For ease of analog or digital information transmission and reception, modulation is the foremost important technique. In the present project, we’ll discuss about different modulation scheme in digital mode done by operating a switch/ key by the digital data. As we know, by modifying basic three parameters of the carrier signal, three basic modulation schemes can be obtained; generation and detection of these three modulations are discussed and compared with respect to probability of error or bit error rate (BER).
Small scale fading and multipath measurementsVrince Vimal
1. The document discusses small-scale fading and multipath measurements in wireless channels. It describes how fading occurs due to interference from multiple copies of transmitted signals arriving at the receiver at different times.
2. Key channel parameters that influence fading are discussed, including multipath propagation, Doppler shift caused by mobility, and signal bandwidth. Multipath signals have random amplitudes and phases that cause constructive and destructive interference as the receiver moves.
3. Techniques for measuring small-scale fading and multipath include using direct radio frequency pulses or spread spectrum channel sounding with a sliding correlator. Parameters extracted from power delay profiles include mean excess delay, root mean square delay spread, and coherence bandwidth.
This document discusses key concepts in data transmission including:
1) Data transmission involves transmitting data between a transmitter and receiver via some medium, which can be guided (e.g. cable) or unguided/wireless (e.g. air).
2) Transmission can be direct point-to-point, multi-point involving more than two devices, or simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex depending on direction of communication.
3) Digital signals maintain constant levels that change abruptly, while analog signals vary smoothly over time. Periodic signals have a repeated pattern while aperiodic signals do not.
4) Transmission is impaired by attenuation, delay distortion, noise,
For ease of analog or digital information transmission and reception, modulation is the foremost important technique. In the present project, we’ll discuss about different modulation scheme in digital mode done by operating a switch/ key by the digital data. As we know, by modifying basic three parameters of the carrier signal, three basic modulation schemes can be obtained; generation and detection of these three modulations are discussed and compared with respect to probability of error or bit error rate (BER).
Small scale fading and multipath measurementsVrince Vimal
1. The document discusses small-scale fading and multipath measurements in wireless channels. It describes how fading occurs due to interference from multiple copies of transmitted signals arriving at the receiver at different times.
2. Key channel parameters that influence fading are discussed, including multipath propagation, Doppler shift caused by mobility, and signal bandwidth. Multipath signals have random amplitudes and phases that cause constructive and destructive interference as the receiver moves.
3. Techniques for measuring small-scale fading and multipath include using direct radio frequency pulses or spread spectrum channel sounding with a sliding correlator. Parameters extracted from power delay profiles include mean excess delay, root mean square delay spread, and coherence bandwidth.
This document discusses key concepts in data transmission including:
1) Data transmission involves transmitting data between a transmitter and receiver via some medium, which can be guided (e.g. cable) or unguided/wireless (e.g. air).
2) Transmission can be direct point-to-point, multi-point involving more than two devices, or simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex depending on direction of communication.
3) Digital signals maintain constant levels that change abruptly, while analog signals vary smoothly over time. Periodic signals have a repeated pattern while aperiodic signals do not.
4) Transmission is impaired by attenuation, delay distortion, noise,
Network transmission impairments can degrade or corrupt signals and introduce bit errors. Attenuation causes signals to weaken over distance depending on the transmission medium. Delay distortion occurs for guided media where propagation speed varies with frequency. Noise such as thermal, intermodulation, crosstalk, and impulse noise from external sources can also be introduced that interferes with the original signal.
This document discusses various types of transmission impairments including attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation is the reduction of signal strength during transmission, while distortion alters the original signal shape. There are different types of distortion such as amplitude, delay, and frequency distortion. Noise refers to random electrical signals that interfere with reception, and can come from internal or external sources. Signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure are discussed as ways to measure noise levels relative to signals.
Pelamis Wave Power is the world's first commercial-scale machine to generate electricity from offshore wave energy. It consists of cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints that resist waves to pump high pressure oil and drive electrical generators. Each 120m long Pelamis machine is rated to produce 750KW and provides enough power for 500 UK homes annually. While it has advantages of proven technology and low maintenance, concerns include potential disturbance of marine life and high replacement costs if damaged. Overall, wave energy has potential to combat climate change by displacing fossil fuels and protecting the environment for future generations.
Pelamis wave energy converter seminar reportSukh Raj
seminar report on renewable source of energy called pelamis wave energy converter,a technology that uses the motion of ocean surface waves to create electricity.bright scope in future and emerging very fastly.
The document discusses concepts related to x-ray attenuation including:
1. Attenuation is the reduction in intensity of an x-ray beam as it passes through matter by absorption or deflection of photons.
2. Exponential attenuation occurs when the number of photons decrease by the same percentage with each increment of absorber thickness, as seen with monochromatic radiation.
3. The half value layer is the thickness of absorber needed to reduce the intensity of an x-ray beam by half.
The document discusses various channel impairments that can affect communication signals as they propagate through a channel. It describes additive noise such as thermal noise generated by electronic components. It also discusses phenomena such as fading caused by multipath propagation, as well as other distortion effects like attenuation and interference that can corrupt signals. Intersymbol interference occurs when multipath causes signals to spread and overlap adjacent symbols. The document notes several types of noise and interference sources and explains how they degrade the signal-to-noise ratio.
This document provides an overview of MRI instrumentation, sequences, and artifacts. It describes various types of RF coils including surface coils, paired saddle coils, Helmholtz coils, and birdcage coils. It also discusses magnets including permanent magnets, electromagnets, and superconducting magnets. Common MRI sequences such as spin echo, gradient echo, inversion recovery, STIR, fat saturation, proton density, diffusion weighted imaging, and FLAIR are explained.
This document appears to be a magazine or journal focused on digital television technology. It contains several articles and reports on various digital TV products and companies, including reports on IPTV receivers, satellite receivers, signal analyzers, and network equipment. It also includes company profiles, news briefs, and listings of upcoming industry events and trade shows. The publication seems aimed at industry professionals working in digital television globally.
The document discusses high-frequency filters produced by MFC. It provides details on the types of filters MFC produces, their uses, and benefits. Key points:
- MFC specializes in filters between 5 Hz and 50 GHz for applications like satellite reception systems, cable headends, and satellite uplinks.
- Their filters are particularly useful for eliminating interference in crowded frequency bands like the C-band. Filters allow specific frequency ranges to pass while blocking others.
- The document outlines different filter types (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-reject) and how they work to filter out unwanted signals above or below cutoff frequencies.
The document provides an overview and review of the Icecrypt S3700CHD triple tuner PVR receiver. It has an elegant front panel with a VFD display and card readers. The back panel features three tuner inputs, USB, HDMI, and network ports. The remote is well-designed and the manual is available in multiple languages. The initial setup guide assists with configuration. It supports 1080p video output and all DiSEqC protocols. Channel searches found over 1500 TV and 300 radio channels on HOTBIRD. The software provides a user-friendly interface for navigation, settings, and multimedia features. Overall, the receiver offers excellent hardware and sophisticated yet easy-to-use software.
GlobalInvacom is a UK-based fiber optic manufacturer that developed FiberIRS, a technology for distributing satellite signals via fiber optic cables. Since its introduction 5 years ago, FiberIRS has connected over 2 million households. GlobalInvacom continues improving FiberIRS, allowing it to now support up to 4,096 connections from a single satellite dish. The company has grown significantly, with 1,600 employees working across multiple offices and 14 engineers dedicated to further developing FiberIRS. GlobalInvacom is working on new products to transmit more signal types over fiber optic networks and make installation easier.
1. The document describes how to set up an IPTV system using a Raspberry Pi device as the receiver. A PC is used as the server with TSReader Pro to receive broadcast signals and stream channels over the network.
2. Key steps include downloading the OpenELEC operating system onto an SD card for the Raspberry Pi, adding MPEG2 license keys, and configuring TSReader Pro on the server PC to demux channels and stream them individually over the network to be received by the Raspberry Pi.
3. The Raspberry Pi converts any TV into a networked media center using XBMC. Being small and inexpensive, it can be easily hidden behind a TV and controlled remotely with a wireless keyboard
The document discusses proposed extensions to the DVB-S2 digital video broadcasting standard over satellites. The extensions aim to improve spectrum efficiency and allow for higher data rates. Key points include:
1) Reducing roll-off factors and side lobes of carriers allows transponders to be placed closer together, utilizing bandwidth.
2) Using wider bandwidth transponders that are 3 times the size of typical ones further increases efficiency.
3) A new 64-APSK modulation scheme and additional coding options provide more flexibility to optimize throughput.
4) Overall, the extensions could provide up to 20% higher data rates for broadcasting and 64% for professional services.
ELNET is a digital TV wholesaler and retailer located in Iceland that offers a wide range of digital TV products from small DVB meters to large DVB transmitters. As the Icelandic market is small with only 300,000 people spread across a large geographic area, ELNET aims to provide as wide a product selection as possible. ELNET has been in business since 1982 and is a distributor for Rohde & Schwarz equipment, supplying around half of Iceland's digital TV transmitters. While satellite dishes remain popular sellers, ELNET expects fiber optic distribution systems to grow in popularity in the coming years as their price difference with coaxial systems decreases.
The document tests a Deviser S7000 multi-norm digital TV signal analyzer. In part 1, the analyzer's functions are introduced, including its high resolution display, real-time spectrum analysis, and remote control capabilities. Part 2 details testing done by TELE-audiovision, finding the S7000's measurement precision to be very similar to five reference analyzers. Alignment of a motorized antenna using the S7000's waterfall diagrams is described as extremely easy. Troubleshooting interference in a CATV system is also demonstrated.
- Marcos Benni has set up a new office in Jundiai, Brazil to expand his digital TV forum BSD and start a new online store selling digital TV products.
- The store, bsdshop.com.br, will feature short product videos to better demonstrate products and their uses. It will sell items like satellite dishes, LNBs, cables, and receivers.
- Benni has installed multiple satellite dishes in his office to receive channels for his forum and keep visitors informed. He also demonstrates IPTV and plans to restart an internet radio station.
- BSD forum receives around 400,000 monthly visitors, mainly from Brazil, making it one of the largest digital TV
The Amiko Mini HD is a compact DVB-S2 HDTV receiver measuring only 15 x 11 x 3.5 cm and weighing 250g. It has a full set of features including HDMI output, PVR recording, an integrated EPG and network functions. The receiver supports DiSEqC, has an automatic mode to adapt to the TV resolution, and can scan satellites and transponders. Its compact size allows it to be hidden while still providing full HDTV and recording capabilities.
The AB IPBox Prismcube Ruby is a new HDTV PVR satellite receiver with a media center built around the Xbox Media Center operating system. It has a modern, elegant design and is well-equipped with features like two satellite inputs, HDMI, USB, and network connectivity. The initial installation guide walks the user through setup, including customizing video output settings, setting up diverse antenna configurations via DiSEqC protocols, scanning over 100 pre-programmed satellites, and setting the time signal from user-selected channels. The receiver supports recording functionality and an extensive EPG for navigating live and recorded content.
The Handheld Satcom Test Source by WORK Microwave is a portable test signal generator designed for precise high-frequency measurements. It can generate signals from 50-180 MHz and 950-2150 MHz with adjustable power levels. The generator has two independent synthesizers allowing it to output two signals simultaneously for measuring intermodulation in high-frequency converters. Its portability and integrated rechargeable battery make it a versatile tool for testing satellite transmission equipment.
This issue of TELE-audiovision magazine includes reviews of various digital TV products such as signal analyzers and satellite receivers. It also features articles on emerging technologies like ultra high definition television and self-made IPTV systems. The magazine provides company profiles of digital TV wholesaler ÖREIND in Iceland, satellite receiver manufacturer CHANGHONG in China, and satellite uplink provider SPEEDCAST in Brazil. TELE-audiovision has been the world's largest digital TV trade magazine since 1981.
Speedcast is a large satellite TV uplink operator located in Barueri, Brazil. It began uplinking HDTV signals in 2008, making it the first company to do so in Brazil. Speedcast operates seven large uplink dishes and has over 30 employees. It provides uplink services to several major Brazilian TV channels and also has its own small studio for producing business television programs. Speedcast has established itself as one of the leading satellite TV uplink providers in Brazil over the past 10 years.
Öreind is a two-person electronics repair and installation business located in Iceland that is celebrating its 25th anniversary. It specializes in repairing home electronics devices, installing satellite dishes and antennas, and providing components for satellite, terrestrial, and internet protocol television (IPTV). While satellite installation was a major source of business in the past, the company sees IPTV as key to its future success as digital television delivery evolves. Öreind aims to support all television distribution methods in Iceland from its full warehouse of equipment and expertise in installations.
The document provides a test report of the MKTech IS1-19HD hybrid satellite and terrestrial PVR receiver. It has inputs for both DVB-S2 satellite signals and ISDB-T terrestrial channels, making it well-suited for the South American market. The receiver performed well in tests, with fast channel changing, excellent signal sensitivity, and the ability to scan and record multiple channels simultaneously. It also features a removable hard drive bay, wireless connectivity, online functions, and robust PVR and media playback capabilities. In conclusion, the IS1-19HD is recommended for its thoughtful software and rich yet easy-to-use functions.
The document tests and reviews the Horizon HD-CM+ digital TV signal meter for DVB-C networks. It found the meter to be extremely easy to operate, with a clear LCD display and intuitive menu navigation. The meter measures signal levels, modulation error ratio, and bit error rate on digital channels accurately compared to a reference meter. It also features functions useful for professionals such as leakage testing, spectrum analysis, and storing measurement logs. The review concludes the HD-CM+ is an excellent signal meter for installers thanks to its usability, performance and inclusion of tools needed for professional work.
2. TECHNIC 2 ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ
DATA
Manufacturer SPAUN Electronic, Byk-Gulden-Str. 22,
D-78224 Singen, Germany
Internet http://www.spaun.de
E-mail info@spaun.de
Phone +49-7731-86730
Fax +49-7731-64202
Model SMS 17089 NF
ﺳﻮﻳﺘﺶ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ
2 ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ Description Mutliswitch ﺳﻮﻳﺘﺶ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﺪﻣﺞ ﺑﻪsupply
ﻣﻌﺰﺯ ﻃﺎﻗﺔwith embedded power
Inputs 16 satellite + 1 terrestrial
SPAUN SMS
Receiver outputs 8
Cascade outputs 16+1
Input frequency 950-2200 MHz (Sat.) and 5-862 MHz (Terr.)
17089 NF
IF tap gain -3…+4 dB
IF input attenuation adjustment range 0 … 10dB
ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮﺍء
IF pass-through gain +16…+20 dB
Terrestrial tap loss 20…23 dB
Terrestrial pass-through loss 5 dB
ﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎﺕ Isolation between satellite inputs > 30 dB
ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐSMS 17089 NF ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺘﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩ Isolation between satellite > 32 dB
ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺒﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ and terrestrial inputs
. ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ Current drawn from receiver 25 mA
Peter Miller Remote power supply 1200 mA per LNB (300 mA per jack)
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ TELE-satellite
Test Center Power supply 100-240 V / 50-60 Hz 54W max
ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ Poland
Operating temperature range -20… + 50° C/dry indoor use
www.TELE-satellite.com — TELE-satellite International
