on the table
On a balcony on a door
ON (sobre una
superficie)
In the house in a shop
In a room in a town
In a car in a garden
IN (dentro de)

21. PRESENT CONTINOUS
●The present continous
tense is used to describe
activities that happen
now, that means activities
that are develop in the
moment of speaking
Singing
Are
We
You
They
Singing
Is
He
She
It
Singing
Am
I
-ING
FORM
BE
Subject

22. PRESENT CONTINOUS
They are not studying
We are not walking
It is not running
She is not reading
He is not sleeping
You are not eating
I am not dancing
NEGATIVE
Are they studying?
They are studying
Are we walking?
We are walking
Is it running?
It is running
Is she reading?
She is reading
Is he sleeping?
He is sleeping
Are you eating?
You are eating
Am I dancing?
I am dancing
YES/NO QUESTIONS
AFFIRMATIVE

23. RULES
coming
lose - losing
live – living
Remove E, then add –
INGcome
1 vowel + 1
consonant + E-
swim - swimming
hit - hitting
get – getting
Double the consonant,
then add –ING
1 vowel + 1
consonant
Examples
How to make the -ING
form
Verb ending in...
say - saying
go - going
walk - walking
Add –ING
[anything else]

24. CAN / CAN’T
●Can is used to show ability
They can dance He can’t play the piano He can play football
He can swim He can skate

25. NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS
Can they walk ?
Can we sing?
Can it run?
Can she swim?
Can he play?
Can you dance?
Can I cook?
YES/NO
QUESTIONS
Yes, they can / No, they
can’t
Yes, we can / No, we can’t
Yes, it can / No, it can’t
Yes, she can / No, she can’t
Yes, he can / No, he can`t
Yes I can / No I can’t
Yes, you can / No,you can´t
SHORT ANSWERS
They can not walk
We can not sing
It can not run
She can not swim
He can not play
You can not dance
I can not cook
NEGATIVE
They can walk
We can sing
It can run
She can swim
He can play
You can dance
I can cook
AFFIRMATIVE