This document discusses spanning tree protocols and their configuration. It compares legacy STP, PVST, PVST+, RSTP, RPVST+, and MST spanning tree protocols. It also covers spanning tree configuration, operation, optional enhancements, protection mechanisms, and link types.
Remote Monitoring and Surveillance as a Value Added Service - Proposed By 3 J...Kapil Pendse
A business model for recurring revenue sharing by offering remote monitoring and surveillance as a Value Added Service to Enterprise customers, through mobile and ADSL networks.
Remote Monitoring and Surveillance as a Value Added Service - Proposed By 3 J...Kapil Pendse
A business model for recurring revenue sharing by offering remote monitoring and surveillance as a Value Added Service to Enterprise customers, through mobile and ADSL networks.
An experience is a personal and emotional event we remember. Every experience is established based upon pre-determined expectations we conceive and create in our minds. It’s personal, and therefore, remains a moving and evolving target in every scenario. When our experience concludes and the moment has passed, the outcome remains in our memory. Think about what makes you happy when connecting with your own device and then think about what makes you really upset when things are hard, complicated, and slow. If the user has a bad experience in anyone of these areas (simple, fast, and smart), they are likely to leave, share their negative experience, and potentially never return. Users might forget facts or details about their computing environment but they find it difficult to forgot the feeling behind a bad network experience. When something goes wrong with the network or an application, do you always get the blame?
Internet2 will be aggressive in its deployment of its Innovation Platform in order to allow its members to capitalize on the groundswell of support for high-speed software defined networking - summer of networking, Chris Robb, Indiana University/Internet2
NetworkSellers.com offer Cisco compatible devices to enlarge your choices. They are provided by OEM manufacturer with 3-year warranty. Prices are much cheaper than original ones, but with same quality. Contact Sophia@networksellers.com for details.
V24 Product Brief - Aggregation & Filtering TapsChris Fenton
Distributed Taps are intelligent, hardware-based network traffic capture devices designed to passively tap inline networks or connect to SPAN ports for capturing and forwarding traffic to monitoring or security tools.
Overview of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP & RSTP)Peter R. Egli
Ethernet networks require a loop-free topology, otherwise more and more broadcastand unknown unicast frames would swamp the network (creation of frame duplicates resulting in a broadcast storm). Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D) and its faster successor RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) provide loop prevention in bridged networks by establising a loop-free tree of forwarding paths between any two bridges in a network with multiple physical paths. If a link fails, STP and RSTP automatically establishes a new loop-free topology. This presentation describes in detail how STP and RSTP work along with typical examples.
Next Generation Ethernet
Next Generation Ethernet is a platform that should deliver all of previous function requirements under on hood. I have grouped the Generations in this way because Cisco has different purpose-built product lines for each of 4 waves of technology. Counter to that Extreme offers a platform solution for a customer to build his network on. Extreme does not require different switches to address different convergence requirements, this would be cost prohibitive for most customers and complicated. Simply put to disrupt the Cisco market, Extreme must deliver more with less.
The IEEE is pushing Ethernet to unimaginable speeds, with the 40/100Gigabit Ethernet standard expected to be ratified in 2010 and Terabit Ethernet on the drawing board for 2015. Here's a timeline showing key milestones in the growth of Ethernet Sstandard's-compliant products are expected to ship in the second half of next year, not long after the expected June 2010 ratification of the 802.3ba standard.
Complexity - Complex systems are a special type of chaotic system. They display a very interesting type of emergent behavior called, logically enough, complex adaptive behavior. But we are getting ahead of ourselves. There’s a need to back up a bit and describe a fundamental behavior that occurs at the granular level and leads to complex adaptive behavior. It is self -organization. Complex Adaptive Behavior is the name given to this forming-falling apart-reforming-falling apart-… behavior. Specifically it is defined as many agents working in parallel to accomplish a goal. It is conflict ridden, very fluid, and very positive. The hallmark of emergent, complex adaptive behavior is it brings about a change from the starting point that is not just different in degree but in kind. In biology a good example of this is the emergence of consciousness. Another example is the Manhattan Project and the development of the atomic bomb. Below is a checklist that helps facilitate a qualitative assessment of the level of complexity. It is in everyday language to facilitate use by a broad range of stakeholders and team members. In other words, it stays away from jargon, which can be the kiss of death when requesting information from people.
The Checklist
Not sure how the project will get done; Many stakeholders, teams and sub-teams;
Too Many vendors; New vendors;
New client; Team members are geographically dispersed;
End-users are geographically dispersed; Many organizations;
Many cultures (professional, organizational, sociological);
Many languages (professional, organizational, sociological);
High risk;
Lack of quality best characterized by lack of acceptance criteria;
Lack of clear requirements and too Many tasks;
Arbitrary budget or end date;
Inadequate resources;
Leading-edge technology;
New, unproven application of existing technology;
High degree of interconnectedness (professional, technological, political, sociological).
An experience is a personal and emotional event we remember. Every experience is established based upon pre-determined expectations we conceive and create in our minds. It’s personal, and therefore, remains a moving and evolving target in every scenario. When our experience concludes and the moment has passed, the outcome remains in our memory. Think about what makes you happy when connecting with your own device and then think about what makes you really upset when things are hard, complicated, and slow. If the user has a bad experience in anyone of these areas (simple, fast, and smart), they are likely to leave, share their negative experience, and potentially never return. Users might forget facts or details about their computing environment but they find it difficult to forgot the feeling behind a bad network experience. When something goes wrong with the network or an application, do you always get the blame?
Internet2 will be aggressive in its deployment of its Innovation Platform in order to allow its members to capitalize on the groundswell of support for high-speed software defined networking - summer of networking, Chris Robb, Indiana University/Internet2
NetworkSellers.com offer Cisco compatible devices to enlarge your choices. They are provided by OEM manufacturer with 3-year warranty. Prices are much cheaper than original ones, but with same quality. Contact Sophia@networksellers.com for details.
V24 Product Brief - Aggregation & Filtering TapsChris Fenton
Distributed Taps are intelligent, hardware-based network traffic capture devices designed to passively tap inline networks or connect to SPAN ports for capturing and forwarding traffic to monitoring or security tools.
Overview of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP & RSTP)Peter R. Egli
Ethernet networks require a loop-free topology, otherwise more and more broadcastand unknown unicast frames would swamp the network (creation of frame duplicates resulting in a broadcast storm). Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D) and its faster successor RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) provide loop prevention in bridged networks by establising a loop-free tree of forwarding paths between any two bridges in a network with multiple physical paths. If a link fails, STP and RSTP automatically establishes a new loop-free topology. This presentation describes in detail how STP and RSTP work along with typical examples.
Next Generation Ethernet
Next Generation Ethernet is a platform that should deliver all of previous function requirements under on hood. I have grouped the Generations in this way because Cisco has different purpose-built product lines for each of 4 waves of technology. Counter to that Extreme offers a platform solution for a customer to build his network on. Extreme does not require different switches to address different convergence requirements, this would be cost prohibitive for most customers and complicated. Simply put to disrupt the Cisco market, Extreme must deliver more with less.
The IEEE is pushing Ethernet to unimaginable speeds, with the 40/100Gigabit Ethernet standard expected to be ratified in 2010 and Terabit Ethernet on the drawing board for 2015. Here's a timeline showing key milestones in the growth of Ethernet Sstandard's-compliant products are expected to ship in the second half of next year, not long after the expected June 2010 ratification of the 802.3ba standard.
Complexity - Complex systems are a special type of chaotic system. They display a very interesting type of emergent behavior called, logically enough, complex adaptive behavior. But we are getting ahead of ourselves. There’s a need to back up a bit and describe a fundamental behavior that occurs at the granular level and leads to complex adaptive behavior. It is self -organization. Complex Adaptive Behavior is the name given to this forming-falling apart-reforming-falling apart-… behavior. Specifically it is defined as many agents working in parallel to accomplish a goal. It is conflict ridden, very fluid, and very positive. The hallmark of emergent, complex adaptive behavior is it brings about a change from the starting point that is not just different in degree but in kind. In biology a good example of this is the emergence of consciousness. Another example is the Manhattan Project and the development of the atomic bomb. Below is a checklist that helps facilitate a qualitative assessment of the level of complexity. It is in everyday language to facilitate use by a broad range of stakeholders and team members. In other words, it stays away from jargon, which can be the kiss of death when requesting information from people.
The Checklist
Not sure how the project will get done; Many stakeholders, teams and sub-teams;
Too Many vendors; New vendors;
New client; Team members are geographically dispersed;
End-users are geographically dispersed; Many organizations;
Many cultures (professional, organizational, sociological);
Many languages (professional, organizational, sociological);
High risk;
Lack of quality best characterized by lack of acceptance criteria;
Lack of clear requirements and too Many tasks;
Arbitrary budget or end date;
Inadequate resources;
Leading-edge technology;
New, unproven application of existing technology;
High degree of interconnectedness (professional, technological, political, sociological).
LTE Backhaul Challenges, Small Cells and the Critical Role of MicrowaveAviat Networks
Aviat Networks's chief technology officer
(CTO), Paul Kennard, offers a presentation to IEEE's Communications Society on the critical role microwave networking will play in the deployment of Small Cell backhaul to service the throughput needs of LTE 4G mobile telecommunications providers.
With worldwide mobile backhaul connections increasing from 5 to 10 Mbps in 2009 to 50 Mbps by 2012, mobile operators, network equipment vendors and others must implement new strategies to cope with the influx. Fiber, copper, microwave, millimeter wave—each backhaul medium has its own advantages and limitations in terms of availability, cost to deploy, operational cost, speed/distance and regulatory considerations. What is the right strategy for today’s 3G and emerging 4G ecosystem, and is there any hope of leveraging today's backhaul assets for three (let alone five) years?
In this webinar, Jennifer Pigg, Yankee Group research VP, examines the mobile backhaul solutions operators are deploying today and the emerging strategies for tomorrow.
Watch the full OnDemand Webcast: http://bit.ly/wcincreasing80211
Making the move to 802.11n? Though the rewards are significant, they come with a cost. The increased complexity of 802.11n can be a bit maddening, and it will definitely impact the way you design, monitor, and maintain your WLAN. MIMO? Channel bonding? Aggregation? If these terms aren’t currently part of your WLAN vocabulary, they certainly will be by the time you make the move. And even though the specification has been ratified for some time now, 802.11n hardware continues to evolve.
Join us as we explore the number of MIMO streams, channel bonding, guard interval lengths, and other characteristics that define your WLAN capabilities. We’ll also characterize the current state of commercially available 802.11n hardware, arming you with the information you need to determine if, when, and how you want to make the move.
In these slides, we will cover:
- Key technologies that are new to 802.11n
- The relative importance of each technology in contributing to increased performance
- The current “state of the art” of commercially available 11n equipment
What you will learn:
- What new 11n technologies are most important to you
- When to use the various 11n technologies
- How to monitor and analyze WLANs – both mixed-mode and Greenfield 11n
Watch the full webcast at: http://bit.ly/80211nIncreasedSpeedComplexity.
Server-side Intelligent Switching using vyattaNaoto MATSUMOTO
Server-side Intelligent Switching using vyatta. (10 oct, 2012)
for Japan Vyatta Users Meeting 2012 Autumn in Tokyo.
SAKURA Internet Research Center.
Senior Researcher / Naoto MATSUMOTO
1. SPANNING TREE PART 1 packetlife.net
Spanning Tree Protocols
Legacy STP PVST PVST+ RSTP RPVST+ MST
Algorithm Legacy ST Legacy ST Legacy ST Rapid ST Rapid ST Rapid ST
802.1w, 802.1s,
Defined By 802.1D-1998 Cisco Cisco Cisco
802.1D-2004 802.1Q-2003
Instances 1 Per VLAN Per VLAN 1 Per VLAN Configurable
Trunking N/A ISL 802.1Q, ISL N/A 802.1Q, ISL 802.1Q, ISL
Spanning Tree Instance Comparison
STP PVST+ MST
Root VLAN 1,10 Root VLAN 20,30 Root MSTI 0 Root MSTI 1 Root
A B A B A B
All VLANs VLAN 1 MSTI 0 (1, 10)
x xx xx VLAN 10 x x MSTI 1 (20, 30)
VLAN 20
C C VLAN 30 C
BPDU Format Spanning Tree Specifications Link Costs
Field Bits Bandwidth Cost
802.1s 802.1Q-2003 802.1Q-2005
Protocol ID 16 4 Mbps 250
Version 8 10 Mbps 100
BPDU Type 8 802.1D-1998 802.1D-2004 16 Mbps 62
Flags 8 45 Mbps 39
Root ID 64 802.1Q-1998 802.1w 100 Mbps 19
Root Path Cost 32 155 Mbps 14
ISL PVST PVST+ RPVST+
Bridge ID 64 622 Mbps 6
Port ID 16 IEEE 802.1D-1998 Deprecated legacy STP standard 1 Gbps 4
Message Age 16 IEEE 802.1w Introduced RSTP 10 Gbps 2
Max Age 16 20+ Gbps 1
IEEE
IEEE 802.1D-2004 Replaced legacy STP with RSTP
Hello Time 16 IEEE 802.1s Introduced MST Port States
Forward Delay 16 IEEE 802.1Q-2003 Added MST to 802.1Q Legacy ST Rapid ST
Default Timers IEEE 802.1Q-2005 Most recent 802.1Q revision Disabled
Hello 2s PVST Per-VLAN implementation of legacy STP Blocking Discarding
Cisco
Forward Delay 15s PVST+ Added 802.1Q trunking to PVST Listening
Max Age 20s RPVST+ Per-VLAN implementation of RSTP Learning Learning
Forwarding Forwarding
Spanning Tree Operation
Determine root bridge Port Roles
1
The bridge advertising the lowest bridge ID becomes the root bridge Legacy ST Rapid ST
Select root port Root Root
2
Each bridge selects its primary port facing the root
Designated Designated
Select designated ports
3 Alternate
One designated port is selected per segment
Blocking
Block ports with loops Backup
4
All non-root and non-desginated ports are blocked
by Jeremy Stretch v3.0
2. SPANNING TREE PART 2 packetlife.net
PVST+ and RPVST+ Configuration Bridge ID Format
4 12 48
spanning-tree mode {pvst | rapid-pvst}
Pri Sys ID Ext MAC Address
! Bridge priority
spanning-tree vlan 1-4094 priority 32768 Priority
4-bit bridge priority (configurable from 0 to 61440 in
! Timers, in seconds
spanning-tree vlan 1-4094 hello-time 2
increments of 4096)
spanning-tree vlan 1-4094 forward-time 15 System ID Extension
spanning-tree vlan 1-4094 max-age 20 12-bit value taken from VLAN number (IEEE 802.1t)
MAC Address
! PVST+ Enhancements
spanning-tree backbonefast 48-bit unique identifier
spanning-tree uplinkfast
Path Selection
! Interface attributes 1 Bridge with lowest root ID becomes the root
interface FastEthernet0/1
spanning-tree [vlan 1-4094] port-priority 128 2 Prefer the neighbor with the lowest cost to root
spanning-tree [vlan 1-4094] cost 19
3 Prefer the neighbor with the lowest bridge ID
! Manual link type specification 4 Prefer the lowest sender port ID
spanning-tree link-type {point-to-point | shared}
Optional PVST+ Ehancements
! Enables PortFast if running PVST+, or
! designates an edge port under RPVST+ PortFast
spanning-tree portfast Enables immediate transition into the forwarding state
(designates edge ports under MST)
! Spanning tree protection
spanning-tree guard {loop | root | none} UplinkFast
Enables switches to maintain backup paths to root
! Per-interface toggling BackboneFast
spanning-tree bpduguard enable Enables immediate expiration of the Max Age timer in
spanning-tree bpdufilter enable the event of an indirect link failure
MST Configuration Spanning Tree Protection
Root Guard
spanning-tree mode mst
Prevents a port from becoming the root port
! MST Configuration BPDU Guard
spanning-tree mst configuration Error-disables a port if a BPDU is received
name MyTree
revision 1 Loop Guard
Prevents a blocked port from transitioning to listening
! Map VLANs to instances after the Max Age timer has expired
instance 1 vlan 20, 30 BPDU Filter
instance 2 vlan 40, 50 Blocks BPDUs on an interface (disables STP)
! Bridge priority (per instance) RSTP Link Types
spanning-tree mst 1 priority 32768
Point-to-Point
! Timers, in seconds Connects to exactly one other bridge (full duplex)
spanning-tree mst hello-time 2 Shared
spanning-tree mst forward-time 15
Potentially connects to multiple bridges (half duplex)
spanning-tree mst max-age 20
Edge
! Maximum hops for BPDUs Connects to a single host; designated by PortFast
spanning-tree mst max-hops 20
Troubleshooting
! Interface attributes
interface FastEthernet0/1
show spanning-tree [summary | detail | root]
spanning-tree mst 1 port-priority 128 show spanning-tree [interface | vlan]
spanning-tree mst 1 cost 19
show spanning-tree mst […]
by Jeremy Stretch v3.0