a space frame or space structure is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support
Space frame structures have gained popularity over the last 50 years as they allow for large open interior spaces with minimal obstructions. They are constructed using linear frame elements connected at joints to transfer loads efficiently in three dimensions. Space frames were independently developed in the early 1900s by Alexander Graham Bell and Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s, with Fuller having more influence in popularizing their architectural use. The key advantages of space frames are that they are light, structurally efficient, economical for covering large spans, and allow integrated services.
السقوف الشبكية الفراغية Space & diagrid frames- DesignDr.youssef hamida
: - Space frame
هو هيكل إنشائي صلب خفيف الوزن مصنوع من الدعامات المتشابكة في نمط هندسي مثلث شبيه بالجمالون. يمكن إستخدام إطارات الفضاء لتمتد لمساحات واسعة مع استخدام عدد قليل من الدعامات الداخلية. في الجمالون مثلا، يعتبر إطار الفضاء قوي بسبب الصلابة الموجود في المثلث المشكّل له؛ حيث ينتقل (عزم الانحناء) كما هو بالنسبة للشد Tension) والضغط Compression) للأحمال على طول الهيكل الإنشائي. وهناك عدة تطبيقات عملية لهذا النظام الإنشائي
In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.
The document discusses different types of space frame structures. It describes a square cone welded ball space frame being used for the roof of a large warehouse that is part of the Three Gorges Project in China. The space frame structure helps support the large roof load and participates in the overall structure of the warehouse. It then examines various forms of space frame structures including double-layer, multi-layer, planar quilting systems, quadrangular pyramid systems, and triangular cone systems. Each type is defined and its characteristics and suitable applications are outlined.
This document proposes the concept of molecular space frames, which are very light and strong structures composed of struts and nodes repeated in a fractal, self-similar pattern down to the molecular scale. The structures are based on space frame architecture, where nodes are connected by struts arranged in tripodal or tetrapodal configurations. Molecular struts and nodes can be designed by carving out structures from unit cells of crystalline materials like diamond, with the nodes formed from solid blocks of the crystal. These molecular space frames could enable the creation of lightweight aerogels and other highly porous materials with precise atomic control.
The document discusses space frames, which are lightweight truss-like structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames span large areas with few interior supports by transmitting loads through tension and compression along struts. They were developed in the early 1900s and came into wider use in the 1950s. Space frames are used for roofs, floors, and other structures requiring large clear spans. They offer advantages of light weight, prefabrication allowing low-cost construction, and versatility of shapes. Double-layer grids provide increased stiffness over single-layer designs.
This document summarizes the design and construction of the large-span cast-in-situ concrete space frame structures built for the Hall of Nations and Halls of Industries pavilions at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi. Key aspects include:
1) The Hall of Nation structure had a 73m x 73m base and 30m height, with a 39m x 39m roof span, making it one of the first large-span cast-in-situ concrete space frame structures ever built.
2) The geometry used a truncated pyramid modular design constructed from 24 nodes at the ground forming six nodes on each square plan face.
3) Reinforcement details showed how 16 bars passing through each node
Skeleton or braced frame works are also called latticed structures or space frames. They are categorized based on their Gaussian curvature as having positive, negative, or zero curvature. Braced barrel vaults are a type of skeletal structure with single curvature. Shell structures are thin curved structures that function as both structure and enclosure. They can have single or double curvature and forms include domes, hyperboloids, conoids, and hyperbolic paraboloids. Centering is required to construct shell structures which adds to the cost but shell structures are aesthetically pleasing and efficient due to their light weight. An example is the Sydney Opera House which used precast concrete shell segments and tensioned steel cables to span over 350km and
a space frame or space structure is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior support
Space frame structures have gained popularity over the last 50 years as they allow for large open interior spaces with minimal obstructions. They are constructed using linear frame elements connected at joints to transfer loads efficiently in three dimensions. Space frames were independently developed in the early 1900s by Alexander Graham Bell and Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s, with Fuller having more influence in popularizing their architectural use. The key advantages of space frames are that they are light, structurally efficient, economical for covering large spans, and allow integrated services.
السقوف الشبكية الفراغية Space & diagrid frames- DesignDr.youssef hamida
: - Space frame
هو هيكل إنشائي صلب خفيف الوزن مصنوع من الدعامات المتشابكة في نمط هندسي مثلث شبيه بالجمالون. يمكن إستخدام إطارات الفضاء لتمتد لمساحات واسعة مع استخدام عدد قليل من الدعامات الداخلية. في الجمالون مثلا، يعتبر إطار الفضاء قوي بسبب الصلابة الموجود في المثلث المشكّل له؛ حيث ينتقل (عزم الانحناء) كما هو بالنسبة للشد Tension) والضغط Compression) للأحمال على طول الهيكل الإنشائي. وهناك عدة تطبيقات عملية لهذا النظام الإنشائي
In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.
The document discusses different types of space frame structures. It describes a square cone welded ball space frame being used for the roof of a large warehouse that is part of the Three Gorges Project in China. The space frame structure helps support the large roof load and participates in the overall structure of the warehouse. It then examines various forms of space frame structures including double-layer, multi-layer, planar quilting systems, quadrangular pyramid systems, and triangular cone systems. Each type is defined and its characteristics and suitable applications are outlined.
This document proposes the concept of molecular space frames, which are very light and strong structures composed of struts and nodes repeated in a fractal, self-similar pattern down to the molecular scale. The structures are based on space frame architecture, where nodes are connected by struts arranged in tripodal or tetrapodal configurations. Molecular struts and nodes can be designed by carving out structures from unit cells of crystalline materials like diamond, with the nodes formed from solid blocks of the crystal. These molecular space frames could enable the creation of lightweight aerogels and other highly porous materials with precise atomic control.
The document discusses space frames, which are lightweight truss-like structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames span large areas with few interior supports by transmitting loads through tension and compression along struts. They were developed in the early 1900s and came into wider use in the 1950s. Space frames are used for roofs, floors, and other structures requiring large clear spans. They offer advantages of light weight, prefabrication allowing low-cost construction, and versatility of shapes. Double-layer grids provide increased stiffness over single-layer designs.
This document summarizes the design and construction of the large-span cast-in-situ concrete space frame structures built for the Hall of Nations and Halls of Industries pavilions at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi. Key aspects include:
1) The Hall of Nation structure had a 73m x 73m base and 30m height, with a 39m x 39m roof span, making it one of the first large-span cast-in-situ concrete space frame structures ever built.
2) The geometry used a truncated pyramid modular design constructed from 24 nodes at the ground forming six nodes on each square plan face.
3) Reinforcement details showed how 16 bars passing through each node
Skeleton or braced frame works are also called latticed structures or space frames. They are categorized based on their Gaussian curvature as having positive, negative, or zero curvature. Braced barrel vaults are a type of skeletal structure with single curvature. Shell structures are thin curved structures that function as both structure and enclosure. They can have single or double curvature and forms include domes, hyperboloids, conoids, and hyperbolic paraboloids. Centering is required to construct shell structures which adds to the cost but shell structures are aesthetically pleasing and efficient due to their light weight. An example is the Sydney Opera House which used precast concrete shell segments and tensioned steel cables to span over 350km and
SK IV 2023 - Folded plate structure.pdfqBayuAdyatma
Folded plate structures consist of flat plates connected along their edges to form a structural system capable of carrying loads without additional beams. They were inspired by folding patterns in nature. There are different types including linear, radial, and spatial folding based on the shape and load distribution. Folded plates are lighter than other shell structures but require accurate formwork. Examples of their use include roofs, walls, floors, and foundations.
Space structures can take the form of two-dimensional grids, cylindrical vaults, or domes. Tension structures like cable-stayed roofs and bicycle-wheel roofs use highly efficient tensile cables to span large distances. Cable structures are characterized by members, nodes, and connections combining tension cables and compression rings or masts to create graceful curved forms.
This document discusses reinforced concrete columns. Columns act as vertical supports that transmit loads to foundations. Columns may fail due to compression failure, buckling, or a combination. Short columns are more prone to compression failure, while slender columns are more likely to buckle. Column sections can be square, circular, or rectangular. The dimensions and bracing affect whether a column is classified as short or slender. Longitudinal reinforcement and links are designed to resist axial loads and moments based on the column's effective height and end conditions. Design charts are used to determine reinforcement for columns with axial and uniaxial bending loads. Examples show how to design column reinforcement.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is determined based on the loads applied, including axial load only, symmetrical beam loading, or loading in one or two bending directions. Links are included to prevent bar buckling. Examples show how to design column longitudinal reinforcement and links for different load cases.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
The document discusses folded plate structures and provides details about the Miami Marine Stadium as an example. It describes how the stadium's dramatically cantilevered folded plate roof is supported by eight large sloped columns anchored to the ground. The roof consists of eight thin shell structural units that are each made of four hyperbolic paraboloid shells joined together to form a V-shape. The units cantilever over the stands below and are connected via grout-filled joints to form the overall folded plate structure of the roof. The analysis of the folded plate structure considers the plates acting as continuous slabs supported at folds and inclined beams leaning on each other.
Seismic Response Of Reinforced Concrete Braced FramesPralhad Kore
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response of reinforced concrete braced frames. The authors analyze 12-story, 5-bay reinforced concrete buildings with K-braced or V-braced frames. They model the structures numerically and compare the lateral displacement and economy of braced frames to similar moment frames. Their results show that incorporating V-braces in particular bays or levels can reduce lateral displacement and provide a more economical design compared to moment frames. They analyze over 300 cases with different bracing configurations to determine optimal baywise and levelwise locations for bracing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses space frame structures. Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. They can span large areas with few interior supports because loads are transmitted as tension and compression along struts. Space frames are classified according to number of grid layers (single, double, triple) and curvature (flat, barrel vaults, domes). They are constructed using node joints and connecting various structural members. Design considerations include connection types and erection methods like scaffold, block assembly, and lift-up. Applications include platforms, arenas, and enclosures.
IRJET - Review on Study of Space Frame Structure SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviewed the study of space frame structure systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines how space frame systems have grown in popularity for constructing large structures economically. The document then reviews the basic concepts of space frame systems, including their classification, components, advantages, and applications. It also summarizes several other research papers that studied parameters like the effects of foundation settlement, different analysis and design software, composite materials for space frames, and progressive collapse resistance. The overall document provides an overview of space frame structures and a literature review of recent research on their structural behavior.
Lecture 11 s.s.iii Design of Steel Structures - Faculty of Civil Engineering ...Ursachi Răzvan
Spatial grids are structures formed from interconnected steel members arranged in one, two, or three layers. They are used for roofs and envelopes of buildings. Some key advantages are their light weight, ability to span wide distances, high stiffness, and speed of construction due to prefabrication. Spatial grids come in various forms including planar, dome-shaped, cylindrical, and other geometries. They are classified based on number of layers and mesh pattern. Proper design considers loads, geometric invariance, and connections between members.
Analysis and Design of Mono-Rail Plate Girder Bridge_2023.docxadnan885140
This document provides an overview and summary of a graduation project analyzing and designing plate girders. It includes an abstract stating the objectives are to develop an understanding of plate girder analysis and design principles and incorporate them into a computer program. The project is divided into 5 chapters: introduction to plate girders, literature review, theoretical basis using stiffness matrix analysis, description of the computer program developed, and conclusions/recommendations. It also provides the table of contents and beginning of Chapter 1 which gives a general introduction to plate girders, their typical sections, and uses in construction.
Presentation_on_Cellwise_Braced_framesPralhad Kore
This presentation discusses the seismic response of cellwise concentrically braced frames. It introduces cellwise braced frames as a structural system that provides lateral stability through bracing elements arranged in cells within each bay. The document describes a study that analyzed 5 bay, 12 story reinforced concrete frames with different bracing configurations, including single-cell, two-cell, and three-cell arrangements. The study found that single-cell A-braced frames provided the highest material cost savings of up to 9.59% compared to bare frames. Two-cell and three-cell configurations further improved cost savings but required additional bracing. Overall, the study shows that optimally arranged cellwise braced frames produce a stiff, strong and econom
Parametric Study on Diagrid Structural System with and without Shear WallsAI Publications
This study analyzed the behavior of diagrid structural systems with and without shear walls at the core through modeling and analysis. A 30m x 30m square building with 4, 6, 8, and 12 story diagrid modules and heights of 24, 36, and 48 stories was modeled. The results showed that providing shear walls at the core significantly reduced inter-story drift ratios and displacements, which addresses a key issue with diagrid systems of intermediate floors having only partial lateral stability. Shear walls reduced the maximum inter-story drift ratio by up to 50% and reduced lateral loads on the diagrid members. Incorporating shear walls improved the overall structural performance and stability of diagrid buildings.
Analysis and Design of Plate Girder Bridges_.docxAdnan Lazem
This document provides an overview of the analysis and design of a plate girder bridge project. It includes 5 chapters: 1) Introduction to plate girders and typical sections, 2) Previous literature on plate girder analysis and design, 3) Theoretical basis for matrix stiffness analysis and plate girder design considerations, 4) Description of a computer program developed for the analysis, and 5) Discussion of results, conclusions, and recommendations. The objective is to develop a better understanding of plate girder analysis and design principles to implement them efficiently in computer programs, incorporating parameters such as buckling, deflections, strength, and connection design.
Space frames are three-dimensional structures composed of interconnected linear elements that transfer loads through a grid-like network. They are designed without intermediate columns, creating large open interior spaces. Space frames come in various types including two-way and three-way grids, and can be single, double, or triple-layered. They consist of tubular members and specialized connectors, such as tuball nodes, nodus connectors, and triodetic connectors. Space frames are light, economical, stiff structures that allow freedom in building design and easy integration of services. Examples include the San Siro Stadium in Milan and Stansted Airport in London.
Space frames are three-dimensional trusses that can span in two directions, forming flat or curved structures to serve as roofs, walls, or continuous barrel-type roofs. They were independently developed in the early 1900s by Alexander Graham Bell and Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s for rigid frames in engineering and architectural structures. Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix and can be composed of interlocking tetrahedrons or pyramids made of aluminum or steel struts. They come in various types depending on their curvature as flat covers, spherical domes, or barrel vaults, and depending on their grid layers as single or double layered structures.
SK IV 2023 - Folded plate structure.pdfqBayuAdyatma
Folded plate structures consist of flat plates connected along their edges to form a structural system capable of carrying loads without additional beams. They were inspired by folding patterns in nature. There are different types including linear, radial, and spatial folding based on the shape and load distribution. Folded plates are lighter than other shell structures but require accurate formwork. Examples of their use include roofs, walls, floors, and foundations.
Space structures can take the form of two-dimensional grids, cylindrical vaults, or domes. Tension structures like cable-stayed roofs and bicycle-wheel roofs use highly efficient tensile cables to span large distances. Cable structures are characterized by members, nodes, and connections combining tension cables and compression rings or masts to create graceful curved forms.
This document discusses reinforced concrete columns. Columns act as vertical supports that transmit loads to foundations. Columns may fail due to compression failure, buckling, or a combination. Short columns are more prone to compression failure, while slender columns are more likely to buckle. Column sections can be square, circular, or rectangular. The dimensions and bracing affect whether a column is classified as short or slender. Longitudinal reinforcement and links are designed to resist axial loads and moments based on the column's effective height and end conditions. Design charts are used to determine reinforcement for columns with axial and uniaxial bending loads. Examples show how to design column reinforcement.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is determined based on the loads applied, including axial load only, symmetrical beam loading, or loading in one or two bending directions. Links are included to prevent bar buckling. Examples show how to design column longitudinal reinforcement and links for different load cases.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
The document discusses folded plate structures and provides details about the Miami Marine Stadium as an example. It describes how the stadium's dramatically cantilevered folded plate roof is supported by eight large sloped columns anchored to the ground. The roof consists of eight thin shell structural units that are each made of four hyperbolic paraboloid shells joined together to form a V-shape. The units cantilever over the stands below and are connected via grout-filled joints to form the overall folded plate structure of the roof. The analysis of the folded plate structure considers the plates acting as continuous slabs supported at folds and inclined beams leaning on each other.
Seismic Response Of Reinforced Concrete Braced FramesPralhad Kore
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response of reinforced concrete braced frames. The authors analyze 12-story, 5-bay reinforced concrete buildings with K-braced or V-braced frames. They model the structures numerically and compare the lateral displacement and economy of braced frames to similar moment frames. Their results show that incorporating V-braces in particular bays or levels can reduce lateral displacement and provide a more economical design compared to moment frames. They analyze over 300 cases with different bracing configurations to determine optimal baywise and levelwise locations for bracing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses space frame structures. Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. They can span large areas with few interior supports because loads are transmitted as tension and compression along struts. Space frames are classified according to number of grid layers (single, double, triple) and curvature (flat, barrel vaults, domes). They are constructed using node joints and connecting various structural members. Design considerations include connection types and erection methods like scaffold, block assembly, and lift-up. Applications include platforms, arenas, and enclosures.
IRJET - Review on Study of Space Frame Structure SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviewed the study of space frame structure systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines how space frame systems have grown in popularity for constructing large structures economically. The document then reviews the basic concepts of space frame systems, including their classification, components, advantages, and applications. It also summarizes several other research papers that studied parameters like the effects of foundation settlement, different analysis and design software, composite materials for space frames, and progressive collapse resistance. The overall document provides an overview of space frame structures and a literature review of recent research on their structural behavior.
Lecture 11 s.s.iii Design of Steel Structures - Faculty of Civil Engineering ...Ursachi Răzvan
Spatial grids are structures formed from interconnected steel members arranged in one, two, or three layers. They are used for roofs and envelopes of buildings. Some key advantages are their light weight, ability to span wide distances, high stiffness, and speed of construction due to prefabrication. Spatial grids come in various forms including planar, dome-shaped, cylindrical, and other geometries. They are classified based on number of layers and mesh pattern. Proper design considers loads, geometric invariance, and connections between members.
Analysis and Design of Mono-Rail Plate Girder Bridge_2023.docxadnan885140
This document provides an overview and summary of a graduation project analyzing and designing plate girders. It includes an abstract stating the objectives are to develop an understanding of plate girder analysis and design principles and incorporate them into a computer program. The project is divided into 5 chapters: introduction to plate girders, literature review, theoretical basis using stiffness matrix analysis, description of the computer program developed, and conclusions/recommendations. It also provides the table of contents and beginning of Chapter 1 which gives a general introduction to plate girders, their typical sections, and uses in construction.
Presentation_on_Cellwise_Braced_framesPralhad Kore
This presentation discusses the seismic response of cellwise concentrically braced frames. It introduces cellwise braced frames as a structural system that provides lateral stability through bracing elements arranged in cells within each bay. The document describes a study that analyzed 5 bay, 12 story reinforced concrete frames with different bracing configurations, including single-cell, two-cell, and three-cell arrangements. The study found that single-cell A-braced frames provided the highest material cost savings of up to 9.59% compared to bare frames. Two-cell and three-cell configurations further improved cost savings but required additional bracing. Overall, the study shows that optimally arranged cellwise braced frames produce a stiff, strong and econom
Parametric Study on Diagrid Structural System with and without Shear WallsAI Publications
This study analyzed the behavior of diagrid structural systems with and without shear walls at the core through modeling and analysis. A 30m x 30m square building with 4, 6, 8, and 12 story diagrid modules and heights of 24, 36, and 48 stories was modeled. The results showed that providing shear walls at the core significantly reduced inter-story drift ratios and displacements, which addresses a key issue with diagrid systems of intermediate floors having only partial lateral stability. Shear walls reduced the maximum inter-story drift ratio by up to 50% and reduced lateral loads on the diagrid members. Incorporating shear walls improved the overall structural performance and stability of diagrid buildings.
Analysis and Design of Plate Girder Bridges_.docxAdnan Lazem
This document provides an overview of the analysis and design of a plate girder bridge project. It includes 5 chapters: 1) Introduction to plate girders and typical sections, 2) Previous literature on plate girder analysis and design, 3) Theoretical basis for matrix stiffness analysis and plate girder design considerations, 4) Description of a computer program developed for the analysis, and 5) Discussion of results, conclusions, and recommendations. The objective is to develop a better understanding of plate girder analysis and design principles to implement them efficiently in computer programs, incorporating parameters such as buckling, deflections, strength, and connection design.
Space frames are three-dimensional structures composed of interconnected linear elements that transfer loads through a grid-like network. They are designed without intermediate columns, creating large open interior spaces. Space frames come in various types including two-way and three-way grids, and can be single, double, or triple-layered. They consist of tubular members and specialized connectors, such as tuball nodes, nodus connectors, and triodetic connectors. Space frames are light, economical, stiff structures that allow freedom in building design and easy integration of services. Examples include the San Siro Stadium in Milan and Stansted Airport in London.
Space frames are three-dimensional trusses that can span in two directions, forming flat or curved structures to serve as roofs, walls, or continuous barrel-type roofs. They were independently developed in the early 1900s by Alexander Graham Bell and Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s for rigid frames in engineering and architectural structures. Space frames are typically designed using a rigidity matrix and can be composed of interlocking tetrahedrons or pyramids made of aluminum or steel struts. They come in various types depending on their curvature as flat covers, spherical domes, or barrel vaults, and depending on their grid layers as single or double layered structures.
Similar to Space_Frame_Structures.pptxtttttttttttttt (20)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
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Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
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1. SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE
PRESENTED BY HAMNAAHSAN
FA13-BAR-008
Analysis, Design and Construction of Steel Space Frames
By G. S. Ramaswamy, Mick Eekhout
Handbook of Structural Engineering
Copyright 2005 by CRC Press
2. What are space frame structures?
In literal meanings its three-dimensional structure.
In a more restricted sense, space frame means some type of special structural
action in three dimensions.
It is a structure system assembled of linear elements so arranged that forces
are transferred in a three-dimensional manner.
3. A space frame is usually arranged in an array of single, double, or multiple
layers of intersecting members.
Some authors define space frames only as double-layer grids.
A single-layer space frame that has the form of a curved surface is termed as
braced vault, braced dome, or latticed shell.
The space frame can be formed on either a flat or a curved surface. The earliest
form of space frame structure is single-layer grid. By adding intermediate
grids and including rigid connection to the joist and girder framing system,
the single-layer grid is formed.
7. Double-Layer Grids
Types and Geometry
• Double layer grids, or flat surface space frames, consist of two planar
networks of members forming the top and bottom layers parallel to each
other and interconnected by vertical and inclined web members.
• Double layer grids are usually composed of basic elements such as:
• a planar latticed truss
• a pyramid with a square base that is essentially a part of an octahedron
• a pyramid with a triangular base (tetrahedron)
8. Different types of double-layer grids are grouped and named
according to their composition, and the names
Group 1: composed of latticed trusses
1. Two-way orthogonal latticed grids (square on square) (Figure 24.4a) All chord
members are of the same length and lie in two planes that intersect at 90 to each
other.
2. Two-way diagonal latticed grids (Figure 24.4b). The layout of the latticed grid is
exactly the same as in type 1, except that it is offset by 45 from the edges.
9. 3. Three-way latticed grids (Figure 24.4c). All chord members intersect at 60 to
each other and form equilateral triangular grids.
4. One-way latticed grids (Figure 24.4d). It is composed of a series of mutually
inclined latticed trusses to form a folded shape. There are only chord members
along the spanning direction, therefore one-way action is predominant
FIGURE 24.4 Framing system of double-layer grids.
10. Group 2A: composed of square pyramids
5. Orthogonal square pyramid space grids (square on square offset) (Figure 24.4e).
This is one of the most commonly used framing patterns with top-layer square grids
offset over bottom layer grids. In addition to the equal length of both top and bottom
chord members, if the angle between the diagonal and chord members is 45, then
all members in the space grids will have the same length.
6. Orthogonal square pyramid space grids with openings (square on square offset
with internal openings, square on larger square) (Figure 24.4f). The framing pattern is
similar to that of type 5, except that the inner square pyramids are removed
alternatively to form larger grids in the bottom-layer.
FIGURE 24.4 Framing system of double-layer grids.
11. 7. Differential square pyramid space grids (square on diagonal) (Figure
24.4g). This is a typical example of differential grids. The two planes of the
space grids are at 45 to each other, which will increase the torsional
stiffness effectively. The grids are arranged orthogonally in the top layer
and diagonally in the bottom-layer.
8. Diagonal square pyramid space grids (diagonal square on square with
internal openings, diagonal on square) (Figure 24.4h). This type of space grid
is also of the differential layout but with a reverse pattern from type 7. The
joint detail is relatively simple since there are only six members connecting
at the top chord joint and eight members at the bottom chord joint.
FIGURE 24.4 Framing system of double-layer grids.
12. Group 2A: composed of square pyramids
5. Orthogonal square pyramid space grids (square on square offset) (Figure 24.4e). This
is one of the most commonly used framing patterns with top-layer square grids offset
over bottom layer grids. The basic element is a square pyramid that is used in some
proprietary systems as prefabricated units to form this type of space grid.
6. Orthogonal square pyramid space grids with openings (square on square offset with
internal openings, square on larger square) (Figure 24.4f). The framing pattern is similar to
that of type 5, except that the inner square pyramids are removed alternatively to form
larger grids in the bottom-layer.
FIGURE 24.4 Framing system of double-layer grids.
13. Group 2B: composed of triangular pyramids
9. Triangular pyramid space grids (triangle on triangle offset) (Figure 24.4i).
Triangular pyramids are used as basic elements and connected at their apices, thus
forming a pattern of top-layer triangular grids offset over bottom-layer grids.
10. Triangular pyramid space grids with openings (triangle on triangle offset
with internal openings) (Figure 24.4j As in the figure shown, triangular grids are
formed in the top-layer, while triangular and hexagonal grids are formed in the
bottom-layer. The pattern in the bottom-layer may be varied depending on the
ways of removal.
FIGURE 24.4 Framing system of double-layer grids.
14. Braced Barrel Vaults
It is composed of member elements arranged on a cylindrical surface. The
basic curve is a circular segment; occasionally, a parabola, ellipse or
funicular line may also be used.
15. Braced Domes
Out of a large variety of possible types of braced domes, only four or five types
proved to be frequently used in practice. They are shown in Figure 24.14.
1. Ribbed domes (a)
2. Schwedler domes (b)
3. Three-way grid domes (c)
4. Lamella domes (d and e)
5. Geodesic domes (f)
16. The geodesic dome was developed by the American designer Buckminster
Fuller, who turned architects’ attention to the advantages of braced domes in
which the elements forming the framework of the structure are lying on the
great circle of a sphere. This is where the name ‘‘geodesic’’ came from (Figure
24.14f).
Biosphere Montreal
17. Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells
The hyperbolic paraboloid or hypar is a translational surface formed by sliding a
concave paraboloid called generatrix parallel to itself along a convex
parabola called directrix, which is perpendicular to the generatrix (Figure
24.16a).
18.
19. Proprietary System
Some of the most successful prefabricated jointing systems are summarized in
Table 24.9. This is followed by further description of each system.
20. Mero
The Mero connector, introduced some 50 years ago by Dr. Mengeringhausen,
proved to be extremely popular and has been used for numerous temporary and
permanent buildings. Its joint consists of a node that is a spherical hot-
pressed steel forging with flat facets and tapped holes
21. Advantages of Space Frames
• Light weight: most space frames are now constructed with steel or
aluminum, which decreases considerably their self-weight.
• Space frames can be built from simple prefabricated units, which are often
of standard size and shape.
• Units can be easily transported and rapidly assembled on site by semi-
skilled labor.
• Space frames can be built at a lower cost.
• Light in weight
• Flexible structure due to its three dimensional character and to the full
participation of its constituent elements.
• Space frames possess a versatility of shape and form and can utilize a
standard module to generate various flat space grids, latticed shell, or
even free-form shapes.
22. Disadvantages of Space Frames
• Difficult to engineer
• Not easy to determine forces distribution throughout the structure.