Speaker Profession
Xiomara Mejia, Melanie Sanoff, Claudia Lemanski, Zijie Yuan, Angelique Desjardins, Martin Prokai, Gabrielle Peterson Chidera Udeh
Crystal Akers () - Add your name to the group's slide, and someone should write the research question here.
What is the exact wording of the research question(s) you would like to investigate?
What kind of study do you propose?
Are you analyzing screen data? Conducting interviews? Presenting an experimental survey with a stimulus you've designed?
What is your hypothesis?
How does your study relate to our course?
Consider connections to methods of the study, the linguistic variable in the study (words? phrasing? sounds?) and how the social factor you've selected into (Participants/ Setting / Topic/ Function) relates to linguistic variable.
Crystal Akers () - Use your responses from Collab 3 to ensure some consensus on these questions. Then, each person should post a new slide, following the instructions in Collab 4.
Research Question
How does the profession of a speaker influence their formality on social media platforms?
Crystal Akers () - Just go with it! :)
MELANIE SANOFF () - Is everyone okay with this final question?
ANGELIQUE DESJARDINS () - I like this form of the question!
Hypothesis
If the formality of a speaker on social media is greater, then their profession is more formal than someone with less formal speaking.
This will be seen in the data through:
Number of sentences
Hashtags
Word choice
Emojis
etc.
Crystal Akers () - Everyone can add their own slides showing different screen data accounts and how they are analyzed. See Xio's slides for some examples of how this can work.
Study Type
Analysis of screen data (Twitter Data)
Data Collection
Collect Data from social media
Twitter/Facebook
Collection of:
Number of Abbreviation
Number of Emojis used
Punctuation
Grammar (Errors made)
Complexity of Words chosen
Ex: Would someone with no higher education be able to understand a politician's word choices without the help of a dictionary.
Crystal Akers () - Analyze these sample slides. What linguistic data do you receive from them? Showing a table would be great to let your viewers understand what you're examining (say, # of words/sentence?) and what the exact figures are (how many words/sentence, precisely?)
DataTwitter HandleTotal # sentences in setTotal # of words in setTotal # of hashtags
in setTotal # of emoji in setTotal # of abbreviations in setGrammar Errors in setPunctuation in setCristine Rotenberg @nailogical21903110Governor Phil Murphy @GovMurphy
58700005
Politicians vs Celebrities
Politicians tweets vs Celebrity tweets
iamcardib
@iamcardib
·Mar 27
We are not in great shape .
Bernie Sanders
@BernieSanders
·22h
There are people today who may well have symptoms of coronavirus, but who have to go to work because they don’t have any paid family or medical leave. How does that happen in t.
This document discusses spoken language and debates around its use. It provides examples of conversations in different sociolects and evaluates attitudes towards texting and multi-modal communication. The document outlines debates between those who see changes in language as detrimental versus linguists like David Crystal who see language evolution as natural. Students are tasked with understanding these debates, analyzing examples of sociolects, and evaluating how context shapes language variations and public perceptions of them.
This document discusses spoken language and debates around its use. It provides examples of conversations in different sociolects and evaluates attitudes towards texting and multi-modal communication. The document outlines debates between those who see changes in language as detrimental versus linguists like David Crystal who see language evolution as natural. Students are tasked with understanding these debates, analyzing examples of sociolects, and evaluating how context shapes language variations and public perceptions.
How to Start a Compare and Contrast Essay?. A-Z Guide for Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay. 022 Compare And Contrast Essay Outline Template Printables Corners .... 014 Essay Example Compare Contrast Essays ~ Thatsnotus. compare and contrast essay | Nature | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. Compare and contrast essay examples college vs high school - Compare .... Compare and Contrast Essay Template by Becca McCuistion | TpT. Strong Compare and Contrast Essay Examples.
Gender and language (linguistics, social network theory, Twitter!)Tyler Schnoebelen
The relationship between gender, linguistic style, and social networks, using a novel corpus of over 14,000 Twitter users. Prior quantitative work on gender often treats it as a female/male binary, but that's problematic at a theoretical level and descriptively inadequate. By clustering Twitter users by the words they use, we find a natural decomposition of the dataset into various styles and topical interests. Many of these clusters end up having strong gender orientations, but they offer a more accurate reflection of the multifaceted nature of gendered language styles. Previous corpus-based work has also had little to say about individuals whose linguistic styles defy population-level gender patterns. To identify such individuals, we train a statistical classifier, and measure the classifier confidence for each individual in the dataset. Examining individuals whose language does not match the classifier's model for their gender, we find that they have social networks that include significantly fewer same-gender social connections, and that in general, social network homophily is correlated with the use of same-gender language markers. I'll hope to persuade you that the combination of computational methods and social theory offers new perspectives on how gender emerges as individuals position themselves relative to audiences, topics, and mainstream gender norms.
Gender, language, and Twitter: Social theory and computational methodsIdibon1
The relationship between gender, linguistic style, and social networks, using a novel corpus of over 14,000 Twitter users. Prior quantitative work on gender often treats it as a female/male binary, but that's problematic at a theoretical level and descriptively inadequate. By clustering Twitter users by the words they use, we find a natural decomposition of the dataset into various styles and topical interests. Many of these clusters end up having strong gender orientations, but they offer a more accurate reflection of the multifaceted nature of gendered language styles. Previous corpus-based work has also had little to say about individuals whose linguistic styles defy population-level gender patterns. To identify such individuals, we train a statistical classifier, and measure the classifier confidence for each individual in the dataset. Examining individuals whose language does not match the classifier's model for their gender, we find that they have social networks that include significantly fewer same-gender social connections, and that in general, social network homophily is correlated with the use of same-gender language markers. I'll hope to persuade you that the combination of computational methods and social theory offers new perspectives on how gender emerges as individuals position themselves relative to audiences, topics, and mainstream gender norms.
Tracking the Emergence of New Words across Time and SpaceDigital History
This document discusses tracking the emergence and spread of new words across time and space using a large Twitter corpus. It identifies rising and emerging words from 2014 using correlation analysis and cross-referencing with rare words. Many emerging words follow an S-curve pattern of increasing usage over time. Mapping analyses show words tend to spread from urban to surrounding areas, though factors like population density and demographics also influence patterns of geographical diffusion.
This document provides information about extra credit opportunities and upcoming events for an English class, as well as an agenda and discussion topics for a class on data analysis. The extra credit opportunities include attending documentaries and panels on various social issues. The data analysis class covers analyzing interviews and surveys, looking at interview data and analysis papers, and the stages of collecting and analyzing data from conducting interviews to analyzing findings. The class discusses best practices for transcription, handling different interview situations, and moving from transcripts to identifying themes in the data. Students are given examples of data analysis and instructed to find an empirical article related to their topics to analyze. The document provides guidance on representing participants accurately and critiquing analysis sections of papers.
This document discusses spoken language and debates around its use. It provides examples of conversations in different sociolects and evaluates attitudes towards texting and multi-modal communication. The document outlines debates between those who see changes in language as detrimental versus linguists like David Crystal who see language evolution as natural. Students are tasked with understanding these debates, analyzing examples of sociolects, and evaluating how context shapes language variations and public perceptions of them.
This document discusses spoken language and debates around its use. It provides examples of conversations in different sociolects and evaluates attitudes towards texting and multi-modal communication. The document outlines debates between those who see changes in language as detrimental versus linguists like David Crystal who see language evolution as natural. Students are tasked with understanding these debates, analyzing examples of sociolects, and evaluating how context shapes language variations and public perceptions.
How to Start a Compare and Contrast Essay?. A-Z Guide for Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay. 022 Compare And Contrast Essay Outline Template Printables Corners .... 014 Essay Example Compare Contrast Essays ~ Thatsnotus. compare and contrast essay | Nature | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. Compare and contrast essay examples college vs high school - Compare .... Compare and Contrast Essay Template by Becca McCuistion | TpT. Strong Compare and Contrast Essay Examples.
Gender and language (linguistics, social network theory, Twitter!)Tyler Schnoebelen
The relationship between gender, linguistic style, and social networks, using a novel corpus of over 14,000 Twitter users. Prior quantitative work on gender often treats it as a female/male binary, but that's problematic at a theoretical level and descriptively inadequate. By clustering Twitter users by the words they use, we find a natural decomposition of the dataset into various styles and topical interests. Many of these clusters end up having strong gender orientations, but they offer a more accurate reflection of the multifaceted nature of gendered language styles. Previous corpus-based work has also had little to say about individuals whose linguistic styles defy population-level gender patterns. To identify such individuals, we train a statistical classifier, and measure the classifier confidence for each individual in the dataset. Examining individuals whose language does not match the classifier's model for their gender, we find that they have social networks that include significantly fewer same-gender social connections, and that in general, social network homophily is correlated with the use of same-gender language markers. I'll hope to persuade you that the combination of computational methods and social theory offers new perspectives on how gender emerges as individuals position themselves relative to audiences, topics, and mainstream gender norms.
Gender, language, and Twitter: Social theory and computational methodsIdibon1
The relationship between gender, linguistic style, and social networks, using a novel corpus of over 14,000 Twitter users. Prior quantitative work on gender often treats it as a female/male binary, but that's problematic at a theoretical level and descriptively inadequate. By clustering Twitter users by the words they use, we find a natural decomposition of the dataset into various styles and topical interests. Many of these clusters end up having strong gender orientations, but they offer a more accurate reflection of the multifaceted nature of gendered language styles. Previous corpus-based work has also had little to say about individuals whose linguistic styles defy population-level gender patterns. To identify such individuals, we train a statistical classifier, and measure the classifier confidence for each individual in the dataset. Examining individuals whose language does not match the classifier's model for their gender, we find that they have social networks that include significantly fewer same-gender social connections, and that in general, social network homophily is correlated with the use of same-gender language markers. I'll hope to persuade you that the combination of computational methods and social theory offers new perspectives on how gender emerges as individuals position themselves relative to audiences, topics, and mainstream gender norms.
Tracking the Emergence of New Words across Time and SpaceDigital History
This document discusses tracking the emergence and spread of new words across time and space using a large Twitter corpus. It identifies rising and emerging words from 2014 using correlation analysis and cross-referencing with rare words. Many emerging words follow an S-curve pattern of increasing usage over time. Mapping analyses show words tend to spread from urban to surrounding areas, though factors like population density and demographics also influence patterns of geographical diffusion.
This document provides information about extra credit opportunities and upcoming events for an English class, as well as an agenda and discussion topics for a class on data analysis. The extra credit opportunities include attending documentaries and panels on various social issues. The data analysis class covers analyzing interviews and surveys, looking at interview data and analysis papers, and the stages of collecting and analyzing data from conducting interviews to analyzing findings. The class discusses best practices for transcription, handling different interview situations, and moving from transcripts to identifying themes in the data. Students are given examples of data analysis and instructed to find an empirical article related to their topics to analyze. The document provides guidance on representing participants accurately and critiquing analysis sections of papers.
FREE 15 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF MS Word. Argumentative Essay Examples, Structure amp; Topics Pro Essay Help. Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. examples of argument essays Essay examples, Argumentative essay .... Argumentative Essay And Examples. Argumentative essay examples Argumentative essay, Essay writing, Best .... Argumentative Essay. What Is an Argumentative Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You .... How to Write an Argumentative Essay Samples and Topics. Argumentative Essay Example. Expository essay: Argumentative essay practice. Free Argumentative Essays Samples. FREE 9 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF. FREE 16 Argumentative Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF MS Word. Argumentative Essay.docx Higher Education Government Free 30-day .... Sample Essay Argumentative Writing Sample. sample-argumentative-essay.pdf DocDroid. 017 Argumentative Essay Examples High School Printables Corner Samples .... Free Argumentative Essay Samples. 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper Museumlegs. Definition Essay: Samples of argumentative essay writing. 8 Argumentative Essay Examples. Argumentative essay example short Truth or Consequences .... Sample Research Argumentative Essay - How to create a Research .... 020 Essay Example Sample Argument Thatsnotus. PPT - THE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... How to structure an argumentative essay. Examples of best topic and .... Sample Argumentative Essay. Check my Essay: Argumentative essay writing examples. 013 Argumentative Essays Examples Brilliant Ideas Of How To Write An ... Samples Of An Argumentative Essay Samples Of An Argumentative Essay
Pop Culture Essays. Pop culture argument topics. Making Your American Popula...Julie Roest
The document discusses the challenges of writing an essay about pop culture. It notes that pop culture is a broad, ever-evolving topic that requires nuanced understanding. Defining its boundaries and selecting a focused aspect are difficult. Additionally, pop culture topics demand cultural sensitivity to avoid misrepresentation. Staying aware of rapidly changing trends is also a hurdle. Balancing subjective opinions with objective analysis in a way that is not overly biased is crucial. Overall, an essay on pop culture requires careful consideration, adaptability, and deep understanding of the subject matter and cultural trends.
Use Your Words: Content Strategy to Influence BehaviorLiz Danzico
What if we were truly open to the language in our cities, our neighborhoods, our city blocks? What is our environment telling us to do?
In this workshop, we’ll let the language of the city guide us to explore how words, specifically the words of our immediate contexts, shape our behavior. By being open to the possibilities, we’ll explore how language influences both the micro and macro actions we take. We’ll go on expeditions in the morning—studying street signs to doorways to receipts—comparing patterns in the language maps we’ll construct. In the afternoon, we’ll look at what these patterns suggest for the products and services we design.
You’ll walk away having learned how words influence behavior, how products and services have used language for behavior change, and having tools for thinking about language and behavior change in the work you do.
Spend the day letting words use you, so you can go back to work to use them with renewed wisdom.
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Haystack 2019 - Natural Language Search with Knowledge Graphs - Trey GraingerOpenSource Connections
To optimally interpret most natural language queries, it is necessary to understand the phrases, entities, commands, and relationships represented or implied within the search. Knowledge graphs serve as useful instantiations of ontologies which can help represent this kind of knowledge within a domain.
In this talk, we'll walk through techniques to build knowledge graphs automatically from your own domain-specific content, how you can update and edit the nodes and relationships, and how you can seamlessly integrate them into your search solution for enhanced query interpretation and semantic search. We'll have some fun with some of the more search-centric use cased of knowledge graphs, such as entity extraction, query expansion, disambiguation, and pattern identification within our queries: for example, transforming the query "bbq near haystack" into
{ filter:["doc_type":"restaurant"], "query": { "boost": { "b": "recip(geodist(38.034780,-78.486790),1,1000,1000)", "query": "bbq OR barbeque OR barbecue" } } }
We'll also specifically cover use of the Semantic Knowledge Graph, a particularly interesting knowledge graph implementation available within Apache Solr that can be auto-generated from your own domain-specific content and which provides highly-nuanced, contextual interpretation of all of the terms, phrases and entities within your domain. We'll see a live demo with real world data demonstrating how you can build and apply your own knowledge graphs to power much more relevant query understanding within your search engine.
Natural Language Search with Knowledge Graphs (Haystack 2019)Trey Grainger
To optimally interpret most natural language queries, it is necessary to understand the phrases, entities, commands, and relationships represented or implied within the search. Knowledge graphs serve as useful instantiations of ontologies which can help represent this kind of knowledge within a domain.
In this talk, we'll walk through techniques to build knowledge graphs automatically from your own domain-specific content, how you can update and edit the nodes and relationships, and how you can seamlessly integrate them into your search solution for enhanced query interpretation and semantic search. We'll have some fun with some of the more search-centric use cased of knowledge graphs, such as entity extraction, query expansion, disambiguation, and pattern identification within our queries: for example, transforming the query "bbq near haystack" into
{ filter:["doc_type":"restaurant"], "query": { "boost": { "b": "recip(geodist(38.034780,-78.486790),1,1000,1000)", "query": "bbq OR barbeque OR barbecue" } } }
We'll also specifically cover use of the Semantic Knowledge Graph, a particularly interesting knowledge graph implementation available within Apache Solr that can be auto-generated from your own domain-specific content and which provides highly-nuanced, contextual interpretation of all of the terms, phrases and entities within your domain. We'll see a live demo with real world data demonstrating how you can build and apply your own knowledge graphs to power much more relevant query understanding within your search engine.
This document discusses descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics describe what is occurring in an entire population, using words like "all" or "everyone". Inferential statistics draw conclusions about a larger population based on a sample, since observing the entire population is often not feasible. The document provides examples to illustrate the difference, such as determining average test scores for all students versus using a sample of scores to estimate averages for an entire state.
Summaries of recent 2018 tweets about language with notes made by AS students about what details could be used in an exam polemic for the OCR English language AS exam Paper 2 Question 1: 'Writing about a topical language issue'
THE 191Written Response to Live PerformanceNameSection.docxtodd801
THE 191
Written Response to Live Performance
Name:
Section:
Date:
All answers should be written in complete sentences with proper grammar, and all answers should be filled in within this document. Submissions that are sent in that do not match this format will be graded as a 0.
Question 1: ACTING
In the course of your watching and listening to Bat Boy, many actors will take the stage and make acting choices while performing the play that you have read (and watched). Describe two moments in the play that stuck out to you and explain what happened in that moment on stage ,and what about it was working (or not) for you, using language from the course (i.e Subtext, heightened language, inside out or outside in acting, given circumstances, etc.) 20 pts- 40-70 words per answer.
A: (30pts) First Moment:
B. (30pts) Second Moment:
Question 2: DESIGN
We’ve discussed the wide range of design choices that have to be made during the show (including sound, light, costume and scenic design): Choose two moments from Bat Boy during which the design element tells you something about a character, mood, atmosphere or given circumstances. For each moment you must 1) describe what the design did and what it told you 2) Why was it effective? Each answer should be 40-70 words, 15 pts each
A: (20pts) First Moment:
B: (20pts) Second Moment
Question 3: REFLECTION
Now that you’ve seen Miami the production of Bat Boy! The Musical, please reflect on A) What do you think was the directorial concept for this play(refer to the chapter on directing in your text book and your notes from class on Week 11), and why do you think that? and b) What did the play (using the concept you identified in A) mean to you? Each answer should be 40-70 words, 15pts each.
(25pts)A):
(25pts)B):
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Natural Language Processing for the Social Media
A PhD course at the University of Szeged, organised by the FuturICT.hu project; 2013. December 9-13.
1. Twitter intro + JSON structure
2. Challenges in analysing social media: why traditional NLP models do not work well
3. GATE for social media
Reasons for Earthquakes - GCSE Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. ≫ How to Survive in Earthquakes Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Impressive Essay On Earthquake ~ Thatsnotus. Essay of earthquake – The Friary School. earthquakes-reading-comprehension-exercises_28476_1-converted.pdf. Earthquake Essay for Students in English | Pakilminfo.com. Earthquake Essay / The Process Of An Earthquake Phdessay Com : Its .... Essay earthquake speech - writefiction581.web.fc2.com. What Are The Effects Of An Earthquake Informative Essay - The Earth .... Earthquake Essay :
Current research deals with the semiotic and linguistics gap between the actual meaning and the usage of Emoticons in Pakistani society. This study aimed to find out the gap between the meaning and the use of Emoticon and to examine the use and place of Emoticons as a form of language. This research also aimed to identify whether men or women tend to use Emoticons more frequently. To analyze the gap, a survey questionnaire was used having 45 questions as tool for collecting data from mobile phone users and 05 conversations have been analyzed using content analysis technique. According to the results, mobile phone users use Emoticons in their conversations without knowing what they mean, whether they have any referential or literal meaning or which conceptual categories they denote, they do not know the answers to all these questions. This research tried to give valuable suggestions in order to solve the problems of using Emoticons without proper understandings. On the basis of findings, it is suggested that Emoticons must not give false and fake expressions rather these Emoticons should prevent misapprehension and confusion and should be aligned with the receiver.
quot;Naturequot; by Ralph Waldo Emerson Free Essay Example. Ralph waldo emerson nature essay summary. Emersons Essays : The First and Second Series Complete - Nature, Self .... Nature and Selected Essays Penguin Classics by Ralph Waldo Emerson .... Emerson nature and selected essays. Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Nature Quotes - Nature and Selected Essays Quotes. Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson--Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson .... Essay nature ralph waldo emerson analysis - Essay on Nature, by Ralph .... Nature and Other Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Two volumes Emerson Nature and Essays Etsy. Emersons essay nature pdf journal leu. Nature - Ralph Waldo Emerson. NATURE By RALPH WALDO EMERSON Essay Full Audio Book. Emerson, Nature, and the Environment Harvard Square Library. EMERSON - ESSAYS - NATURE TEXT Essay, Emerson, Text. ️ Nature and selected essays ralph waldo emerson pdf. Nature By Ralph .... Emersons essay on nature. Essays - Ralph Waldo Emerson Philosophy books, World of books, Emerson. Emerson vs thoreau nature essay. Nature and Other Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson English Hardcover Book .... quot;Nature,quot; an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph waldo emerson .... Nature Emerson Excerpt Ralph Waldo Emerson. ️ Emersons nature. Chapter I: Nature. 2022-10-09. Emersons Approach to the Natural World in Nature Essay Example Topics ... Emerson Essay Nature Emerson Essay Nature
This document outlines the agenda and topics for a week 3 class on fluency, intelligibility, and spoken language. The goals are to review concepts from previous classes and introduce the nature of oracy and spoken language. The agenda includes reviewing key terms and concepts from previous classes like fluency types, Levelt's model of speech production, and factors that can cause dysfluencies. It also covers intelligibility research methods and criticisms of that research. The document discusses distinguishing features of spoken versus written language and implications for language teaching, including the importance of starting from spoken language norms.
This document summarizes a presentation about language and style trends for associations. It discusses ongoing debates around grammar, including the use of singular "they" and inclusive language. It also covers trends in capitalization of internet-related terms, the use of hyphens in compound words beginning with "e," capitalizing job titles, including acronyms in parentheses, and whether to strictly adhere to quotes from sources. Attendees participated in live polls to gauge opinions on potentially offensive language and adoption of new grammar constructs. The presenters shared their personal grammar pet peeves.
The document summarizes Xiaoju Zheng's dissertation proposal defense on studying the life cycle of hashtags on Twitter. It discusses research questions about how words are created on Twitter using hashtags, what makes some hashtags more successful than others, and how successful hashtags spread. It proposes analyzing hashtag data linguistically and using diffusion models to examine social factors like network structure that influence a hashtag's popularity. Challenges include developing hashtag classification metrics and finding representative data.
DescriptionAn informative speech increases the audience members’LinaCovington707
Description
An informative speech increases the audience members’ understanding of a topic. For this speech, you will inform your audience about a significant popular culture product or personality from the last five years. “Popular culture (or "pop culture") refers to the traditions and material culture of a particular society. [In first-world countries], pop culture refers to cultural products such as music, art, literature, fashion, dance, film, cyberculture, television, and radio that are consumed by the majority of a society's population. Pop culture is those types of media that have mass accessibility and appeal” (Crossman, 2020).
This assignment requires you to design and deliver an original 4-5 minute informative speech, with supporting PowerPoint slides.
For this speech, you will inform your audience about a topic by answering the questions:
· What is the most significant popular culture product or personality from the last five years and why is that product or personality the most significant?
The ideas in your speech must be supported by evidence. A minimum of three viable, relevant, timely sources is required. For this speech, you will confine your research to newspapers from across the country. You may choose from the following online newspapers:
· “LA Times”
· “Chicago Tribune”
· “USA Today”
· “Atlanta Journal-Constitution”
· “Detroit Free Press”
· “Arizona Republic”
· “The Dallas Morning News”
· “Boston Herald”
· “New York Post”
· “The Washington Times”
POWERPOINT SPEECH WORKSHEET
Do not complete this worksheet unless you have read the instructions for this speech. You will complete this worksheet easier if you follow the speech instructions as these instructions tell you exactly how to complete this worksheet.
Name:
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Fill in the blanks to create a preparation outline. Write your preparation outline in complete and correct sentences. Refer to the sample preparation outline in our textbook for guidance.
2. The speaking notes prompts follow the preparation outline. Fill in the blanks to develop speaking notes. Refer to the sample speaking notes outline in our textbook for guidance.
PREPARATION OUTLINE
You will fill in your answers after each colon (:). Write in complete sentences.
Introduction:
Central Idea: The most significant popular culture personality from the last five years is Kim Kardashian. She has influenced and impacted the fashion industry, home décor, lifestyles, and body image.
Preview:
Signpost (Transition):
Main Idea #1:
(Write your first Main Idea which will identify and explain the pop culture product or personality).
(A. Support #1 for Main Idea #1. Identify and explain.):
1. (Detail for Support #1 for Main Idea #1):
2. (Detail for Support #1 for Main Idea #1):
(B. Support #2 for Main Idea #1. Give examples.):
1. (Detail for Support #2 for Main Idea #1):
2. (Detail for Support #2 for Main Idea #1):
Signpost (Transition):
Main Idea #2 ...
Cyber safety and appropriate use of social media sites are important topics to educate students, parents, and teachers about. Popular sites like MySpace and Facebook allow users to create profiles, share photos and media, and connect with friends but also present risks like oversharing private information, cyberbullying, and interacting with unknown individuals. It is important for young people to be aware of how much their personal information can be accessed publicly online and to represent themselves safely when using social networking sites.
Introduction Paragraph: How To Write An Introduction Paragraph (with .... 001 Introductory Paragraph Examples For Essays Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. PPT - The Introductory Paragraph PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... How to write a good introductory paragraph and thesis statement. ⚡ How to make an intro paragraph. Introduction Paragraph Examples .... Introductory Paragraphs. How to Write an Introductory Paragraph. Stirring Introductory Paragraph Examples For Essays ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write Introductory Paragraphs For Essays - Ahern Scribble.
Summarize the key ideas of each of these texts and explain how they .docxrafbolet0
Summarize the key ideas of each of these texts and explain how they shed light on our study of American religious diversity. Point out some key citations and explain the most important thing you learned from these readings and how these readings helped you achieve the educational goals of our course
US Bill of Rights, UN DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, and UNESCO on Diversity and Tolerance; Dignitatis Humanae, and Nostra Aetate
Clash of civilizations, Civil Religion (Reader, pp288-289), and Dominus Iesus
Dynamics of Prejudice (Reader, pp.32-39; 111-114; 295-309)
“Die Judenfrage” (Reader, pp.178-209)
The Irish case (Reader, pp.169-177)
Idolatry (Cantwell Smith, Reader, pp.259-266) and Tolerant Gods ( by Wole Soyinka, text on moodle)
Sacred Texts, Christian and Islamic vision of Religious Tolerance (Reader, p.44, and moodle)
The Real Kant, Multiculturalism, Eurocentrism and the Columbus paradigm (Reader, pp.93-103; 352-358; and pp.282-289)
“Calore-Colore” Paradigm (Reader, pp. 323-346) and scholarship on ATR, and scientific theories or mythologies of otherness (pp, 111-128; 295-346)
AAR article on Egyptology and “Egypt and Israel”
Choose 3 questions from the list above :
the papers should be clear and professonal, answer questions and explain the points that you wants to explain with examples from SACRED TEXTS (BIBLE AND KORAN). I want the writer to do the papers professionally, and to be neutral and non-racist, I want him explain that the examples of the Koran show the positive side, which is commensurate with the topic you will write, And, if possible, that there is a positive similarity between the Koran and the Bible. I already provide additional file can help the writer and you can looking for Koran and Bible to use it
.
Submit, individually, different kinds of data breaches, the threats .docxrafbolet0
This document provides instructions for an assignment to submit a paper analyzing different types of data breaches, the threats that enable them, and their severity. The paper should be APA formatted with 1-inch margins, consistent font, and double spacing, include a 1-page title page, 2-3 pages of body text, and a 1-page references section.
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Similar to Speaker Profession Xiomara Mejia, Melanie Sanoff, Claudia Le.docx
FREE 15 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF MS Word. Argumentative Essay Examples, Structure amp; Topics Pro Essay Help. Argumentative Essay Topics for College Assignments - Blog BuyEssayClub.com. examples of argument essays Essay examples, Argumentative essay .... Argumentative Essay And Examples. Argumentative essay examples Argumentative essay, Essay writing, Best .... Argumentative Essay. What Is an Argumentative Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You .... How to Write an Argumentative Essay Samples and Topics. Argumentative Essay Example. Expository essay: Argumentative essay practice. Free Argumentative Essays Samples. FREE 9 Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF. FREE 16 Argumentative Writing Samples amp; Templates in PDF MS Word. Argumentative Essay.docx Higher Education Government Free 30-day .... Sample Essay Argumentative Writing Sample. sample-argumentative-essay.pdf DocDroid. 017 Argumentative Essay Examples High School Printables Corner Samples .... Free Argumentative Essay Samples. 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper Museumlegs. Definition Essay: Samples of argumentative essay writing. 8 Argumentative Essay Examples. Argumentative essay example short Truth or Consequences .... Sample Research Argumentative Essay - How to create a Research .... 020 Essay Example Sample Argument Thatsnotus. PPT - THE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... How to structure an argumentative essay. Examples of best topic and .... Sample Argumentative Essay. Check my Essay: Argumentative essay writing examples. 013 Argumentative Essays Examples Brilliant Ideas Of How To Write An ... Samples Of An Argumentative Essay Samples Of An Argumentative Essay
Pop Culture Essays. Pop culture argument topics. Making Your American Popula...Julie Roest
The document discusses the challenges of writing an essay about pop culture. It notes that pop culture is a broad, ever-evolving topic that requires nuanced understanding. Defining its boundaries and selecting a focused aspect are difficult. Additionally, pop culture topics demand cultural sensitivity to avoid misrepresentation. Staying aware of rapidly changing trends is also a hurdle. Balancing subjective opinions with objective analysis in a way that is not overly biased is crucial. Overall, an essay on pop culture requires careful consideration, adaptability, and deep understanding of the subject matter and cultural trends.
Use Your Words: Content Strategy to Influence BehaviorLiz Danzico
What if we were truly open to the language in our cities, our neighborhoods, our city blocks? What is our environment telling us to do?
In this workshop, we’ll let the language of the city guide us to explore how words, specifically the words of our immediate contexts, shape our behavior. By being open to the possibilities, we’ll explore how language influences both the micro and macro actions we take. We’ll go on expeditions in the morning—studying street signs to doorways to receipts—comparing patterns in the language maps we’ll construct. In the afternoon, we’ll look at what these patterns suggest for the products and services we design.
You’ll walk away having learned how words influence behavior, how products and services have used language for behavior change, and having tools for thinking about language and behavior change in the work you do.
Spend the day letting words use you, so you can go back to work to use them with renewed wisdom.
Strong Compare and Contrast Essay Examples. How to write an introduction paragraph for compare and contrast .... How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Literacy Ideas. 014 Essay Example Compare Contrast Essays Thatsnotus. Compare And Contrast Essay Quick Navigation. COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY. What Is a Compare and Contrast Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You .... Compare amp; Contrast Essay - Excelsior College OWL. How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Bid4Papers. Writing a Compare/Contrast Essay:. 022 Compare And Contrast Essay Outline Template Printables Corners .... How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Outline Point-By-Point With .... A comparison essay example. Free Compare And Contrast Essay Examples .... compare and contrast essay Nature Free 30-day Trial Scribd. Essential Points of Compare and Contrast Essay. Example of a compare and contrast essay point by point - Point by Point .... Good Compare and Contrast Essay Examples 5staressays. Sample compare and contrast essay middle school. Sample compare and .... PPT - Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay PowerPoint Presentation .... Compare and contrast essay examples college vs high school - Compare .... Compare and contrast essay. Compare and Contrast Essay: Definition, Outline and Useful Examples 7ESL. How to Start a Compare and Contrast Essay?. Compare and Contrast on High School and College - Free comparison essay .... Surprising Comparison Contrast Essay Examples Thatsnotus. Compare And Contrast Essay Examples FAQ Pro Essay Help. How to do a compare and contrast essay. How to Teach Compare and .... 001 Essay Example Comparison Compare And Contrast Basic Thatsnotus. Buy compare contrast essay, 101 Compare and Contrast Essay Ideas for .... A compare and contrast essay. 101 Compare and Contrast Essay Ideas .... How to write a Compare and Contrast Essay? - The English Digest. Example of a compare and contrast essay between two books - How to .... Self Concept Thesis Pdf Volume. A-Z Guide for Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay Types Of Compare And Contrast Essays Types Of Compare And Contrast Essays
Haystack 2019 - Natural Language Search with Knowledge Graphs - Trey GraingerOpenSource Connections
To optimally interpret most natural language queries, it is necessary to understand the phrases, entities, commands, and relationships represented or implied within the search. Knowledge graphs serve as useful instantiations of ontologies which can help represent this kind of knowledge within a domain.
In this talk, we'll walk through techniques to build knowledge graphs automatically from your own domain-specific content, how you can update and edit the nodes and relationships, and how you can seamlessly integrate them into your search solution for enhanced query interpretation and semantic search. We'll have some fun with some of the more search-centric use cased of knowledge graphs, such as entity extraction, query expansion, disambiguation, and pattern identification within our queries: for example, transforming the query "bbq near haystack" into
{ filter:["doc_type":"restaurant"], "query": { "boost": { "b": "recip(geodist(38.034780,-78.486790),1,1000,1000)", "query": "bbq OR barbeque OR barbecue" } } }
We'll also specifically cover use of the Semantic Knowledge Graph, a particularly interesting knowledge graph implementation available within Apache Solr that can be auto-generated from your own domain-specific content and which provides highly-nuanced, contextual interpretation of all of the terms, phrases and entities within your domain. We'll see a live demo with real world data demonstrating how you can build and apply your own knowledge graphs to power much more relevant query understanding within your search engine.
Natural Language Search with Knowledge Graphs (Haystack 2019)Trey Grainger
To optimally interpret most natural language queries, it is necessary to understand the phrases, entities, commands, and relationships represented or implied within the search. Knowledge graphs serve as useful instantiations of ontologies which can help represent this kind of knowledge within a domain.
In this talk, we'll walk through techniques to build knowledge graphs automatically from your own domain-specific content, how you can update and edit the nodes and relationships, and how you can seamlessly integrate them into your search solution for enhanced query interpretation and semantic search. We'll have some fun with some of the more search-centric use cased of knowledge graphs, such as entity extraction, query expansion, disambiguation, and pattern identification within our queries: for example, transforming the query "bbq near haystack" into
{ filter:["doc_type":"restaurant"], "query": { "boost": { "b": "recip(geodist(38.034780,-78.486790),1,1000,1000)", "query": "bbq OR barbeque OR barbecue" } } }
We'll also specifically cover use of the Semantic Knowledge Graph, a particularly interesting knowledge graph implementation available within Apache Solr that can be auto-generated from your own domain-specific content and which provides highly-nuanced, contextual interpretation of all of the terms, phrases and entities within your domain. We'll see a live demo with real world data demonstrating how you can build and apply your own knowledge graphs to power much more relevant query understanding within your search engine.
This document discusses descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics describe what is occurring in an entire population, using words like "all" or "everyone". Inferential statistics draw conclusions about a larger population based on a sample, since observing the entire population is often not feasible. The document provides examples to illustrate the difference, such as determining average test scores for all students versus using a sample of scores to estimate averages for an entire state.
Summaries of recent 2018 tweets about language with notes made by AS students about what details could be used in an exam polemic for the OCR English language AS exam Paper 2 Question 1: 'Writing about a topical language issue'
THE 191Written Response to Live PerformanceNameSection.docxtodd801
THE 191
Written Response to Live Performance
Name:
Section:
Date:
All answers should be written in complete sentences with proper grammar, and all answers should be filled in within this document. Submissions that are sent in that do not match this format will be graded as a 0.
Question 1: ACTING
In the course of your watching and listening to Bat Boy, many actors will take the stage and make acting choices while performing the play that you have read (and watched). Describe two moments in the play that stuck out to you and explain what happened in that moment on stage ,and what about it was working (or not) for you, using language from the course (i.e Subtext, heightened language, inside out or outside in acting, given circumstances, etc.) 20 pts- 40-70 words per answer.
A: (30pts) First Moment:
B. (30pts) Second Moment:
Question 2: DESIGN
We’ve discussed the wide range of design choices that have to be made during the show (including sound, light, costume and scenic design): Choose two moments from Bat Boy during which the design element tells you something about a character, mood, atmosphere or given circumstances. For each moment you must 1) describe what the design did and what it told you 2) Why was it effective? Each answer should be 40-70 words, 15 pts each
A: (20pts) First Moment:
B: (20pts) Second Moment
Question 3: REFLECTION
Now that you’ve seen Miami the production of Bat Boy! The Musical, please reflect on A) What do you think was the directorial concept for this play(refer to the chapter on directing in your text book and your notes from class on Week 11), and why do you think that? and b) What did the play (using the concept you identified in A) mean to you? Each answer should be 40-70 words, 15pts each.
(25pts)A):
(25pts)B):
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Natural Language Processing for the Social Media
A PhD course at the University of Szeged, organised by the FuturICT.hu project; 2013. December 9-13.
1. Twitter intro + JSON structure
2. Challenges in analysing social media: why traditional NLP models do not work well
3. GATE for social media
Reasons for Earthquakes - GCSE Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. ≫ How to Survive in Earthquakes Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Impressive Essay On Earthquake ~ Thatsnotus. Essay of earthquake – The Friary School. earthquakes-reading-comprehension-exercises_28476_1-converted.pdf. Earthquake Essay for Students in English | Pakilminfo.com. Earthquake Essay / The Process Of An Earthquake Phdessay Com : Its .... Essay earthquake speech - writefiction581.web.fc2.com. What Are The Effects Of An Earthquake Informative Essay - The Earth .... Earthquake Essay :
Current research deals with the semiotic and linguistics gap between the actual meaning and the usage of Emoticons in Pakistani society. This study aimed to find out the gap between the meaning and the use of Emoticon and to examine the use and place of Emoticons as a form of language. This research also aimed to identify whether men or women tend to use Emoticons more frequently. To analyze the gap, a survey questionnaire was used having 45 questions as tool for collecting data from mobile phone users and 05 conversations have been analyzed using content analysis technique. According to the results, mobile phone users use Emoticons in their conversations without knowing what they mean, whether they have any referential or literal meaning or which conceptual categories they denote, they do not know the answers to all these questions. This research tried to give valuable suggestions in order to solve the problems of using Emoticons without proper understandings. On the basis of findings, it is suggested that Emoticons must not give false and fake expressions rather these Emoticons should prevent misapprehension and confusion and should be aligned with the receiver.
quot;Naturequot; by Ralph Waldo Emerson Free Essay Example. Ralph waldo emerson nature essay summary. Emersons Essays : The First and Second Series Complete - Nature, Self .... Nature and Selected Essays Penguin Classics by Ralph Waldo Emerson .... Emerson nature and selected essays. Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Nature Quotes - Nature and Selected Essays Quotes. Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson--Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson .... Essay nature ralph waldo emerson analysis - Essay on Nature, by Ralph .... Nature and Other Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Two volumes Emerson Nature and Essays Etsy. Emersons essay nature pdf journal leu. Nature - Ralph Waldo Emerson. NATURE By RALPH WALDO EMERSON Essay Full Audio Book. Emerson, Nature, and the Environment Harvard Square Library. EMERSON - ESSAYS - NATURE TEXT Essay, Emerson, Text. ️ Nature and selected essays ralph waldo emerson pdf. Nature By Ralph .... Emersons essay on nature. Essays - Ralph Waldo Emerson Philosophy books, World of books, Emerson. Emerson vs thoreau nature essay. Nature and Other Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson English Hardcover Book .... quot;Nature,quot; an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph waldo emerson .... Nature Emerson Excerpt Ralph Waldo Emerson. ️ Emersons nature. Chapter I: Nature. 2022-10-09. Emersons Approach to the Natural World in Nature Essay Example Topics ... Emerson Essay Nature Emerson Essay Nature
This document outlines the agenda and topics for a week 3 class on fluency, intelligibility, and spoken language. The goals are to review concepts from previous classes and introduce the nature of oracy and spoken language. The agenda includes reviewing key terms and concepts from previous classes like fluency types, Levelt's model of speech production, and factors that can cause dysfluencies. It also covers intelligibility research methods and criticisms of that research. The document discusses distinguishing features of spoken versus written language and implications for language teaching, including the importance of starting from spoken language norms.
This document summarizes a presentation about language and style trends for associations. It discusses ongoing debates around grammar, including the use of singular "they" and inclusive language. It also covers trends in capitalization of internet-related terms, the use of hyphens in compound words beginning with "e," capitalizing job titles, including acronyms in parentheses, and whether to strictly adhere to quotes from sources. Attendees participated in live polls to gauge opinions on potentially offensive language and adoption of new grammar constructs. The presenters shared their personal grammar pet peeves.
The document summarizes Xiaoju Zheng's dissertation proposal defense on studying the life cycle of hashtags on Twitter. It discusses research questions about how words are created on Twitter using hashtags, what makes some hashtags more successful than others, and how successful hashtags spread. It proposes analyzing hashtag data linguistically and using diffusion models to examine social factors like network structure that influence a hashtag's popularity. Challenges include developing hashtag classification metrics and finding representative data.
DescriptionAn informative speech increases the audience members’LinaCovington707
Description
An informative speech increases the audience members’ understanding of a topic. For this speech, you will inform your audience about a significant popular culture product or personality from the last five years. “Popular culture (or "pop culture") refers to the traditions and material culture of a particular society. [In first-world countries], pop culture refers to cultural products such as music, art, literature, fashion, dance, film, cyberculture, television, and radio that are consumed by the majority of a society's population. Pop culture is those types of media that have mass accessibility and appeal” (Crossman, 2020).
This assignment requires you to design and deliver an original 4-5 minute informative speech, with supporting PowerPoint slides.
For this speech, you will inform your audience about a topic by answering the questions:
· What is the most significant popular culture product or personality from the last five years and why is that product or personality the most significant?
The ideas in your speech must be supported by evidence. A minimum of three viable, relevant, timely sources is required. For this speech, you will confine your research to newspapers from across the country. You may choose from the following online newspapers:
· “LA Times”
· “Chicago Tribune”
· “USA Today”
· “Atlanta Journal-Constitution”
· “Detroit Free Press”
· “Arizona Republic”
· “The Dallas Morning News”
· “Boston Herald”
· “New York Post”
· “The Washington Times”
POWERPOINT SPEECH WORKSHEET
Do not complete this worksheet unless you have read the instructions for this speech. You will complete this worksheet easier if you follow the speech instructions as these instructions tell you exactly how to complete this worksheet.
Name:
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Fill in the blanks to create a preparation outline. Write your preparation outline in complete and correct sentences. Refer to the sample preparation outline in our textbook for guidance.
2. The speaking notes prompts follow the preparation outline. Fill in the blanks to develop speaking notes. Refer to the sample speaking notes outline in our textbook for guidance.
PREPARATION OUTLINE
You will fill in your answers after each colon (:). Write in complete sentences.
Introduction:
Central Idea: The most significant popular culture personality from the last five years is Kim Kardashian. She has influenced and impacted the fashion industry, home décor, lifestyles, and body image.
Preview:
Signpost (Transition):
Main Idea #1:
(Write your first Main Idea which will identify and explain the pop culture product or personality).
(A. Support #1 for Main Idea #1. Identify and explain.):
1. (Detail for Support #1 for Main Idea #1):
2. (Detail for Support #1 for Main Idea #1):
(B. Support #2 for Main Idea #1. Give examples.):
1. (Detail for Support #2 for Main Idea #1):
2. (Detail for Support #2 for Main Idea #1):
Signpost (Transition):
Main Idea #2 ...
Cyber safety and appropriate use of social media sites are important topics to educate students, parents, and teachers about. Popular sites like MySpace and Facebook allow users to create profiles, share photos and media, and connect with friends but also present risks like oversharing private information, cyberbullying, and interacting with unknown individuals. It is important for young people to be aware of how much their personal information can be accessed publicly online and to represent themselves safely when using social networking sites.
Introduction Paragraph: How To Write An Introduction Paragraph (with .... 001 Introductory Paragraph Examples For Essays Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. PPT - The Introductory Paragraph PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... How to write a good introductory paragraph and thesis statement. ⚡ How to make an intro paragraph. Introduction Paragraph Examples .... Introductory Paragraphs. How to Write an Introductory Paragraph. Stirring Introductory Paragraph Examples For Essays ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write Introductory Paragraphs For Essays - Ahern Scribble.
Similar to Speaker Profession Xiomara Mejia, Melanie Sanoff, Claudia Le.docx (20)
Summarize the key ideas of each of these texts and explain how they .docxrafbolet0
Summarize the key ideas of each of these texts and explain how they shed light on our study of American religious diversity. Point out some key citations and explain the most important thing you learned from these readings and how these readings helped you achieve the educational goals of our course
US Bill of Rights, UN DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, and UNESCO on Diversity and Tolerance; Dignitatis Humanae, and Nostra Aetate
Clash of civilizations, Civil Religion (Reader, pp288-289), and Dominus Iesus
Dynamics of Prejudice (Reader, pp.32-39; 111-114; 295-309)
“Die Judenfrage” (Reader, pp.178-209)
The Irish case (Reader, pp.169-177)
Idolatry (Cantwell Smith, Reader, pp.259-266) and Tolerant Gods ( by Wole Soyinka, text on moodle)
Sacred Texts, Christian and Islamic vision of Religious Tolerance (Reader, p.44, and moodle)
The Real Kant, Multiculturalism, Eurocentrism and the Columbus paradigm (Reader, pp.93-103; 352-358; and pp.282-289)
“Calore-Colore” Paradigm (Reader, pp. 323-346) and scholarship on ATR, and scientific theories or mythologies of otherness (pp, 111-128; 295-346)
AAR article on Egyptology and “Egypt and Israel”
Choose 3 questions from the list above :
the papers should be clear and professonal, answer questions and explain the points that you wants to explain with examples from SACRED TEXTS (BIBLE AND KORAN). I want the writer to do the papers professionally, and to be neutral and non-racist, I want him explain that the examples of the Koran show the positive side, which is commensurate with the topic you will write, And, if possible, that there is a positive similarity between the Koran and the Bible. I already provide additional file can help the writer and you can looking for Koran and Bible to use it
.
Submit, individually, different kinds of data breaches, the threats .docxrafbolet0
This document provides instructions for an assignment to submit a paper analyzing different types of data breaches, the threats that enable them, and their severity. The paper should be APA formatted with 1-inch margins, consistent font, and double spacing, include a 1-page title page, 2-3 pages of body text, and a 1-page references section.
Submit your personal crimes analysis using Microsoft® PowerPoi.docxrafbolet0
Submit
your personal crimes analysis using Microsoft
®
PowerPoint
®
or another pre-approved presentation tool.
Create
a 10- to 15-slide presentation that includes a reference slide with at least four references cited throughout the presentation. Include the following:
·
Differentiate between assault, battery, and mayhem.
·
Identify and explain kidnapping and false imprisonment.
·
Compare and contrast between rape and statutory rape.
·
Choose two states and compare the definitions and punishment for these crimes.
Include
appropriate photos, short videos, or headlines, as needed, to represent your analysis.
Format
your presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Submit two pages (double spaced, 12 point font) describing a musical.docxrafbolet0
Submit two pages (double spaced, 12 point font) describing a musical concert of your choosing, suggested in the syllabus or approved by instructor. Describe as many factors as possible: who/what/where/ when, how many musicians performed, what instruments did they play, name several of the musical pieces, how did they sound (use some of the terms we learned in the course), what did the musicians wear, describe the audience, describe the music (how did it make you feel, etc.), what did you enjoy most about the event? Share your reflections.
.
Submit the rough draft of your geology project. Included in your rou.docxrafbolet0
Submit the rough draft of your geology project. Included in your rough draft should be the text as close as possible to the way you intend on submitting it as well as data tables and rough sketches of figures.
Proofread everything and check your work according to the
Evaluation
guidelines in the original assignment in Week 02.
Geology Project Requirements
**Please review your paper for all of the below before submitting your Week 8 Rough Draft or Week 10 Final Paper.**
-
Length
·
Paper is to be 7 pages, at a minimum, in length:
o
One Cover Page
o
One Reference page
o
5 pages of written text (which does not include space taken up by photos, illustrations or charts).
-
Formatting
·
All paragraphs need to be indented.
·
Font should be Times New Roman and size 12.
·
The line spacing should be double spaced.
·
Make sure there is an introduction paragraph, thebody paragraphs are well organized and a conclusion paragraph.
·
Stay away from many short sentences in a paragraph, as the paragraph needs to flow. (These can be fragment sentences and can make the paper confusing when reading.)
·
Also stay away from many short paragraphs in the body of the paper, if organized well, then there will be medium length paragraphs.
·
Paper should be aligned to the left margin – not center or wide across.
-
Writing
·
This is a science research paper about a geology topic and must be in third person, therefore words such as we, me, I you, our, or us are not allowed to be used. Make sure these are not in your paper.
o
This also pertains to let’s. (Let’s short for let us.)
·
Make sure that all of your sentences are strong and independent.
·
Paper needs to be written using proper mechanics (clear, concise, complete sentences and paragraphs), proper spelling, grammar and punctuation.
·
Do not start your introduction or paper off with ‘This paper will look at…’ or ‘This paper will cover…’ Your thesis should not contain these words and should be a stand alone sentence with a passive lead in.
·
Spell Check Spell Check Spell Check.
·
Any introduction of a new word or scientific word that your reader may not know the definition of, be sure to include the definition for better understanding.
·
Acronyms. The first time an acronym is used, be sure to define what it stands for – such as USGS (United States Geological Survey). Then each subsequent time this acronym is used in the paper, you can just write USGS since it has already been defined to the reader.
·
Make sure to capitalize proper nouns such as Earth.
·
Make sure paragraphs transition and flow well between each other. Read the paper out loud to yourself before final submission to make sure these transitions are in place.
·
Please do not be a casual writer in this paper. What I mean by that is do not write how you would talk in a casual conversation, text on your phone or email a friend. This is a research paper and therefore the presentation and writing style needs to be.
Submit your paper of Sections III and IV of the final project. Spe.docxrafbolet0
Submit your paper of Sections III and IV of the final project. Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
III. Billing and Reimbursement
A. Analyze the collection of data by patient access personnel and its importance to the billing and collection process. Be sure to address the importance of exceptional customer service.
B. Analyze how third-party policies would be used when developing billing guidelines for patient financial services (PFS) personnel and administration when determining the payer mix for maximum reimbursement.
C. Organize the key areas of review in order of importance for timeliness and maximization of reimbursement from third-party payers. Explain your rationale on the order.
D. Describe a way to structure your follow-up staff in terms of effectiveness. How can you ensure that this structure will be effective?
E. Develop a plan for periodic review of procedures to ensure compliance. Include explicit steps for this plan and the feasibility of enacting this plan within this organization.
IV. Marketing and Reimbursement
A. Analyze the strategies used to negotiate new managed care contracts. Support your analysis with research.
B. Communicate the important role that each individual within this healthcare organization plays with regard to managed care contracts. Be sure to include the different individuals within the healthcare organization.
C. Explain how new managed care contracts impact reimbursement for the healthcare organization. Support your explanation with concrete evidence or research.
D. Discuss the resources needed to ensure billing and coding compliance with regulations and ethical standards. What would happen if these resources were not obtained? Describe the consequences of noncompliance with regulations and ethical standards.
.
Submit the finished product for your Geology Project. Please include.docxrafbolet0
Submit the finished product for your Geology Project. Please include all figures, data tables, and text in the same document.
Before you submit, please proofread once more as you check the
Evaluation
guidelines from the original assignment in Week 02.
I need the sources in-text citations please and sources throughout the paper with quotation marks!!! THIS IS NECESSARY. I have the rough draft I can send it.
Geology Project Requirements
**Please review your paper for all of the below before submitting your Week 10 Final Paper.**
-
Length
·
Paper is to be 7 pages, at a minimum, in length:
o
One Cover Page
o
One Reference page
o
5 pages of written text (which does not include space taken up by photos, illustrations or charts).
-
Formatting
·
All paragraphs need to be indented.
·
Font should be Times New Roman and size 12.
·
The line spacing should be double spaced.
·
Make sure there is an introduction paragraph, the body paragraphs are well organized and a conclusion paragraph.
·
Stay away from many short sentences in a paragraph, as the paragraph needs to flow. (These can be fragment sentences and can make the paper confusing when reading.)
·
Also stay away from many short paragraphs in the body of the paper, if organized well, then there will be medium length paragraphs.
·
Paper should be aligned to the left margin – not center or wide across.
-
Writing
·
This is a science research paper about a geology topic and must be in third person, therefore words such as we, me, I you, our, or us are not allowed to be used. Make sure these are not in your paper.
o
This also pertains to let’s. (Let’s short for let us.)
·
Make sure that all of your sentences are strong and independent.
·
Paper needs to be written using proper mechanics (clear, concise, complete sentences and paragraphs), proper spelling, grammar and punctuation.
·
Do not start your introduction or paper off with ‘This paper will look at…’ or ‘This paper will cover…’ Your thesis should not contain these words and should be a stand alone sentence with a passive lead in.
·
Spell Check Spell Check Spell Check.
·
Any introduction of a new word or scientific word that your reader may not know the definition of, be sure to include the definition for better understanding.
·
Acronyms. The first time an acronym is used, be sure to define what it stands for – such as USGS (United States Geological Survey). Then each subsequent time this acronym is used in the paper, you can just write USGS since it has already been defined to the reader.
·
Make sure to capitalize proper nouns such as Earth.
·
Make sure paragraphs transition and flow well between each other. Read the paper out loud to yourself before final submission to make sure these transitions are in place.
·
Please do not be a casual writer in this paper. What I mean by that is do not write how you would talk in a casual conversation, text on your phone or email a friend. This is a research paper.
Submit the Background Information portion of the final project, desc.docxrafbolet0
Submit the Background Information portion of the final project, describing the company and business product, service, or other idea from the business pla. In the description, make sure that you include the target stakeholders and their relationship to the mission, vision, and values of the company. Concisely describe the company and business product or service. Be sure to include the company’s publicly traded name and stock symbol if these exist.
2-3 pages. APA
.
Submit Files - Assignment 1 Role of Manager and Impact of Organizati.docxrafbolet0
Submit Files - Assignment 1 Role of Manager and Impact of Organizational Theories on Managers
Assignment 1 Role of Manager and Impact of Organizational Theories on Managers (Week 3)
Purpose:
In the first assignment, students are given a scenario in which the shipping manager who has worked for Galaxy Toys, Inc. since 1969. The scenario serves to set the stage for students to demonstrate how management theories have changed over time. For example, managing 30 years ago is different than managing in the 21
st
century.
Outcome Met by Completing This Assignment:
integrate management theories and principles into management practices
Instructions:
In Part One of this case study analysis, students are to use the facts from the case study to determine two different organization theories that are demonstrated. For Part Two, students will compare the 21
st
century manager to that of the main character in the case study and the implications of change in being a 21
st
century manager.
In selecting a school of thought and an organizational theory that best describes the current shipping manager, students will use the timeline to select a school of thought and a theory or theories of that time frame. Students will to use the course material to respond to most of the assignment requirements but will also need to research the theorist(s) and theories to complete the assignment. Students are expected to be thorough in responding.
In Part Two, students are going to take what they have learned and compare the management skills of the 21st century shipping manager to the skills of the current shipping manager.
Step 1:
Review “How to Analyze a Case Study” under Week 3 Content.
Step 2:
Create a Word or Rich Text Format (RTF) document that is double-spaced, 12-point font. The final product will be between 4-6 pages in length excluding the title page and reference page.
Step 3:
Review the grading rubric for the assignment.
Step 4:
In addition to providing an introduction, students will use headings following this format:
Title page with title, your name, the course, the instructor’s name;
Background;
Part One;
Part Two.
Step 5
: In writing a case study, the writing is in the third person. What this means is that there are no words such as “I, me, my, we, or us” (first person writing), nor is there use of “you or your” (second person writing). If uncertain how to write in the third person, view this link:
http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/first-second-and-third-person
. Also note that students are not to provide personal commentary.
Step 6:
In writing this assignment, students are expected to support the reasoning using in-text citations and a reference list. If any material is used from a source document, it must be cited and referenced. A reference within a reference list cannot exist without an associated in-text citation and vice versa. View the sample APA paper under Week 1 content.
Step 7:
In writing thi.
SS
C
ha
Simple RegressionSimple Regression
pter
Chapter ContentsChapter Contents
12
12.1 Visual Displays and Correlation Analysis12.1 Visual Displays and Correlation Analysisp y yp y y
12.2 Simple Regression12.2 Simple Regression
12 3 Regression Terminology12 3 Regression Terminology12.3 Regression Terminology12.3 Regression Terminology
12.4 Ordinary Least Squares Formulas12.4 Ordinary Least Squares Formulas
12 T f Si ifi12 T f Si ifi12.5 Tests for Significance12.5 Tests for Significance
12.6 Analysis of Variance: Overall Fit12.6 Analysis of Variance: Overall Fit
12.7 Confidence and Prediction Intervals for 12.7 Confidence and Prediction Intervals for YY
12-1
SS
C
ha
Simple RegressionSimple Regression
pter
Chapter ContentsChapter Contents
12
12 8 Residual Tests12 8 Residual Tests12.8 Residual Tests12.8 Residual Tests
12.9 Unusual Observations12.9 Unusual Observations
12 10 Oth R i P bl12 10 Oth R i P bl12.10 Other Regression Problems12.10 Other Regression Problems
12-2
C
ha
SS
pter 1
Simple RegressionSimple Regression
Chapter Learning Objectives (LO’s)Chapter Learning Objectives (LO’s)
12
Chapter Learning Objectives (LO s)Chapter Learning Objectives (LO s)
LO12LO12--1: 1: Calculate and test a correlation Calculate and test a correlation coefficient coefficient for for significancesignificance..
LO12LO12--2: 2: Interpret Interpret the slope and intercept of a regression equation.the slope and intercept of a regression equation.
LO12LO12--3: 3: Make Make a prediction for a given a prediction for a given x value using a x value using a regressionregression
equationequation..qq
LO12LO12--4: 4: Fit a simple regression on an Excel scatter plot.Fit a simple regression on an Excel scatter plot.
LO12LO12--5:5: Calculate and interpretCalculate and interpret confidenceconfidence intervals forintervals for regressionregressionLO12LO12 5: 5: Calculate and interpret Calculate and interpret confidence confidence intervals for intervals for regressionregression
coefficientscoefficients..
LO12LO12 6:6: Test hypotheses about the slope and intercept by usingTest hypotheses about the slope and intercept by using t testst tests
12-3
LO12LO12--6: 6: Test hypotheses about the slope and intercept by using Test hypotheses about the slope and intercept by using t tests.t tests.
C
ha
ff
pter
Analysis of VarianceAnalysis of Variance
Ch t L i Obj ti (LO’ )Ch t L i Obj ti (LO’ )
12
Chapter Learning Objectives (LO’s)Chapter Learning Objectives (LO’s)
LO12LO12--7:7: Perform regression with Excel or other software.Perform regression with Excel or other software.
LO12LO12--8:8: Interpret the standard errorInterpret the standard error RR22 ANOVA table and F testANOVA table and F testLO12LO12 8: 8: Interpret the standard error, Interpret the standard error, RR , ANOVA table, and F test., ANOVA table, and F test.
LO12LO12--9:9: Distinguish between confidence and prediction intervals.Distinguish between conf.
SRF Journal EntriesreferenceAccount TitlesDebitsCredits3-CType journal entries in the space provided. Link these to the T-accounts and link the T-account balancesto the financial statements provided on the tabs at the bottom of the page.4-C
&L&"Arial,Bold"&14City of Monroe- Street and Highway Fund Journal Entries
SRF T-accountsDUE FROMCASHINVESTMENTSSTATE GOV'Tbb6,500bb55,000bb200,0006,50055,000200,000BUDGETARY FUND BALANCEFUND BALANCEACCOUNTS PAYABLERESERVE FOR ENCUMBRANCESRESERVE FOR ENCUMBRANCES(beginning of year)6,300bb-bb255,200bb6,300-255,200REVENUESREVENUESEXPENDITURES - STREETINTERGOVERNMENTALINVESTMENT INTEREST& HIGHWAY MAINTENANCEENCUMBRANCES----BUDGETARY ACCOUNTSBUDGETARYESTIMATED REVENUESAPPROPRIATIONSFUND BALANCE---
&L&16City of Monroe&C&16
Street and Highway Fund - General Ledger
Closing EntriesBUDGETARYAccount TitleDebitsCreditsFUND BALANCE-Preclosingclosing entry-FUND BALANCE255,200Preclosingclosing entry255,200ending balanceComplete the following tableNon-spendableRestrictedCommittedAssignedUnassignedTotalFund Balance-Budgetary Fund Balance - Reserve for Encumbrances-Totals------
&L&14City of Monroe&C&14
STREET & HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE FUND - Closing Entries
Stmt of revenues & expendituresRevenuesIntergovernmental RevenuesInterest on InvestmentsTotal Revenues$ -ExpendituresCurrent:Street & Highway MaintenanceTotal Expenditures-Excess (Deficiency) of Revenues Over Expenditures-Fund Balance, January 1Fund Balance, December 31$ -
&L&"Times New Roman,Regular"&14City of Monroe
Statement of Revenues, Expenditures and Changes in Fund Balance
Street and Highway Maintenance Fund
For the year ended December 31, 2014
Balance SheetAssetsCashInvestmentsDue from State GovernmentTotal Assets$ -Liabilities and Fund EquityLiabilitiesAccounts PayableFund EquityFund Balance - Restricted forStreet and Highway MaintenanceTotal Liabilities and Fund Equity$ -
&L&"Times New Roman,Regular"&14City of Monroe
Street & Highway Maintenance Fund
Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2014
Problem 1Problem 1Required: Identify the financial statement on which each of the following items appears by making an X in the appropriate column. The first one is done for you!(15 points total, 1 point each)IncomeBalanceStatement ofItemStatementSheetCash FlowsAccounts PayableXAccounts ReceivableAdvertising ExpenseCommon StockDividendsEquipmentFinancing ActivitiesInvesting ActivitiesLandOperating ActivitiesRent ExpenseRetained EarningsRevenueSalaries PayableUtility Expense
Problem 2Problem 2Required: Show the effects on the financial statements using a horizontal statement model as outlined below. The first one is done for you!(35 points total, 5 points each)1Sold $30,000 in merchandise for cash2Paid $5,000 for rent with cash3Paid $10,000 in salaries to employees with cash4Sold $25,000 in merchandise and customer paid on credit5Collected $10,000 cash for transaction #46Purchased a building for $100,000 and took out a loan for the money7Paid $1,200 for insuranceBala.
src/CommissionCalculation.javasrc/CommissionCalculation.javaimport java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.NumberFormat;
publicclassCommissionCalculation
{
publicstaticvoid main(String args[])
{
finaldouble salesTarget=600000;
//create an object of Scanner class to get the keyboard input
Scanner keyInput =newScanner(System.in);
//for currency format
NumberFormat numberFormat =NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();
//creating an object of SalesPerson class
SalesPerson salesPerson =newSalesPerson();
//prompt the user to enter the annual sales
System.out.print("Enter the annual sales : ");
double sale = keyInput.nextDouble();
//Calculate normal commission until sales target is reached
if(sale<=salesTarget)
{
//set the value of annual sale of sales person object
salesPerson.setAnnualSales(sale);
//displaying the report
System.out.println("The total annual compensation : "+numberFormat.format(salesPerson.getAnnualCompensation()));
}
//show compensation table with Accelerated factor when sales target exceeds
else
{
//method to show a compensation table if sales exceed 600000
salesPerson.getCompensationTable(sale);
}
}
}
src/SalesPerson.javasrc/SalesPerson.java
publicclassSalesPerson{
privatefinaldouble fixedSalary =120000.00;
privatefinaldouble commissionRate =1.2;
privatefinaldouble salesTarget=600000;
privatefinaldouble accelerationfactor=1.20;
privatedouble annualSales;
//default constructor
publicSalesPerson(){
annualSales =0.0;
}
//parameterized constructor
publicSalesPerson(double aSale){
annualSales = aSale;
}
//getter method for the annual sales
publicdouble getAnnualSales(){
return annualSales;
}
//method to set the value of annual sale
publicvoid setAnnualSales(double aSale){
annualSales = aSale;
}
//method to calculate and get commission
publicdouble getCommission()
{
if(annualSales<(0.80*salesTarget))
{
return0;
}
else
{
return annualSales *(commissionRate/100.0);
}
}
//method to calculate and calculate Compensation with Accelerated commission and display table
void getCompensationTable(double annualSales)
{
int count=0;
System.out.println("Annual Sales\t Total Compensation");
for(annualSales=salesTarget;annualSales<=((salesTarget)+(0.5*salesTarget));annualSales+=5000)
{
count=count+1;
double comm= annualSales *(commissionRate*Math.pow(1.2,count)/100.0);
System.out.println(annualSales+"\t"+(fixedSalary+comm));
}
}
//method to calculate and get annual compensation
publicdouble getAnnualCompensation(){
return fixedSalary + getCommission();
}
}
The development of any marketing mix depends on positioning, a process that influences potential customers' overall perception of a brand, product line, or organization in general. Position is the place a product, brand, or group of products occupies in consumers' minds relative to competing offering. Review positioning in your text. There are many examples to illustrate this concept. Then:
1. Describe the position .
SQLServerFiles/Cars.mdf
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._Cars.mdf
SQLServerFiles/Contacts.mdf
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._Contacts.mdf
SQLServerFiles/Cottages.mdf
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._Cottages.mdf
SQLServerFiles/KataliClub.mdf
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._KataliClub.mdf
SQLServerFiles/Northwind.mdf
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._Northwind.mdf
SQLServerFiles/Northwind.sdf
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._Northwind.sdf
SQLServerFiles/Pubs.mdf
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._Pubs.mdf
SQLServerFiles/ReadMe.doc
SQL Server Files
Make sure to copy the SQL Server files to a read/write medium before attempting to use them in a program. The act of selecting a file for a connection creates an .ldf file, which fails on a read-only CD.
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._ReadMe.doc
SQLServerFiles/RnrBooks.mdf
__MACOSX/SQLServerFiles/._RnrBooks.mdf
__MACOSX/._SQLServerFiles
“Subsea pipelines connectors”
Subsea pipeline are very popular around the world. Almost every water body has a pipeline, whether it is to transport distilled or spring water, or for gas, or for crude oil. Pipeline with great lengths are broken into segments, and has a connector between each segment; such a methodology are used to control damage and makes it easier for manufacturing and maintenance. However, theses devices are not perfect, and have different aspects that need to be considered when choosing one. Aspects are such as: pressure drop, installment, repair, and material used.
Different types of subsea pipeline connectors are being developed and used everyday in different parts of the world. Manufacturers are racing to be ahead of the technological advancement and rule the market. Starting with a fundamental article about the advancement and the market availability of subsea pipeline connectors back in 1976 to the current technology, this paper will review the literature materials of the present solutions of subsea pipeline connectors. Connectors technology in 1976
This fundamental article written by H. Mohr discusses the available subsea pipe connectors back in 1976[1]. The article offers solution that is applicable for a specific period of time, but when the technology of its time period is expired and new solutions are offered the article would hardly be discussed anymore, which actually made it impossible to find online or in nearby library. However, in general, the solutions offered and the way there were discussed are actually very relatable to this paper.
The paper lays on the three major methods of connections, then goes on to examine the current commercial product at that time. Three methods mentioned are the basic welding, elastomeric connectors, and advanced engineered horizontal systems. H. Mohr then moves to the market demand of the three methods, and two methods only were discussed, welding and mechanical connectors.
“Much emphasis had been placed on welded subsea connections in recent years, but properly designed and installed mechanical connections will always have an ap.
Square, Inc. is a financial services, merchant services aggregat.docxrafbolet0
Square, Inc. is a financial services, merchant services aggregator and mobile payment company based in San Francisco, California. The company markets several software and hardware payments products, including Square Register and Square Reader, and has expanded into small business services such as Square Capital, a financing program, and Square Payroll. The company was founded in 2009 by Jack Dorsey and Jim McKelvey and launched its first app and service in 2010.
• Square Register allows individuals and merchants in the United States, Canada, and Japan to accept offline debit and credit cards on their iOS or Android smartphone or tablet computer. The application software("app") supports manually entering the card details or swiping the card through the Square Reader, a small plastic device that plugs into the audio jack of a supported smartphone or tablet and reads the magnetic stripe. On the iPad version of the Square Register app, the interface resembles a traditional cash register.
Download and read the documents in Edgar.
– http://www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml
– And find the all files that are filed (especially S1)
• Find the information relevant to future sales.
• Construct the Pro‐forma income statement.
• Estimate future free cash flows for the next five years (account for investments, change in working capital, depreciation and taxes)
• Make a reasonable assumption about the growth rate of cash flows until infinity.
2013-10-22 22.19.51.jpg
2013-10-22 22.20.19.jpg
2013-10-22 22.21.54.jpg
Information and society
Since the advent of easy access to the internet and the World Wide Web, society has a different attitude towards information and access to information. The technology changes – from slow desk-tops with dial-up access to smartphones – have also changed our interaction with information.
This is also an area in which generational differences show up. Those of us born before the mid1980s or 1990s have followed all of these changes and have had to adapt to it. For those born in the 1990s (the millennials or digital natives), these methods of getting information have always existed. The millenials have seen some of the technology changes but don’t remember the “old” way. Keep this in mind as you read these notes.
An information society
At the beginning of the semester we talked about the many different ways we get information and the definitions of information. Now we’re going to look more at how information and information technologies have changed society.
Lester and Koehler talk about defining an information society in economic sense. While this is important, I don’t think we need to look at the percentage of our GNP to see that we do live in an information society. Think of all the companies that are based on information – computer technologies, web based businesses, cell phone and technologies, GPS, etc. There are also jobs that rely on information – customer service, stock markets, etc.
Our relationship with information .
SQL SQL 2) Add 25 CUSTOMERSs so that you now have 50 total..docxrafbolet0
The document contains SQL code that inserts 25 new customers and 25 new vehicles into database tables to increase the total numbers of customers and vehicles to 50 each. The code provides details of the customer and vehicle records being inserted such as names, addresses, vehicle details.
SPSS Input
Stephanie Crookston, Dominique Garrett-Smith, Latesha Simpson, Jannie Tollvier,
PSYCH/625
November 25, 2013
Mary Farmer
SPSS Input
After looking at the data and putting it through the ANOVA test; the conclusions are as follows:
There is a huge difference between the groups regarding degrees of freedom. And the use of ANOVA is essential because it is samples taken at different points and times of the same people. Probability is at zero percent because that means its directly at the mean and the f score is used to see if the null hypothesis can be rejected or fail to be rejected of its less than the critical value.
ANOVA
Score
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Between Groups
609265.938
1
609265.938
2495.987
.000
Within Groups
53213.402
218
244.098
Total
662479.340
219
In a 1000-1250 word essay, explain the meaning of one visual symbol in American Beauty and the relation of that symbol to the message of the film as a whole. Since context forms meaning, you should analyze several instances in which the symbol appears in the film, explaining the meaning of the symbol in each appearance and showing how each instance contributes to the meaning of the symbol in the film as a whole. Since film is a visual medium, I have intentionally asked you to analyze a visual element for this assignment. Therefore, while you certainly should utilize dialogue or other elements of the film’s narrative, please do not neglect to interpret the specifically filmic aspects of this text, such as (but not limited to) camera work (framing, shot length, etc.), editing (“cutting” or “splicing”), sound effects, wardrobe, and lighting.
Here are some visual symbols from which you may choose, but please don’t feel limited to these:
· Plastic bags
· Roses
· Cameras
· Windows or Mirrors
· Guns
· Extreme darkness or bright light
· Specific colors or color combinations
Please note that the task here is twofold: you should present an interpretation of the particular symbol you choose and show how that symbol helps construct the overall message of the film as you see it. A successful thesis statement will present a clear articulation of the meaning of your chosen symbol, a succinct statement as to the overall message of the film, and an explanation of the relationship between these two. As with the other essays for this class, please avoid rendering value judgments. You should not present an evaluation of whether or not you like the film (or whether it’s “good” or “bad”).
Since a successful analysis will require more viewing of the film than what we have time for in class, you may find it advantageous to rent/purchase/download a copy for yourself. For those who would rather not attain their own copy, I have also put a copy of the film on reserve in the library.
Due Dates:
Four copies of your rough draft due: Tuesday 3 December
Workshop: Thursday 5 December
Final draft due: Thursday 12/12 (the day of th.
Spring
2015
–
MAT
137
–Luedeker
Name:
________________________________
Quiz
#1
–
Introduction
to
Sigma
Notation
Directions:
Please
print
out
this
assignment
or
rewrite
the
problems
on
another
sheet
of
paper.
Write
the
final
answer
as
an
integer
or
an
improper
fraction.
You
must
show
all
work
to
receive
credit.
This
assignment
is
due
Wednesday
January
14
at
the
start
of
class.
The
notation
𝑓(𝑛)
!
!!!
is
called
Sigma
Notation.
The
symbol
Σ
means
sum
a
sequence
of
numbers.
The
first
number
in
the
sequence
is
𝑓 𝑎 ,
the
second
number
in
the
sequence
is
𝑓 𝑎 + 1 ,
the
third
number
in
the
sequence
is 𝑓 𝑎 + 2
etc.
,
and
the
last
number
in
the
sequence
is
𝑓(𝑚).
Here
are
two
examples:
𝑛 = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 = 27
!
!!!
𝑛! + 1 =
!
!!!
3! + 1 + 4! + 1 + 5! + 1 + 6! + 1 = 10 + 17 + 26 + 37 = 90
Problems:
Simplify.
Write
your
answer
as
an
integer
or
improper
fraction.
Show
all
work.
1. 𝑛
!"
!!!
2.
1
2!
!
!!!
3.
1
𝑛
!
!!!
4. (−1)!
!
!!!
1
𝑛
5.
1
𝑛!
!
!!!
Spring
2015
–
MAT
137
–Luedeker
Name:
________________________________
Quiz
#2
–
Numerical
Integration
Directions:
Please
print
out
this
assignment
or
rewrite
the
problems
on
another
sheet
of
paper.
Write
the
final
answer
as
a
decimal
rounded
to
three
decimal
places.
You
must
show
all
work
to
receive
credit.
This
assignment
is
due
Friday
January
16
at
the
start
of
class.
Consider
the
definite
integral
𝑒!
!
𝑑𝑥!! .
Use
n
=
4
and
the
following
methods
to
estimate
the
value
of
the
definite
integral.
1. Left
Rule
2. Right
Rule
3. Midpoint
Rule
4. Trapezoid
Rule
5. Simpson’s
Rule
Spring
2015
–
MAT
137
–Luedeker
Name:
________________________________
Quiz
#3
Directions:
Please
print
out
this
assignment
or
rewrite
the
problems
on
another
sheet
of
paper.
You
must
show
all
work
to
receive
credit.
This
assignment
Springdale Shopping SurveyThe major shopping areas in the com.docxrafbolet0
Springdale Shopping Survey*
The major shopping areas in the community of Springdale include Springdale Mall, West Mall, and the downtown area on Main Street. A telephone survey has been conducted to identify strengths and weaknesses of these areas and to find out how they fit into the shopping activities of local residents. The 150 respondents were also asked to provide information about themselves and their shopping habits. The data are provided in the file SHOPPING. The variables in the survey were as follows:
A. How Often Respondent Shops at Each Area (Variables 1–3)
1. Springdale Mall
2. Downtown
3. West Mall
6 or more times/wk.
(1)
(1)
(1)
4–5 times/wk.
(2)
(2)
(2)
2–3 times/wk.
(3)
(3)
(3)
1 time/wk.
(4)
(4)
(4)
2–4 times/mo.
(5)
(5)
(5)
0–1 times/mo.
(6)
(6)
(6)
B. How Much the Respondent Spends during a Trip to Each Area (Variables 4–6)
4. Springdale Mall
5. Downtown
6. West Mall
$200 or more
(1)
(1)
(1)
$150–under $200
(2)
(2)
(2)
$100–under $150
(3)
(3)
(3)
$ 50–under $100
(4)
(4)
(4)
$ 25–under $50
(5)
(5)
(5)
$ 15–under $25
(6)
(6)
(6)
less than $15
(7)
(7)
(7)
C. General Attitude toward Each Shopping Area (Variables 7–9)
7. Springdale Mall
8. Downtown
9. West Mall
Like very much
(5)
(5)
(5)
Like
(4)
(4)
(4)
Neutral
(3)
(3)
(3)
Dislike
(2)
(2)
(2)
Dislike very much
(1)
(1)
(1)
D. Which Shopping Area Best Fits Each Description (Variables 10–17)
Springdale
Mall
Downtown
West
Mall
No
Opinion
10. Easy to return/exchange goods
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
11. High quality of goods
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
12. Low prices
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
13. Good variety of sizes/styles
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
14. Sales staff helpful/friendly
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
15. Convenient shopping hours
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
16. Clean stores and surroundings
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
17. A lot of bargain sales
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
E. Importance of Each Item in Respondent’s Choice of a Shopping Area (Variables 18–25)
Not Very
Important Important
F. Information about the Respondent (Variables 26–30)
(
18.
Easy
to
return/exchange
goods
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
19.
High
quality
of
goods
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
20.
Low
prices
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
21.
Good
variety
of
sizes/styles
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
22.
Sales
staff
helpful/friendly
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
23.
Convenient
shopping
hours
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
24.
Clean
stores
and
surroundings
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
25.
A
lot
of
bargain
sales
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
t
)26. Gender: (1) = Male (2) = Female
27. Number of years of school completed:
(1) = less than 8 years (3) = 12–under 16 years
(2) = 8–under 12 years (4) = 16 years or more
28. Marital status: (1) = Married (2) = Single or other
29. Number of people in household: pe.
Springfield assignment InstructionFrom the given information, yo.docxrafbolet0
Springfield assignment Instruction
From the given information, you are required to make a functional network. In Springfield we have a router and four switches connected as daisy chain topology. Then we have output of show commands. It is obvious that it is a non-functional network and you have to implement a solution to make functional.
Task in Springfield assignment
· From the show output commands, you can identify the problems and then provide solution.
· Configure all the tasks as in Springfield assignment as per instructions
· Create Server VLAN, Instructional VLAN, and Administrative VLAN
· Configure Access method of VLANs
· Configure Switch 1 as root bridge
· Configure trunking on all switches
· Configure default gateway
· Create and configure interface VLAN1
First of all, allow me to thank you for your email of offer dated September 2, 2015. I am writing to inform you of my acceptance to your kind offer and in my class CMIT 350/6380. This class has one technical writing assignment broken into three parts: Draft1, Draft2, and Draft3. I do not have any sample assignment, however I am reviewing student’s draft version and providing feedback. To help you in this regard I am submitting you below outline pf paper.
In the beginning please give brief descriptions of the project, such as why are you doing, what are the problems, and possible solutions.
Background information:
Springfield site network is assigned to me to investigate the problems and find the solutions to fix the problem. From the site topology and sh output commands I determined that spanning-tree protocol is misconfigured and it is blocking few ports. And these are the reasons that network is a non-functional.
Implementing
Solution
:
The following are required information for configuring the network
IP address range 10.30.x.x/16
Device to be configured
Configuring commands
Device Names
Configuration Required
Configuring command
Switch#1
All devices
Host name
Hostname Switch_Springfield1
Switch#2
Host name
Hostname Switch_Springfield2
Switch1
All devices
Create console password
Create vty password
Only on Switch1
Create VLANs
Access vlan
Interface fa0/0
Switchport mode adccess
Switchport access vlan 11
Switch1
All Switches
Create trunk connections between switches
Int gi0/0
Switchport mode trunk
Switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
Switchport trunk allowed native vlan 1
Router
Configure ip address
Int fa0/0
Ip address 10.30.1.1 255.255.255.0
Switch1
Configure default gateway
Ip default-gateway 10.30.1.1 255.255.255.0
Switches
Configure spanning-tree protocol
Spanning-tree RPVST
Switch1
Make Swich 1 as root bridge of network
Configurations
Rough Draft
This paper will focus on the four main theoretical perspectives within sociology which include conflict, functionalism, utilitarianism and symbolic interactionism with the attempt to explain why groups of people choose to perform certain actions and how societies function or change in a certain way.
Socio.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. Speaker Profession
Xiomara Mejia, Melanie Sanoff, Claudia Lemanski, Zijie Yuan,
Angelique Desjardins, Martin Prokai, Gabrielle Peterson
Chidera Udeh
Crystal Akers () - Add your name to the group's slide, and
someone should write the research question here.
What is the exact wording of the research question(s) you would
like to investigate?
What kind of study do you propose?
Are you analyzing screen data? Conducting interviews?
Presenting an experimental survey with a stimulus you've
designed?
What is your hypothesis?
How does your study relate to our course?
Consider connections to methods of the study, the linguistic
variable in the study (words? phrasing? sounds?) and how the
social factor you've selected into (Participants/ Setting / Topic/
Function) relates to linguistic variable.
2. Crystal Akers () - Use your responses from Collab 3 to ensure
some consensus on these questions. Then, each person should
post a new slide, following the instructions in Collab 4.
Research Question
How does the profession of a speaker influence their formality
on social media platforms?
Crystal Akers () - Just go with it! :)
MELANIE SANOFF () - Is everyone okay with this final
question?
ANGELIQUE DESJARDINS () - I like this form of the
question!
Hypothesis
If the formality of a speaker on social media is greater, then
their profession is more formal than someone with less formal
speaking.
This will be seen in the data through:
Number of sentences
Hashtags
Word choice
Emojis
etc.
3. Crystal Akers () - Everyone can add their own slides showing
different screen data accounts and how they are analyzed. See
Xio's slides for some examples of how this can work.
Study Type
Analysis of screen data (Twitter Data)
Data Collection
Collect Data from social media
Twitter/Facebook
Collection of:
Number of Abbreviation
Number of Emojis used
Punctuation
Grammar (Errors made)
Complexity of Words chosen
Ex: Would someone with no higher education be able to
understand a politician's word choices without the help of a
dictionary.
4. Crystal Akers () - Analyze these sample slides. What linguistic
data do you receive from them? Showing a table would be great
to let your viewers understand what you're examining (say, # of
words/sentence?) and what the exact figures are (how many
words/sentence, precisely?)
DataTwitter HandleTotal # sentences in setTotal # of words in
setTotal # of hashtags
in setTotal # of emoji in setTotal # of abbreviations in
setGrammar Errors in setPunctuation in setCristine Rotenberg
@nailogical21903110Governor Phil Murphy @GovMurphy
58700005
5. Politicians vs Celebrities
Politicians tweets vs Celebrity tweets
iamcardib
@iamcardib
·Mar 27
We are not in great shape .
Bernie Sanders
@BernieSanders
·22h
There are people today who may well have symptoms of
coronavirus, but who have to go to work because they don’t
have any paid family or medical leave. How does that happen in
the richest country in the history of the world?
6. Comparison of Tweets related to Coronavirus
Politicians:
@GavinNewsom: NEW: CA has 28,963 confirmed positive
cases of #COVID19. 3,221 of those cases are in our hospitals.
1,173 of those are in the ICU. We have now tragically lost
1,072 people in the state of CA to this disease. We MUST
continue to take this seriously. #StayHomeSaveLives
@GovMurphy: We have vaccines that can protect against the
flu. We have proven anti-flu therapies. We’re at least a year
away from a vaccine for #COVID19, and there are currently no
proven therapies.
@MarcoRubio: To further provide broader access to #PPP from
lenders that serve #SmallBusiness I am asking @USTreasury to
limit the amount of #PPPloans any single lender is able to make
to no more than 5% of the new funds being approved.
Celebrities (Athlete, actor, singer)
@KingJames: Was so looking forward to being back in
Cleveland tonight playing in front of my family, friends and
fans I spent 11 years of my career with. Always a special place
in my heart! Until next time! #ThekidfromAKRON #StaySafe
@ArianaGrande: tommy n i sending u some virtual love hope
you’re all staying safe, sane, healthy and as creative as possible
7. @aplusk: I’m using #HowWeFeel to help track and fight
COVID-19. For each new user HWF is donating a meal through
@FeedingAmerica. 280,819 meals donated so far! Download it
here:
.
# of words# of punctuations# of abbreviations# of contractions#
of hashtags# of emojis# of grammar errors# of slang
wordsGavin Newsom465301000Phil Murphy324011000Marco
Rubio401203000LeBron James374002220Ariana
Grande202110311Ashton Kutcher284111000
Screen data
Grammatical errors include missing subject, verb, or helping
word in a sentence.
Slang word category includes the use of “n” instead of “and”.
# of words# of punctuations# of abbreviations# of contractions#
of hashtags# of emojis# of grammar errors# of slang
wordsBernie Sanders433010000Cardi B61000000
Screen Data
8. Grammatical errors include missing subject, verb, or helping
word in a sentence.
Slang word category includes the use of “n” instead of “and”.
Internet Celebrity V.S. Celebrity
Screen DataTotal # of sentences in setTotal # of words in
setTotal # of hashtags in setTotal # of emojis in setTotal # of
abbreviations in setGrammar errors in setJeffree Star
@JeffreeStar3470510Justin Bieber
@justinbieber6163010
Comparison of Tweets related to climate change
9. Screen DataTotal # of sentences in setTotal # of words in
setTotal # of hashtags in setTotal # of emojis in setTotal # of
abbreviations in setGrammar errors in setBill Gates
@BillGates3460000Donald Trump
@realDonaldTrump3450000
Comparison of tweets regarding voting during COVID-19
pandemic from 44th and 45th president
Barack Obama- author, politician, attorney
Donald trump- celebrity, businessman, reality TV personality
10. Screen Data
Total # of sentences in set Total # of words in setTotal # of
hashtags in setTotal # of emojis in setTotal # of abbreviations
in setGrammar errors in set Barack Obama
@BarackObama1250000Donald J. Trump
@realDonaldTrump3330013
Relation to Course
Inter-Modal Research
Sourcing data from the tweets and facebook posts of individuals
spanning various occupations
Linguistic Variables
Formality and Complexity in Phrasing
Abbreviation
Emoji Use
Punctuation & Capitalization
Participants (Main Focus)
What influence does profession have on an individual’s social
media activities? (Linguistic Variables)
Sociological Attributes considered
Occupation
11. Roles of speaker to audience (i.e. politician to constituents,
celebrity to fans, etc)
Age of speaker
ANU Research Repository – http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9398
Proceedings of the 42nd Australian Linguistic Society
Conference – 2011
M Ponsonnet, L Dao & M Bowler (eds)
I can haz language play:
The construction of language and identity
in LOLspeak
Lauren Gawne and Jill Vaughan
University of Melbourne
[email protected]
[email protected]
12. Abstract. LOLspeak is a complex and systematic reimagining of
the English language. It is most often associated with the
popular, productive and long-lasting Internet meme ‘LOLcats’.
This style of English is characterised by the simultaneous
playful
manipulation of multiple levels of language.
Using community-generated web content as a corpus, we
analyse
some of the common language play strategies (Sherzer 2002)
used in LOLspeak, which include morphological reanalysis,
atypical sentence structure and lexical playfulness. The
linguistic
variety that emerges from these manipulations displays
collaboratively constructed norms and tendencies providing a
standard which may be meaningfully adhered to or subverted by
users.
We conclude with a discussion of why people may choose to
participate in such language play, and suggest that the language
play strategies used by participants allow for the construction of
13. complex identity.
Keywords. language play, computer-mediated communication,
English grammar, LOLcats, Internet memes
Proceedings of the 42nd ALS Conference – 2011
GAWNE & VAUGHAN
~ 98 ~
1. Introduction:
oh hai!
In the last decade, the Internet has been established as a fertile
domain of
language use. While some electronic communication like text
and instant
messaging have attracted academic study, there is a rich world
of linguistic
diversity on the Internet that has received scant attention from
linguistic
researchers. In this paper we provide an initial discussion of
LOLspeak, the
14. language style closely associated with the popular, productive
and long-lasting
Internet meme “LOLcats”. LOLspeak is a playful variety of
English that shows
complex and multi-faceted manipulation of Standard English for
entertaining
ends. In this paper we explore some of the main linguistic
features of LOLspeak.
First we briefly outline the origins of LOLspeak (§2). We then
turn our attention
to what LOLspeak is, by first looking at what LOLspeak isn’t
(§3.1) and by
situating it in terms of “language play” (§3.2). We then give a
summary of
previous research on LOLcats and LOLspeak (§4) before
turning to our own
analysis. In §5 we present a “sketch grammar” of LOLspeak,
where we examine
the phenomenon from a number of structural perspectives.
These include
orthography and phonetics (§5.1), lexicon (§5.2), morphology
(§5.3), syntax (§5.4)
and the clausal level (§5.5). We conclude (§6) with a discussion
of what might be
15. motivating this language play and look at future applications of
our analysis.
2. The origins of LOLspeak and LOLcats:
how teh LOLkittehs waz maded
The history of LOLspeak is inseparable from the LOLcats
Internet meme that
has captured the popular imagination. LOLcats1 are images of
cats with funny
captions in non-Standard English, often referred to simply as
“LOLcats” and at
other times referred to as “image macros”. As discussed in
Braswell, Garay,
Saggese & Schiffman (2008), Brillman, Gander & Guillen
(2008) and Anderson,
House, Locke & Schirmann (2008), LOLcats are one of the
cuter tropes to have
1
“LOL” is an acronym for “laugh out loud” that originated on-
line but is now also commonly used in
face-to-face interactions.
Proceedings of the 42nd ALS Conference – 2011
16. GAWNE & VAUGHAN
~ 99 ~
evolved from the primordial soup of short-lived fads that is the
4chan website2.
4chan is an anonymous messaging board with a high turnover of
posts, and it is
here, on the “Random” (“/b/”) message board3, that “Caturday”
began sometime
in 2006 or 2007. Caturday (Saturday) was an opportunity to
share silly images of
cats, a human tendency that existed well before LOLcats. In
January 2007, Eric
Nakagawa created the I can has cheezburger website4 (ICHC) to
share the most
entertaining images with his girlfriend. Below is the first image
that appeared on
the site and also gave it its name:
Figure 1. “I can has cheezburger?” cat
5
.
The popularity of the site exploded and in September 2007 Ben
Huh purchased
17. the website (Wang 2009) and has expanded it into an Internet
empire of similar
image macros, including I has a hotdog for images of dogs,
Totally looks like which
compares images of celebrities to people, animals or things they
look like, and
FAIL blog which has images of blatant stupidity or
incompetence. Although many
2
http://www.4chan.org/ There is ongoing discussion that we
have observed in the 4chan community
as to whether LOLcats and many of the other tropes we observe
really did originate from 4chan, or
from other usenet boards on the Internet. An in-depth study of
origins of LOLcat tropes is beyond the
scope of this paper, but would certainly be an interesting line of
enquiry.
3
http://boards.4chan.org/b/
4
www.icanhascheezburger.com
5 The humour of this macro initially seems to derive from the
unexpected, anthropomorphic and
clumsily articulated desire of the cat for a cheeseburger, as well
as the cat’s comical expression. The
18. humour has been compounded over time due to repetition and
recontextualisations using the image
and the phrasal template as tropes.
Proceedings of the 42nd ALS Conference – 2011
GAWNE & VAUGHAN
~ 100 ~
of these sites involve similar tropes to those found on the
LOLcats site, they also
have their own variations on the theme.
LOLspeak found its popularity in a narrow domain, but has
since broadened in its
appeal. The spread from 4chan to the ICHC blog and its
growing stable of
subsidiaries was matched by an uptake in other corners of the
Internet. Sub-
cultures took the trope and made it their own, and as such the
Internet is
peppered with collections like LOLlibrarians, LOLpresidents
and even
19. LOLlinguists.
Figure 2. LOLlinguist
6
.
LOLspeak has moved beyond the image-caption limits of image
macros and has
spread even further. To give a very crude statistic that captures
the spread of
LOLspeak, an Internet search for the iconic LOLspeak string “I
can haz” without
mention of “cheezburger” still throws up over 18 million hits.
One of the most
popular and enduring homes that LOLspeak has found outside
of the domain of
Cheezburgers is the LOLcat Bible7. The LOLcat Bible project
was established
back in July 2007 by Martin Grondin as LOLcats were enjoying
their first wave of
fame, with the aim of rewriting the Bible in LOLspeak. While
Grondin was
responsible for kicking off the LOLcats Bible project, many
have contributed to its
growth through its wiki-format collaborative structure. Large
sections of the Bible,
20. 6
Photo: Trisha Weir
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/483236285)
7
www.lolcatbible.com
Proceedings of the 42nd ALS Conference – 2011
GAWNE & VAUGHAN
~ 101 ~
both Old and New Testaments, have now been ‘translated’ and a
book of the
collaborative work has been published (Grondin 2010).
3. So what is LOLspeak?: what teh kittehs sedz?
Having established the origins and spread of the LOLcat
community, we now
address the nature of LOLspeak. Many people have attempted to
define
LOLspeak and its relationship to English by comparing it to
other existing
phenomena—some with more success than others. Calka
21. (2011b:9) asserts that
“the closest approximation would be to imagine English put
through an
automatic translator into another language and then translated
back and spelled
phonetically”—an appealing description, but one that ignores
the many
regularities and patterns of LOLspeak. Others are more
dismissive, one web
scholar describing it as “the stupidest possible creative act”
(Shirky 2010, quoted
in Miltner 2011:9). Here we introduce LOLspeak as a
phenomenon by first
looking at what it is not (§3.1) and then turning our attention to
what it is (§3.2)
(see §5 for a more in-depth linguistic analysis).
As something that originated in a written medium, LOLspeak
reflects the
asynchronous style used in the local discourse context of LOL-
based Internet
sites. The original image macros and the LOLcat Bible are both
non-dyadic
communicative styles—along with the asynchronous nature, this
meant that
22. people had time to compose their utterances. As Calka (2011b)
notes, people now
frequently use LOLspeak for extended asynchronous message-
board postings
within the ICHC domain. This is more dyadic in its
communicative structure. We
have also observed that people within our social domain are
using LOLspeak in
synchronous instant messaging and chat situations as well. It
would be interesting
to see how LOLspeak varies across all these media, but this is
unfortunately
beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, we will be focusing on
the asynchronous
non-dyadic language found in the images and the LOLcat Bible,
which can
hopefully be of use for anyone with future plans to expand the
domains of this
research.
As all of the image-based uses of LOLspeak involve short
examples, we will look
at some extended prose from the LOLcat Bible project instead,
to illustrate the
23. Proceedings of the 42nd ALS Conference – 2011
GAWNE & VAUGHAN
~ 102 ~
coherent co-construction present across multiple utterances.
Below are the first
five verses of Genesis, a paragraph of text that should be
familiar to many people:
(1) a. Oh hai. In teh beginnin Ceiling Cat maded teh skiez An
da Urfs, but he did not
eated dem
b. Da Urfs no had shapez An haded dark face, An Ceiling Cat
rode invisible bike
over teh waterz
c. At start, no has lyte. An Ceiling Cat sayz, i can haz lite? An
lite wuz
d. An Ceiling Cat sawed teh lite, to seez stuffs, An splitted teh
lite from dark but taht
wuz ok cuz kittehs can see in teh dark An not tripz over nethin
e. An Ceiling Cat sayed light Day An dark no Day. It were
FURST!!!1
The first thing to note is that it is, even to the non-initiated,
24. identifiable as
English. Certainly, there are many non-standard forms and
constructions, and
possibly some unfamiliar lexical items, but on the whole it is
not impossible to
figure out what this text is.
3.1 What LOLspeak isn’t
It is apparent that this style of language takes its inspiration
from many sources.
The capitalisation and exclamation marks show the language’s
gaming
background, and are also found in “leet” speak, while some
shortenings are more
reminiscent of text speech. Some sections read like L1 or L2
acquisition errors, or
even a creolised English. Although LOLspeak shares features
with these and
many other linguistic phenomena, none of them quite explain
the LOLspeak
phenomenon or account for all discernable stylistic choices.
Leet uses numbers and symbols to replace letters, such as
L0Lsp33k
(“LOLspeak”) or L337 (“leet”), and “text speak” more
25. frequently uses rebus-like
substitutes, such as R (“are”) and 4 (“for”). Although LOLspeak
certainly
borrows some of these features, it does not use them as
frequently as leet does.
Some features such as over/under-application of plurals and
over regularisation
of verb paradigms (“eated” for “ate”) do look like language
acquisition errors,
however the language used in LOLspeak is too complex in all
other respects to
Proceedings of the 42nd ALS Conference – 2011
GAWNE & VAUGHAN
~ 103 ~
assume that users of LOLspeak are only trying to mimic
first/second language
learners.
It has been put forward (e.g. Dash 2007) that perhaps LOLspeak
is a type of
pidgin language. This may at first be an appealing proposition
26. (not only because
we could then refer to “kitty pidgin”). We can very easily
imagine English to be
our superstrate lexifying language, but there is clearly no “cat
substrate” in this
situation. Instead we see LOLspeak emerging purely from a
manipulation of
English and therefore not appropriately a creole or a pidgin.
Although it is a manipulation of English, it doesn’t fall easily
into the category of
“play language” that typically involves some kind of
manipulation of a linguistic
system. In a discussion of play languages, Sherzer (2002:26)
notes that systems
like Verlan and Pig Latin are “linguistic codes derived by a
small set of rules from
a language in use in a particular speech community”. The rules
required to create
successful LOLspeak are more than just a “small set” and are
distinct from
something like Pig Latin in that they occur at every linguistic
level, not just the
phonological level. If we want to call LOLspeak a play
language we would need to
27. broaden our understanding of what a play language is.
Although LOLspeak displays a range of similarities to other
phenomena, what is
ultimately so interesting about it is that we see a wide range of
underlying norms
and tendencies instead of a single defining feature or process.
3.2 What LOLspeak is: language play
Now that we have looked at some of the things that we can say
LOLspeak is not,
we can turn our attention to frameworks that account for what it
is. In this
section we will look at LOLspeak as a type of language play.
While “play
languages” discussed above involve small sets of rules,
“language play” is a
broader term encompassing a wide variety of ways people can
creatively
manipulate language for playful ends.
LOLspeak is above all playful in nature. LOLspeakers do not
use grammatically
incorrect English because they can’t use Standard English; they
are doing it
28. because they are playing with the rules of English. Play is
central to our
understanding of ourselves as human. As Huizinga discussed in
Homo Ludens
Proceedings of the 42nd ALS Conference – 2011
GAWNE & VAUGHAN
~ 104 ~
(1955), play gives us an opportunity to voluntarily step out of
real life into a
demarcated place and engage in an entertaining activity with its
own, often
unwritten, rules. This idea of play sounds to us exactly what
many who read
LOLcats and use LOLspeak do, including the voluntary nature
and high levels of
metalinguistic awareness, and is central to our understanding of
what triggers
people’s engagement with LOLspeak. The playful manipulation
of language has
been explored in two recent monographs which both take
slightly different angles
29. on this kind of behaviour.
The first is Cook’s Language Play, Language Learning (2000).
Cook looks at language
play as a vital component of cognitive development,
intersecting with the
development of imagination and ideas. The first half of the book
looks at how
manipulating and playing with language through rhyme, chant,
song and other
language games helps first language acquisition. Later, he
discusses how the
manipulation of language has potential for “bringing people
together and forcing
them apart, distinguishing between those who are in and those
who are out” (63).
The ability to be simultaneously inclusive and exclusive is
fundamental to
LOLspeak; those who are “out” may not understand that the
joke comes from
this manipulation.
The second recent text to address this area is Sherzer’s Speech
play (2002).
Although Sherzer gives the phenomenon a slightly different
30. name, he is also
interested in the way people playfully manipulate language.
Sherzer discusses the
way speech play is a metacommentary, both implicit and
explicit, on the linguistic
systems that are being manipulated, and on the society, culture
and interactions
those manipulations are indexing (2002:1). Most of the volume
focuses on
different types of linguistic manipulation, and looks at how
these contribute to the
poetics of speech.
While both Sherzer (2002:26) and Cook (2002:123) look at
language play on
multiple levels, they only tend to focus on phenomena that
manipulate one level
at a time. LOLspeak involves the manipulation of every
linguistic level, and for
this reason we believe that an understanding of the processes in
LOLspeak is an
important contribution to an understanding of language play.
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Whether calling it speech or language play, both authors are
looking at the same
phenomenon: the manipulation of the linguistic system for play.
They also both
acknowledge, in their own focus of study, that although many
dismiss language
play as frivolous, it has much to tell us about how people use
and manipulate
language. Indeed, Crystal (1998:222) goes so far as to ask,
“Might it be that
language play is actually what makes us human?” We have
decided to use the term
“language play” instead of “speech play” because while we
agree with many of
Sherzer’s ideas and insights, his work is more focused on the
domain of the oral
performance of language play, whereas LOLspeak is
fundamentally not about
“speech” at all, but about language more generally.
32. 4. Work on LOLcats:
hoomanz what studiez teh kittehs
Although LOLcats is, by the standards of the Internet, a long-
lived and well-
established phenomenon, it has received relatively little
scholarly attention, and
next to no linguistic analyses. As early as April 2007, Anil Dash
noted that
LOLcats display some kind of linguistic standard and that it is
possible to get
LOLspeak “wrong”. This was picked up by Mark Liberman at
Language Log
(Liberman 2007). In 2008, a group of students worked with
Bambi Schieffelin at
New York University to look at the origins of LOLcats and their
cultural import
(Braswell, Garay, Saggese & Schiffman 2008; Brillman, Gander
& Guillen 2008;
Anderson, House, Locke & Schirmann 2008). These papers
track the nascent
growth of the LOLspeak phenomenon, some major tropes and
the reaction of
Internet users to LOLspeak.
33. LOLcats have also been examined for the on-line community
that they foster.
Calka has done extensive work looking at a community of
people who frequent
the ICHC website, called “Cheezland” by community members
(Calka 2011a).
Calka acknowledges that the use of LOLspeak is one important
factor in the
maintenance of the on-line community, but does not analyse this
language, only
exploring when it is used. Miltner’s (2011) recently completed
MA thesis explores
LOLcats in terms of genre and appreciation. Her work is an
analysis of LOLcat-
reading focus groups, and, like Calka, explores the community
that has evolved
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around LOLcats. She touches on LOLspeak, but mainly from the
perspective of
34. participants’ enjoyment and performance of LOLspeak, and its
role in defining
who is part of the LOLcat-reading community in-group (Miltner
2011:30-32). Not
all of the work has been focused on the community practices
that have evolved
around LOLcats—Brubaker (2008) looks at the use of captioned
text in LOLcats,
in comparison to the intertitles in silent film, and how both are
used to expand
the visual narrative.
Although it was early in the existence of LOLcats that Dash
noticed their
linguistic sophistication, there has been very little work
published that looks in-
depth at the linguistic structures present in LOLspeak. One
paper that does
attempt to understand the linguistic features of LOLspeak is
Rosen (2010). Rosen
shows that users of LOLspeak have intuitions about what
constitutes a valid
sentence and points to the diverse range of influences on
LOLspeak, including
35. leet and other Internet forms, focusing mainly on matters of
orthography and
pronunciation. We are also aware of a currently unpublished
honours thesis that
discusses the grammatical properties of LOLSpeak (Hill 2010)
and we believe it
likely that there are a number of similar unpublished works
across the world.
5. A “sketch grammar” of LOLspeak:
grammarz, how we makes it
Now that we have situated the LOLspeak phenomenon in both
popular culture
and linguistic theory, we will examine exactly what LOLspeak
involves. In this
section we will look at different linguistic features of
LOLspeak: in turn phonetics
and orthography, lexicon, morphology, syntax and the clause.
Of course it is
impossible to fully describe LOLspeak in a short outline, so
instead, in each
section we will concentrate on what we perceive to be some of
the most salient or
interesting features. Although we have structured this section
like the kind of
36. introductory sketch grammar you will find on many languages,
we do of course
acknowledge that LOLspeak is a different species altogether.
All languages are
group-validated norms and tendencies, but these are not as
robust for LOLspeak
as they are for natural languages. Having said that, there is
certainly a feeling
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among users that some examples of LOLspeak are “better” than
others, as
illustrated in the interview extract below:
(2) JT: Yeah, you can spot the n00bs.
Interviewer: Yeah, the n00bs. So, how can you spot a n00b?
JT: Wrong font, wrong syntax. Just wrong.
AB: Shouting.
37. (JT, 38, MemeGeek, female; AB, 72, Cheezfrend, female)
(from Miltner 2011:27)
And the rules, or norms, that prompt these kinds of reactions
can also be
meaningfully subverted for comic ends, such as in the image
below where the cat
speaks in an extremely formal register in sharp contrast to the
inherent formality
of LOLspeak:
Figure 3. Meaningful subversion of LOLspeak grammar.
It is therefore the nebulous rules and norms that govern
“grammaticality”
judgements and allow for deliberate subversion that we attempt
to capture here.
Of course, for every feature of LOLspeak we discuss, it is likely
that you will find
numerous of counter examples, as such is the nature of language
play. LOLspeak
is nothing if not creative. There is certainly potential for a
quantitative corpus
interrogation of LOLspeak, but for this study we have taken a
more qualitative
approach.
38. We use the LOLcat Bible as our main reference. There are
several reasons for
this. As mentioned above, we are interested in this initial stage
in focusing on the
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asynchronous non-dyadic uses of LOLspeak, as this is where the
style originated.
LOLcat images have only a small amount of text whose
constructions are more
limited than those found in the Bible. Also, the Bible is a wiki-
based collaborative
effort. Individual images on ICHC are rated by viewers, and an
argument could
be made that a higher rating correlates with better examples of
LOLspeak.
However, there are too many other factors at play in these
ratings (e.g. cuteness of
the kitty, font choice, reference to other memes), and this is not
39. a useful measure.
In contrast, the LOLcat Bible was created collaboratively, with
passages being
changed multiple times until consensus was reached. Thus the
LOLcat Bible
represents the most agreed-upon example of what LOLspeak is.
We focus on the
early chapters of Genesis, partly for their familiarity, and
because, being at the
start of the wiki project, they have received the most critical re-
editing from
contributors.
5.1 Phonetics and orthography
Because LOLspeak started in a written medium, it is difficult to
separate out
features that we would normally divide into the domains of
orthography and
phonetics in other phenomena. Indeed, what becomes quite
apparent about
LOLspeak is that what we might consider to be “phonetic” is
often motivated by
the orthographic conventions. That the orthography has helped
shape this
40. example of language play indicates just how central the written
form is to
LOLspeak. One obvious set of orthographic-based features of
LOLspeak is the
deliberate incorporation of fast-typing errors. We see two of the
most common in
the first verse of Genesis:
(3) Genesis 01:02 In teh beginnin Ceiling Cat maded teh skiez
An da Urfs, but he did
not eated dem.
The inversion of the letters in the to give teh is a common
typing mistake, but the
mistake has been appropriated as the standard form in
LOLspeak. This adds to
the joke—what looks non-standard to the outsider is the
standard for the group.
This orthographic joke has interestingly bled into
pronunciation—when people
read LOLcats aloud they don’t say “the” [ðə] but instead say
[tə]. It should be
noted that within one sentence we have two uses of “teh” and
one use of “da”,
another common replacement for ‘the’—a simplification of the
interdental
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fricative. This exemplifies the fact that LOLspeak’s “rules” are
not as rigid as
those of natural languages. The “da” form is not as common as
“teh” in
LOLspeak—in the first chapter of Genesis alone we have 23
uses of “teh” and
only 2 of “da”. So common is this trope that it has moved
beyond the determiner
“teh” and we find it in other strings of “teh” as well, such as in
Genesis 01:24
“otehr” for “other” or Genesis 01:30 “tehre” for “there”.
Another error that has been accepted as a standard form in
LOLSpeak is the
interspersion of exclamation marks with the numeral one.
(4) Genesis 01:03 It were FURST!!!1
This is a common error: while typing fast, the finger lifts from
the shift key.
42. However, here it is not done as an error, but as a joke to show
the person is
typing fast, and this joke has turned into the accepted form.
Both “teh” and “!!!1”
are adopted from leetspeak, originating on Internet gaming chat
rooms. The lack
of focus on standardised English and fast pace of typing while
gaming meant that
many errors were eventually codified into the in-group
language.
We also find another common leet-origin typing joke in
LOLspeak, although it
doesn’t occur as frequently. The word “pwn” (“own” or
“pown”) is common in
leet, in which it is a verb originating from the English “own”,
used to show your
dominance over another, originally in a gaming domain (“I
pwned you in that
round”). It started as a common typing error but then was taken
up as a standard
form. We see some examples in LOLspeak, for example Genesis
01:28 An p0wn
teh waterz however it has not made its way to LOLspeak with
the same level of
43. popularity as the other forms, probably owning to the fact that it
is not
particularly thematically appropriate in the LOLcat worldview
(see §5.2. below on
the LOLcat lexicon).
We also see other typographical errors that are common in leet,
such as the use of
the numerical character “0” for the letter “o” as in “p0wn”
above or “w00t”
(Genesis 01:19)—these are not necessarily typographical jokes
but have become
quite standardised in LOLspeak. We also see rebus-like uses of
letters and
numbers “4” instead “for” (Genesis 01:08), or “ur” for “your”
(Genesis 01:06).
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As well as the use of non-standard characters that draws from
the leet tradition,
44. there is also a tendency towards non-standard capitalisation.
These are most
commonly nouns, and we find things like “Urfs” (“earth”,
Genesis 01:01) and
“Day” (“day”, Genesis 01:05) but we find words of other word
classes such as
“Beholdt” (“behold”, Genesis 01:29). An interesting case is the
capitalisation of
“An” (and)—a conjunction that is liberally interspersed into the
text to give a
breathless running feel to the narrative, the capitalisation here
emphasising this
function:
(5) a. Genesis 01:01 Oh hai. In teh beginnin Ceiling Cat maded
teh skiez An da Urfs,
but he did not eated dem
b. Genesis 01:02 Da Urfs no had shapez An haded dark face, An
Ceiling Cat rode
invisible bike over teh waterz
c. Genesis 01:05 An Ceiling Cat sayed light Day An dark no
Day. It were
FURST!!!1
We also see in the last example that “FURST” is entirely
capitalised. This is also a
45. common strategy in LOLspeak. Most LOLcat images use an all-
capitalised font,
but in the Bible the majority of the text is presented in lower
case. This gives the
opportunity to use caps to add emphasis to a word or phrase, a
common strategy
in computer-mediated communication. As we see in the
examples below, this
adds to the humorous portrayal of the over-excitable and erratic
personality of a
stereotypical cat:
(6) a. Genesis 01:09 An Ceiling Cat hadz dry placez cuz kittehs
DO NOT WANT
get wet
b. Genesis 01:24 An Ceiling Cat sayed, i can has MOAR living
stuff
While we’ve seen above with “teh” that the orthography of
LOLspeak can
influence the way that people pronounce it, we also find that
some of the
orthography is based on the phonetics of English. We see this
with the use of “z”
(e.g. to denote plurals, 3rd person singular morphemes) where
the voiced form is
46. expected but the orthography of Standard English uses “s”:
(7) a. Genesis 01:02 teh waterz
b. Genesis 01:03 An lite wuz
c. Genesis 01:12 so, letz there be weedz
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But, of course, being LOLspeak, this tendency can be over-used
for playful effect,
and thus we find at other points in the data the use of the
grapheme usually
associated with the voiced fricative extended to the voiceless
fricative, as in
“shapez” (Genesis 01:02) and “tripz” (Genesis 01:04).
We find other features of non-standard orthography in
LOLspeak, which echo
the varieties of English we find used in non-Standard domains.
For example, we
find some features stereotypical of child language acquisition,
47. such as the
metathesis in the rendering of “animal” as “aminal” (Genesis
01:24). We also find
that often the English velar nasal “ng” is written as “n” so we
get “beginnin”,
(Genesis 01:01), “nethin” (Genesis 01:04), and “makin”
(Genesis 01:06). Along
with the over-use of the “s” to “z” transposition discussed
above, this is
reminiscent of AAVE and other non-standard varieties of
English.
This leads to an interesting feature of LOLspeak. For something
that started as a
written joke, the orthography tends to indicate a strong link to a
particular style of
speaking. In our interactions with people who engage with
LOLcats and
LOLspeak, they frequently have a voice in their head as to how
a LOLcat speaks.
These tend to be high pitched, with strong vowel distinctions
and child-like
intonation, but not exclusively. In Miltner (2011) we find that
several LOLcat fans
make mention of the LOLcat accent, for example “I could
48. immediately hear a
cat’s voice” (58), but there is no discussion of exactly what that
accent might
sound like. Given the very evocative nature of the LOLspeak
orthography we
think it would be an interesting avenue of research to discover
just how people
realise the LOLcat accent.
5.2 Lexicon
LOLspeak also has its own playful lexicon. In this section we
will look at three
main aspects of the lexicon: words borrowed from leet and other
computer-
mediated genres, words specific to “cat world” and lexical
choices specific to the
LOLcat Bible.
Many common lexical items in the LOLspeak vocabulary also
have a home in
other Internet genres. Items like “p0wn” (Genesis 01:28),
“kthxbai” (Genesis
01:31) and “teh” all have their origins in leet and other gaming
and chat board
groups. Other items are not necessarily from an established
49. genre but have their
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place in general Internet humour, such as the comical use of
“jazzhands” here,
which is humorous due to the juxtaposition of earnest biblical
narrative with an
evocation of an energetic, slightly outdated and camp outburst:
(8) Genesis 01:13 An so teh threeth day jazzhands
Another rich source of lexical items in the LOLcat Bible are
from the ICHC
universe. Some of these are the kinds of lexical items that cats
in the real world
might be drawn to, but here they take on a mythical status. For
example:
(9) Genesis 01:26 An let min p0wnz0r becuz tehy has can
openers
“And let men rule (because they have can openers)”
50. Here the can opener is a sign of power. We also find items like
sofas taking on
mythical status (as the Bible guidelines note, “a typical
domestic cat probably
hasn’t seen a desert tent, but they have probably seen a sofa”8)
and dogs
becoming the ultimate enemy.
The ICHC world also contributes items that are not necessarily
what we would
expect of real world cats, but have taken on special status in
this domain. Thus we
see an obsession with “invisible” items (“invisible bike”,
Genesis 01:02),
“cheezburgers” (cheeseburgers), and “kittehs” (kitties, Genesis
01:09). These
items are usually common, everyday items that have taken on
specific salience for
the language community through repeated use.
Also observable in the LOLcat Bible are lexical items that are
specific to this
domain. Some of these are items that originate from ICHC but
have taken on
special meanings within the Bible. Examples of this include
“Ceiling Cat”—
51. originally an image macro but subsequently taken up by the
LOLcat Bible
community as their analogy for God (e.g. Genesis 01:01).
Extending from this we
have Basement Cat (Satan) and Happy Cat (Jesus)—both are
characters from
ICHC that have been taken up in the LOLcat Bible.
Cheezburgers also take on a
specific meaning analogous to “blessings” in the original text.
In some cases we find the maintenance of lexical items found in
the original
biblical text—but often with orthographic or morphological
manipulation. Such
uses are often isolated and do not extend across the text. For
example in chapter
8
http://www.lolcatbible.com/index.php?title=Guidelines
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52. one of Genesis we find “firmmint” (firmament (01:08)) and
“Beholdt” (01:29).
Such uses, although they are generally one-offs, show that
speakers are able to
manipulate their lexical use to make timely and amusing
references to established
genres.
5.3 Morphology
In this section we will look briefly at both nominal and verbal
morphology. For
nominal morphology we will focus on the use of plural marking,
and for verbal
morphology we will look at tense marking and person
agreement. We will also
look at the regularisation of ordinal numbers before looking
briefly at what we
will call “Biblical” morphology. Similar tendencies can be
observed in the
manipulation of established English morphology regardless of
whether it is
nominal or verbal.
The use of plural morphology in LOLspeak is conspicuous in its
irregularity. We
53. find examples of pluralising mass nouns, such as “stuffs”
(Genesis 01:04),
“waterz” (Genesis 01:09) and “fuudz” (Genesis 01:30), however
we have yet to
come across an example of the absence of plural marking where
we would expect
it in Standard English. Thus there appears to be more of a
tendency for
pluralising non-plurals than the other way around. We even find
within the one
short section of text that the same noun alternates between
being marked for
plurality and not. The word “earth” is always singular in the
original biblical text,
however this is inconsistently pluralised in the LOLcat version
(not to mention
inconsistently capitalised and inconsistently spelt; the plural
suffix itself is also
inconsistently spelt):
(10) a. Genesis 01:01 Oh hai. In teh beginnin Ceiling Cat maded
teh skiez An da Urfs
b. Genesis 01:02 Da Urfs no had shapez
c. Genesis 01:10 An Ceiling Cat called no waterz urth and
54. waters oshun
d. Genesis 01:17 An Ceiling Cat screw tehm on skiez, with big
nails An stuff, to lite
teh Urfs
e. Genesis 01:29 An Ceiling Cat sayed, Beholdt, the Urfs, I has
it
Some of these are possibly showing a tendency to pluralise in
the proximity of
other pluralised nouns, but the use of the plural cannot be said
to be completely
motivated by environment.
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In verbal morphology the first feature we will look at is tense
marking. The
LOLcat Bible is a text that uses a lot of past tense narrative
structure, which
makes it a fertile corpus for examining common past tense
strategies in
55. LOLspeak. What we find is that there is a tendency to over-
extend the regular
past tense suffix “-ed” in lexical verbs (but not copulas). We
thus find that some
irregular verb forms are regularised in the past tense:
(11) a. Genesis 01:01 but he did not eated dem
b. Genesis 01:07 An Ceiling Cat sayed, i can has teh firmmint
wich iz funny bibel
naim 4 ceiling
c. Genesis 01:08 An Ceiling Cat doed teh skiez with waterz
down An waterz up
The verb phrase did not eated dem above also shows double-
marking of past tense.
This mirrors the common double-marking of past tense
observable below, where
the irregular past tense forms are used with a standard past
tense marker:
(12) a. Genesis 01:01 Oh hai. In teh beginnin Ceiling Cat maded
teh skiez An da
Urfs
b. Genesis 01:02 Da Urfs no had shapez An haded dark face
c. Genesis 01:04 An Ceiling Cat sawed teh lite, to seez stuffs
d. Genesis 01:09 An Ceiling Cat gotted all teh waterz in ur base
56. Like many of the phenomena we describe here, there are forms
that don’t follow
these tendencies. Below are two irregular verbs that remain so.
Interestingly the
second one is “sed”, which we frequently see modified, as
discussed in the
example from Genesis 07:07 above where it is regularised, as
well as frequent
other examples:
(13) a. Genesis 01:02 An Ceiling Cat rode invisible bike over
teh waterz
b. Genesis 01:28 An Ceiling Cat sed them O hai maek bebehs
kthx
That we have the same verb with a different past tense form
speaks to the
flexibility of these tendencies in LOLspeak, and the motivation
for choosing one
form over the other is something we can only speculate about.
Perhaps it was
because the authors felt there was too much repetition and
desired novelty and
innovation, which is a major motivation for LOLspeak.
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Finally, just to capture the variety of playful language
manipulation that we see
present in LOLspeak, we have a double marked regular past
tense verb:
(14) Genesis 01:27 So Ceiling Cat createded teh peeps taht waz
like him
Another common feature of the verbal morphology is that we
see a strong
tendency for irregular person agreement between nouns and
verbs in the present
tense. Here we find that the verb suffix “-s” that co-occurs with
3rd person
singular nouns is often extended to use with other persons. Of
course many of
these irregular forms of this style come in the form of the
common phrasal
template “I can has X” but we see others as well. In the section
of the LOLcat
Bible we have looked at, the examples are limited to 1st person
58. singular and 3rd
person plural:
(15) a. Genesis 01:03 . An Ceiling Cat i can haz lite? An lite
wuz
b. Genesis 01:12 An Ceiling Cat sawed that weedz ish good, so,
letz there be weedz
c. Genesis 01:18 An tehy rulez
e. Genesis 01:26 An let min p0wnz0r becuz tehy has can
openers
f. Genesis 01:27 So Ceiling Cat createded teh peeps taht waz
like him
g. Genesis 01:29 An Ceiling Cat sayed, Beholdt, the Urfs, I has
it, An I has not
eated it.
We also find 3rd person singular nouns with verbs that are not
marked with the
“‑s” suffix:
(16) a. Genesis 01:05 It were FURST!!!1
b. Genesis 01:15 It happen, lights everwear, like christmass,
srsly
c. Genesis 01:23 Ceiling Cat taek a wile 2 cawnt
The above examples demonstrate that both copula verbs and
lexical verbs have
59. manipulated person agreement. Recall that the extension and
manipulation of past
tense forms applied only to lexical verbs, and not to copulas.
The ordinal numbers counting the days of creation in the first
chapter of Genesis
are regularised so they all take the “-th” suffix:
(17) a. Genesis 01:08 so wuz teh twoth day
b. Genesis 01:13 An so teh threeth day jazzhands
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c. Genesis 01:19 An so teh furth day w00t
d. Genesis 01:23 An so teh...fith day
Regularisations such as these in LOLspeak are a playful way for
speakers of
English to show their metalinguistic awareness of irregular
forms by regularising
them.
60. One morphological phenomenon that seems relatively exclusive
to the LOLcat
Bible is what we term “biblical morphology” (e.g. “doeth”). In
Genesis 01:16
(example 18) we find a very non-standard verb form:
(18) Genesis 01:16 An Ceiling Cat doeth two grate lightz
This is an archaic 3rd person present tense form, and in this
context a
“hyperarchaism” (e.g. Janda et al. 1994:87). Its use here is a
nod to the rather
stuffy register of the traditional biblical translations. The ability
to utilise domain-
specific archaic morphological forms like the example above is
a nice illustration
of the playful and creative nature of LOLspeak, as well as of the
high levels of
linguistic awareness and mastery among users.
A final general characteristic of LOLspeak is the preference for
analytic
morphology—part of what gives rise to those ideas discussed in
§3.1 that
LOLspeaking–LOLcats are English second-language or “kitty
pidgin” speakers
61. (Dash 2007). We see this preference especially in comparative
and superlative
structures (e.g. “teh most big” (Genesis 01:16)).
5.4 Syntax
As well as the number of orthographic, lexical and
morphological processes
observable, we also find that there is manipulation at the
syntactic level. There are
perhaps fewer common syntactic variations, however, and some
of these interact
with the morphological level. In this section we look at the
syntax of question
structures, negation strategies and the ellipsis of syntactic
items.
One of the most common and easily observable syntactic
manipulations of
LOLspeak is the structure of questions. Unlike Standard
English, there is rarely
any subject–auxiliary inversion in the sentence structure for
question forms in
LOLspeak:
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(19) Genesis 01:03 An Ceiling Cat sayz, i can haz lite?
In the creation of negative structures, auxiliaries often
disappear completely, and
“not” is typically replaced by the simpler “no”—another
behaviour stereotypical
of anecdotal accounts of first and second language acquisition.
(20) a. Genesis 01:02 Da Urfs no had shapez
b. Genesis 01:03 At start, no has lyte
c. Genesis 01:21 An see monstrs, which wuz like big cows,
except they no mood
Double negatives such as not tripz over nethin (Genesis 01: 04)
are common, these
tapping into classic features of non-standard dialects like
AAVE.
Finally, we see in LOLspeak a tendency towards the ellipsis of
grammatical
elements that are syntactically obligatory in Standard English.
The ellipsis can
63. involve a component of a noun phrase or verb phrase that is
obligatory in
Standard English: in the examples below we see that nouns we
would expect to
have a determiner in Standard English do not require one in
LOLspeak:
(21) a. Genesis 01:02 An Ceiling Cat rode invisible bike over
teh waterz
b. Genesis 01:08 i can has teh firmmint wich iz funny bibel
naim 4 ceiling
We also see the omission of even more basic elements in a
sentence, in the first
two examples the omission of a dummy subject and in the third
example of the
verbal element:
(22) a. Genesis 01:03 At start, no has lyte
b. Genesis 01:10 Iz good
c. Genesis 01:15 It happen, lights everwear, like christmass,
srsly
These omissions are not frequent enough to demonstrate a
strong dispreference
of subjects or other elements of syntax in LOLspeak, but they
do indicate that it
64. is certainly more flexible in these matters than Standard
English.
5.5 Clause
Unlike most of the LOLcat images, which consist of only one or
two sentences,
the LOLcat Bible gives us extended text where we can observe
more clausal
phenomena. In this section we will start by looking at phrasal
templates, a
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phenomenon we find in both in ICHC captioned images and the
LOLcat Bible.
We will then go on to look at appropriation and manipulation of
other narrative
genres.
One of the most salient features of the LOLspeak clause is the
reliance on phrasal
65. templates. These work at all syntactic levels, which is why we
have chosen to put
them in this discussion of the clause. A phrasal template is
where all the elements
are consistent except for a slot where people can chose to put
their own element.
These are a common trope across the Internet and indeed in
human language.
They have also been referred to as “snowclones” (originally on
website Language
Log, in a discussion of “the some-assembly-required adaptable
cliché frames for
lazy journalists”9).
The most well known phrasal template in the LOLcat universe is
‘I can has X’,
where ‘X’ can be any inserted element, and has been made
famous in the name of
the website ‘I can has cheezburgers’. We see frequent uses of
this phrasal template
in the text of Genesis:
(23) a. Genesis 01:03 An Ceiling Cat sayz, i can haz lite?
b. Genesis 01:14 i can has lightz in the skiez for splittin day An
no day
66. c. Genesis 01:24 i can has MOAR living stuff
On ICHC we often find that a phrasal template will enjoy a
brief flare of
popularity before fading in the general consciousness. There
are, however, a
number of major phrasal templates in the LOLspeak inventory
that have found a
place in the norms of the LOLcat Bible. Some of these, like “I
am in your X, Ying
your Zs” have their origins in leetspeek, but others, like “I can
has X” above,
appear to be indigenous to the LOLspeak world. Here are three
of them, their
usages and—unsurprisingly—the ways they are manipulated.
(24) Do not want X
a. Genesis 01:09 An Ceiling Cat hadz dry placez cuz kittehs DO
NOT WANT
get wet
b. Genesis 01:11 An Ceiling Cat sayed, DO WANT grass
9
http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000350.htm
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(25) X has not/did not eated Y
a. Genesis 01:01 but he did not eated dem
b. Genesis 01:20 But Ceiling Cat no eated dem
c. Genesis 01:25 An Ceiling Cat doed moar living stuff, mooes,
An creepies, An
otehr animuls, An did not eated tehm
d. Genesis 01:27 he maed tehm, min An womin wuz maeded,
but he did not eated
tehm
e. Genesis 01:29 An Ceiling Cat sayed, Beholdt, the Urfs, I has
it, An I has not
eated it
(26) I am in your X, Ying your Zs
Genesis 01:06 im in ur waterz makin a ceiling
In analysing clausal features, it is also worth paying attention to
the way the
68. narrative is constructed and unified. We see throughout the text
the use of the
capitalised “An” form, discussed briefly in §5.1 above. This
form is sometimes
used as a clause-internal conjunction, as seen in this example
from verse 1 but it is
more often used at the start of the clause:
(27) Genesis 01:01 Ceiling Cat maded teh skiez An da Urfs, but
he did not eated dem
While many verses of the original Biblical text do start with
“and”, the LOLcat
Bible has extended this to the start of almost every clause. This
creates a more
coherent feel to the text as each clause runs into the next and,
with the reduction
of the consonant cluster to a single consonant, also captures a
child-like
enthusiasm in its narrative style.
Finally, we wish to briefly discuss the ability to mimic and
manipulate other
linguistic genres in LOLspeak. While so much of what we have
discussed above
has been about how LOLspeak differs in comparison to
Standard English, it is
69. worth reflecting briefly on what features of the original text the
authors of the
LOLcat Bible have maintained. With so much manipulation the
text is still
recognisable as the first verse of Genesis, and the use of some
key elements
assists in this.
Below we see that key elements of the original text have been
captured, although
with a slight LOLcat slant:
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(28) a. Genesis 01:01 Oh hai. In teh beginnin Ceiling Cat maded
teh skiez An da
Urfs, but he did not eated dem
b. Genesis 01:03 An Ceiling Cat sayz, i can haz lite? An lite
wuz
c. Genesis 01:22 An Ceiling Cat sed O hai, make bebehs kthx
70. d. Genesis 01:24 An Ceiling Cat sayed, i can has MOAR living
stuff
It is interesting to note that while the authors of the LOLcat
Bible are aware of
the conventions of other genres, it is not a wholesale
appropriation of these
conventions but a light-hearted nod that stays true to the norms
and tendencies of
LOLspeak, such as those that we have discussed in this section.
6. Conclusion:
kthxbai! Srsly
We have discussed the ways in which in-group members of the
on-line LOLcats
community creatively manipulate English in a variety of ways
in the creation and
production of LOLspeak. LOLspeakers show high levels of
competence at
simultaneously playing with multiple linguistic processes
(implicating orthography
and phonetics, morphology, syntax, clauses) and we believe that
an examination
of these processes will provide an important contribution to our
understanding of
71. language play, and of creative linguistic endeavours more
generally.
An understanding of the role of LOLspeak and of other
attendant phenomena
practiced by LOLcats community members provides a new
contribution to
research on the establishment and on-going maintenance of
communities and in-
groups, particularly in on-line contexts. LOLspeak is also
perhaps unusual in the
ready availability of eager metacommentary from community
members
themselves, as we discovered when we posted the conference
talk that this paper
is based on (Gawne & Vaughan 2011) on vimeo.com10. The talk
has had over
47,000 views and eventually even found its way to ICHC11
(receiving a rating of
4.5 out of 5 cheezburgers), where the comments themselves
provide a rich corpus
ripe for analysis, as suggested by AngelPlume:
10
http://vimeo.com/33318759
72. 11
http://icanhascheezburger.com/2011/12/09/funny-pictures-
videos-linguistics-lolspeak/
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(29) Aifinks dey shud luuk nawt onleh at capshunz adn publishd
wurks lyke teh lolcat
biblol, but awlso at teh commints, cuz dats wayr we showz teh
mostest creatibity and
individulollity in owr innerakshunz. Srsly.
“I think they should not only look at captions and published
works like the
LOLcat Bible, but also at the comments, because that’s where
we show the
most creativity and individuality in our interactions.”
(AngelPlume 9/11/1112)
As a future direction for LOLspeak research, we would suggest
that using a
framework of identity to account for the motivations behind the
phenomena
observable in LOLspeak is a fruitful avenue of investigation.
73. The process of how
LOLspeak contributes to in-group cohesion, while
simultaneously constructing a
“cat” identity and the identity of a savvy Internet user could be
analysed using a
framework of indexicality (e.g. Ochs 1992, Bucholtz & Hall
2008) to explore the
obvious semiotic links between the micro-linguistic behaviours
observable in
LOLspeak, particular stances and styles, and broader social
categories and
identities. Such an approach would allow for a more complete
picture of how
language play within a community of practice (i.e. the LOLcats
community) can
contribute to identity construction and in-group cohesion.
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