spermatogenesis .pptx
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Fertilization involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a new individual with a unique genetic makeup. It depends on recognition between sperm and egg, regulation of sperm entry, fusion of genetic material, and activation of egg metabolism. Spermatogenesis is the process where primordial germ cells develop through several stages into mature sperm, including spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and finally functional sperm composed of a head, midpiece, and tail.
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Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...
Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...D. B. S. College Kanpur
The process where the sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse to begin the creation of a new individual whose genome is derived from both parents
Fertilization accomplishes
Sex (the combining of genes derived from two parents)
Reproduction (Creation of a new organism)
First function
to transmit genes from parent to offspring
Second function
is to initiate in the egg cytoplasm those reactions that permit development to proceed
Four Major Events
Contact and recognition between sperm and egg. In most cases, this ensures that the sperm and egg are of the same species
Regulation of sperm entry into the egg. Only one sperm nucleus can ultimately unite with the egg nucleus. This is usually accomplished by allowing only one sperm to enter the egg and actively inhibiting any others from entering.
Fusion of the genetic material of sperm and egg
Activation of egg metabolism to start development
The egg activates the sperm metabolism that is essential for fertilization, and the sperm reciprocates by activating the egg metabolism needed for the onset of development
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the Dutch microscopist who co-discovered sperm in the 1670s, first believed them to be parasitic animals living within the semen (hence the term spermatozoa, meaning "seed animals“)
Ajay Negi (B.Sc. Med-III)- Fertilization.pptx
Fertilization is a complex process involving the fusion of male and female gametes. It can occur internally or externally depending on the organism. In most cases, sperm must undergo capacitation and the acrosomal reaction in order to penetrate and fuse with the egg. Upon sperm-egg membrane fusion, the egg cytoplasm engulfs the sperm and the egg undergoes cortical reactions which form a fertilization membrane to prevent polyspermy. The final stage is karyogamy where the male and female pronuclei fuse to form a zygote, restoring diploidy and marking the start of a new individual.
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This document discusses gametogenesis and spermatogenesis. It describes the four phases of gametogenesis as the formation and migration of primordial germ cells, mitotic increase in germ cell numbers, meiotic reduction in DNA content, and differentiation and maturation. It then focuses on spermatogenesis, outlining the stages from spermatogonia to spermatozoa. Key events of spermiogenesis like nuclear shaping, flagellum formation, and acrosome formation are noted. The role of dynein ATPase in regulating sperm motility and the roles of calcium and pH are summarized.
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This document discusses embryonic axis determination in amphibians. It describes how:
1) Maternal factors like VegT and Vg1 localized to the vegetal pole specify germ layers.
2) The "grey crescent" region exposed at fertilization gives rise to dorsal lip cells that initiate gastrulation.
3) Transplantation experiments by Hans Spemann showed the dorsal lip acts as an "organizer", inducing surrounding tissues to form neural tube and paraxial mesoderm.
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Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm, combining their genetic material. This process activates the egg and initiates embryonic development. Key events include chemoattraction of sperm to the egg, binding and fusion of gametes, and prevention of polyspermy. Fusion results in the formation of a single cell with a combined genome from both parent cells. This triggers metabolic changes in the egg and causes its nuclei to fuse, forming a zygote capable of initiating development of a new organism.
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Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...
Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...D. B. S. College Kanpur
The process where the sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse to begin the creation of a new individual whose genome is derived from both parents
Fertilization accomplishes
Sex (the combining of genes derived from two parents)
Reproduction (Creation of a new organism)
First function
to transmit genes from parent to offspring
Second function
is to initiate in the egg cytoplasm those reactions that permit development to proceed
Four Major Events
Contact and recognition between sperm and egg. In most cases, this ensures that the sperm and egg are of the same species
Regulation of sperm entry into the egg. Only one sperm nucleus can ultimately unite with the egg nucleus. This is usually accomplished by allowing only one sperm to enter the egg and actively inhibiting any others from entering.
Fusion of the genetic material of sperm and egg
Activation of egg metabolism to start development
The egg activates the sperm metabolism that is essential for fertilization, and the sperm reciprocates by activating the egg metabolism needed for the onset of development
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the Dutch microscopist who co-discovered sperm in the 1670s, first believed them to be parasitic animals living within the semen (hence the term spermatozoa, meaning "seed animals“)
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Fertilization is a complex process involving the fusion of male and female gametes. It can occur internally or externally depending on the organism. In most cases, sperm must undergo capacitation and the acrosomal reaction in order to penetrate and fuse with the egg. Upon sperm-egg membrane fusion, the egg cytoplasm engulfs the sperm and the egg undergoes cortical reactions which form a fertilization membrane to prevent polyspermy. The final stage is karyogamy where the male and female pronuclei fuse to form a zygote, restoring diploidy and marking the start of a new individual.
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This document discusses gametogenesis and spermatogenesis. It describes the four phases of gametogenesis as the formation and migration of primordial germ cells, mitotic increase in germ cell numbers, meiotic reduction in DNA content, and differentiation and maturation. It then focuses on spermatogenesis, outlining the stages from spermatogonia to spermatozoa. Key events of spermiogenesis like nuclear shaping, flagellum formation, and acrosome formation are noted. The role of dynein ATPase in regulating sperm motility and the roles of calcium and pH are summarized.
Determination of amphibian axes
This document discusses embryonic axis determination in amphibians. It describes how:
1) Maternal factors like VegT and Vg1 localized to the vegetal pole specify germ layers.
2) The "grey crescent" region exposed at fertilization gives rise to dorsal lip cells that initiate gastrulation.
3) Transplantation experiments by Hans Spemann showed the dorsal lip acts as an "organizer", inducing surrounding tissues to form neural tube and paraxial mesoderm.
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Fertilization
Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm, combining their genetic material. This process activates the egg and initiates embryonic development. Key events include chemoattraction of sperm to the egg, binding and fusion of gametes, and prevention of polyspermy. Fusion results in the formation of a single cell with a combined genome from both parent cells. This triggers metabolic changes in the egg and causes its nuclei to fuse, forming a zygote ready to begin dividing and developing into an embryo.
Fertilization
Fertilization involves the fusion of an egg and sperm, combining their genetic material. This process activates the egg and initiates embryonic development. Key events include chemoattraction of sperm to the egg, binding and fusion of gametes, and prevention of polyspermy. Fusion results in the formation of a single cell with a combined genome from both parent cells. This triggers rapid changes in the egg's metabolism and biochemistry that activate it for development. The male and female pronuclei then fuse, forming a single diploid nucleus and initiating the first cell division.
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The document discusses the process of fertilization in mammals like humans. It begins with the anatomy of sperm and ova. Upon contact with sperm, the ova completes meiosis to become a mature egg. The sperm undergoes capacitation to prepare for fertilization. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes. The sperm binds to and penetrates the egg's extracellular barriers. This triggers activation of the egg and fusion of the male and female pronuclei, restoring diploidy. The zygote then undergoes cell division.
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Biochemistry of fertilization.
This document provides an overview of fertilization and the biochemical processes involved. It discusses:
1) The definition of fertilization as the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
2) The steps of fertilization including capacitation, acrosomal reaction, cortical reaction, plasmogamy, and karyogamy.
3) The significance of fertilization is that it leads to successful reproduction and the formation of a new organism.
Early development of invertebrates
1. During cleavage, cells divide rapidly through mitosis but do not grow in size. Cell cycling is controlled by cyclin synthesis and degradation, which regulates the activity of MPF and progression through the cell cycle.
2. Cleavage patterns vary between species, from radial in sea urchins to spiral in snails to bilateral in tunicates. Gastrulation occurs through various cell movements and generally establishes the three body axes.
3. Cell fate specification occurs through different mechanisms in different species, including maternal cytoplasmic determinants, cell signaling, and cell-cell interactions. Axes can be established before or after fertilization.
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2) During development, the basic vertebrate body plan is shaped through processes like determination, differentiation, growth, and morphogenesis that form components and differentially grow bones and skulls.
3) Fertilization activates the egg and initiates cell division, with the sperm contributing a centriole and haploid nucleus while the egg contributes cytoplasm, organelles, and maternal factors that establish polarity through rearrangements signaling early development.
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Meiosis produces haploid gametes from diploid germ cells in both males and females. In males, spermatogonia undergo meiosis to form sperm throughout life after puberty. In females, oogonia undergo meiosis with the first division starting before birth, but the process is arrested until ovulation near menstruation. This allows a single egg and several polar bodies to form, retaining more cytoplasm for early embryo development. Genetic recombination during meiosis generates diversity among gametes.
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Important points in anatomy
Spermiogenesis is the process where spermatids mature into spermatozoa over 24 days. Spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production, takes 74 days total. Spermatozoa attain full motility in the epididymis. The catSper family is located in the principal piece of the sperm tail. Leydig cells secrete testosterone under control of LH.
Axis and pattern formation in amphibia
Amphibian development begins with fertilization and cortical rotation that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity. Cleavage is holoblastic but unequal, forming a blastula with large yolky cells in the vegetal pole. Gastrulation involves bottle cell invagination, dorsal mesoderm involution, and ectoderm epiboly. The organizer tissue directs body axis formation through beta-catenin signaling in the dorsal region. Left-right asymmetry results from nodal gene expression induced by cilia rotation in the organizer. Amphibians like Xenopus laevis are widely used models for studying these developmental processes.
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This document summarizes the anatomy and fertilization process of human sperm and eggs. It describes that sperm are much smaller than eggs. Upon entering the fallopian tubes, sperm undergo capacitation over 5-7 hours to become able to fertilize eggs. Fertilization involves the sperm binding and fusing with the egg, preventing multiple sperm from entering through the zona reaction. This results in a zygote with a combined 46 chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei.
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Gametogenesis is the process by which haploid gametes are formed from diploid germ cells in the gonads. There are two types: spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes and involves the formation of sperm from spermatogonia over 74 days, involving multiplication, growth, and maturation phases. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries and also involves three phases to form ova from oogonia. The resulting gametes, sperm and ovum, differ in structure according to their roles in fertilization. Sperm are small, motile cells specialized for movement, while ovum are larger stationary cells specialized to receive sperm and support development.
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Gametogenesis is the production of haploid sex cells called gametes through meiosis. There are two types: spermatogenesis which occurs in males, and oogenesis which occurs in females. Spermatogenesis involves spermatogonia undergoing mitosis and meiosis to produce four haploid spermatids from one diploid spermatogonium. Oogenesis involves oogonia undergoing mitosis and meiosis to produce one haploid ovum and two or three polar bodies from one diploid oogonium. Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, which can result in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers and genetic disorders.
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Primordial germ cells originate in the yolk sac and migrate through the dorsal mesentery to reach the developing gonads. The indifferent gonad develops from the mesothelium, mesenchyme and primordial germ cells. In XY embryos, SRY expression causes testes development from the medulla while the cortex regresses. In XX embryos lacking SRY, the cortex develops into ovaries while the medulla regresses. Gametogenesis occurs through meiotic cell division in the gonads, producing haploid sperm in males through spermatogenesis and primordial follicles in females.
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This document discusses homeostasis and the interaction between soma and germline cells. It covers Weismann's theory of germplasm continuity between generations and mechanisms for determining germline and soma cell lines in various organisms. In mammals, primordial germ cells form early in development and migrate to the genital ridge where they interact with somatic cells. In the testis, Sertoli cells secrete proteins and communicate with germ cells through contact and gap junctions to influence their development.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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Spermiogenesis is the process where spermatids mature into spermatozoa over 24 days. Spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production, takes 74 days total. Spermatozoa attain full motility in the epididymis. The catSper family is located in the principal piece of the sperm tail. Leydig cells secrete testosterone under control of LH.
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Amphibian development begins with fertilization and cortical rotation that establishes dorsal-ventral polarity. Cleavage is holoblastic but unequal, forming a blastula with large yolky cells in the vegetal pole. Gastrulation involves bottle cell invagination, dorsal mesoderm involution, and ectoderm epiboly. The organizer tissue directs body axis formation through beta-catenin signaling in the dorsal region. Left-right asymmetry results from nodal gene expression induced by cilia rotation in the organizer. Amphibians like Xenopus laevis are widely used models for studying these developmental processes.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Hiranandani Hospital Powai News [Read Now].pdf
Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
pathology MCQS introduction to pathology general pathology
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- 2. Fertilization involve Fusion of male and female gametes. Formation of new individual with new genetic makeup.
- 3. Fertilization depends on Recognition of sperm and egg. Regulation of sperm entry Fusion of genetic material. Activation of egg metabolism.
- 4. Leewenhook. Spallanzani. Dumas. Oscar Hertwig.
- 7. Different cells in spermatogenesis 1. Primordial germ cell 2. Spermatognia: Spermatognia Type A1. Spermatognia Type A2. Spermatognia Type A3. Spermatognia Type A4.
- 8. 2. Intermediate spermatogonia. 3. Spermatogonia Type B. 4. Primary spermatocytes. 5. Secondary spermatocytes: 6. Spermatids. 7. Sperm.
- 13. Provide motility Derived from centriole. Arrangement of axoneme. 9x2+2 arrangement. Complete microtuble:13 protofilament. Incomplete: 11 protofilament. Tubilin, dynein, nexin protein.
- 15. Mid piece: Connect head to flagellum. Consist spirally arranged mitochondria. Provide ATP for propulsion.
- 17. Functional sperm composed of 1. Head. 2. Mid piece. 3. Tail/flagellum.
- 19. Leydig cells. Leydig cells secrete androgens.