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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Speak 93
1. ١٦
ْﻝا ﻓﻲَﻤْرَﻜِزﺼاﻝﺤﻲ
At the Health Centre
َطِﺒٌﻴبٌﻋﺎمِﻤْنَﻓْﻀِﻠِكَكَدْﻨِﻋ ْلَﻫٌﺔطﺎﻗِﺒِﺼﻴﺤٌﺔ؟ْمَﻌَﻨُﻴﺎدةِﻌْﻝاَﺎكَﻨُﻫ
the clinic is there Do you have a health card? Yes. General Doctor please
ﻤﺎَرْﻗُﻤَك؟َﺨْﻤَﺴَﺔَﻋَﺸَرِاْﻨَﺘِظْرُﻫﻨﺎاﻻ ِﻜﺎنَﻤ ﻲِﻓِظﺎرِﺘْﻨ
Wait here in the waiting area fifteen What is your number?
َحَسٌنَيُدُّقْالَبابHassan knocks at the door
َﺨْﻴاًر،ِإْنَﺸﺎءُاﷲَأَﻝٌمِﻓْﻝا ﻲَﺤْﻠِقَوَرْﺸٌﺢَﻫِلْﻝاَﺤَاررُةُﻤْرَﺘِﻔَﻌٌﺔ؟َﻨَﻌُمُﻤْﻨُذَﻴْوَﻤْﻴِن
Yes, since two days Is your temperature high? Pain in the throat and flu Fine, If Allaah wills
َﻫْلِﻋْﻨَدَكِإْﺴٌلﻬﺎَأْوَﻗْﻲٌءَﻨ ؟َﻌُمَوَﻝِﻜْنَﻝْﻴَسَﻜِﺜاًﻴر
Yes, but not too much Do you have diarrhea or vomiting?
َﺴَﺄْﻜُﺘُبَﻝَكُﺤُﺒًوﺒﺎِﻝﻠرْﺸِﺢَوَﺸًاﺒرﺎِﻝِﻺْﺴِﻬﺎلُﺨِذْﻝاَوْﺼَﻔَﺔاﻝطﺒﻴَﺔ
Take the medical prescription. I'll prescribe pills for flu and syrup for diarrhea.
×٣×١
ْدِاَﻓْﻊِﻓْﻝا ﻲَﺨِزَﻴﻨِﺔُﺜمِاْرِﺠْﻊُﻫﻨﺎِذُﺨْﻝاَﺤﺒَﺔَﺜَﻼثَﻤرٍاتَﻴْوِﻤﻴَو ﺎﺸاﻝَابرَﻤرًةَوِاﺤَدًة
Take the pill 3 times a day and the syrup one time. Pay at the cashier then come back here
#
15
َﺼْﻴَدِﻝﻴﺔPharmacy
ٌﺔﻴِﻀﺎﻓِإ ٌﻤﺎتِﻠَﻜExtra Words
ٍﻔﺎلْﻃَأ ُﻴﺐِﺒَﻃPediatricَﻐَﻣﺺstomach ache
َﻃِﺒُﻴﺐﺴﺎءِﻧGynecologistﺪاعُﺻHeadache
َﻃِﺒُﻴﺐﻨﺎنْأﺳDentistﻨﺔْﻘُﺣ)ﺮةْﺑِإ(Injection
َﻃِﺒﻴٌﺐٌاحّﺮَﺟsurgeonﺮةَﻏْﺮَﻏGargling
pineapple
2. ١٧
ُﻤ ﻓﻲْﺴَﺘْﺸَﻔاﻝ ﻰِﺴﺎءﻨ
At the women's hospital
َطِاروُئْﻝاِوَﻻدِةِﻤْنَﻓْﻀِﻠَكَر ﻤﺎَﻗُمْﻝاَﻤَﻠف؟٦٧٨٩٠ﻲِﺒَﻫْذِاَﻓْوِﻋ اًرْﻨَداﻝطِﺒَﻴﺒِﺔ
Go immediately to the doctor. What is the file number? 67890. Delivery emergency please.
َﻫْلِﻋْﻨَدِكَأَﻝٌمُﻤْﻨَﺘِظٌم؟َﻌَﻨْمَﻷاَﻝُمُﻜلَﺨْﻤِسَدِﻗﺎﺌَقْذِاَﻫِﺒِإ ﻲَﻝﻰُﻏْرَﻓِﺔْﻝاَﻔْﺤِص
Go to the check room. Yes, the pain is every five minutes. Do you have regular pain?
ُﺨِذْﻝا يَﻤِرَﻴﻀَﺔِإَﻝُﻏ ﻰْرَﻓِﺔْﻝاِوﻻَدِةَﺘ ﻻِﺨﺎﻓ.ﻲَﺘَوﻜِﻠَﻋ ﻲَﻠﻰِاﷲاﻝﻠُﻬمَﺴ ﻻْﻬَلِإَﺠ ﻤﺎ ﻻَﻌْﻠَﺘُﻪَﺴْﻬًﻼ
Oh Allaah nothing is easy Don't be afraid. Trust Allah Take the patient to the labor room
except what You have made easy
After a while ٍ
ٌكَﺎرَﺒُﻤَو !َﻀْﻌْتَزْوَﺠُﺘَكِﺒْﻨَﺠ ﺎًﺘِﻤَﻠﻴًﺔْﻝاَﺤْﻤُدِﷲ.َوَﻜْﻴَفُﻝﺤﺎﻬﺎ؟ِﺒَﺨْﻴٍر.ِﻫَﻲِﻓﻲاﻝُﻐْرَﻓِﺔ١٢٥
Fine. She is in room 125 Praises be to Allaah. And how is she? Blessed! Your wife had
a beautiful girl
ْﻝاَﺤْﻤُدِﻝﻠِﻪَﻋَﻠَﺴ ﻰَﻼﻤِﺘِكَاُﷲُﻴَﺴﻠُﻤَك
Praises be to Allaah for your safetyMay Allah give you safety
رَﻤُﻋُﻴَؤذُنِﻓُﻷا ﻲُذِنْﻝاُﻴْﻤَﻨﻰَوُﻴَﺤﻨُكْﻝاَﻤْوُﻝَودَةِﺒﺘﺎﻝْﻤِر
And smear the baby's gums Abdullah calls the Athaan
with dates in the right ear
١٢٥