South Africa after the Berlin Conference
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The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 was organized by Otto von Bismarck to avoid European conflicts over colonial claims in Africa. Fourteen European nations attended and divided Africa among themselves, with France, Germany, Britain, and Portugal controlling most territories. In Southern Africa after the Conference, Britain controlled Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, while Portugal controlled Angola, Mozambique, and Namibia, and Germany controlled Namibia. This led to the Boer War between British forces and the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and Transvaal from 1899-1902, resulting in their absorption into the British Empire.
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Last presentation
Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1835 and later joined the United States. This led to war between the U.S. and Mexico as U.S. troops invaded Mexican lands, capturing Mexico City in 1847. The Dutch settlers in South Africa resisted British rule in the early 1800s, leading to conflict between the British, Dutch, and Zulus. Cecil Rhodes expanded British control over South Africa. Britain went to war with China in the 1830s-40s after China tried to stop the British opium trade, resulting in treaties opening Chinese ports to Britain. Rebellions broke out across Europe in 1848 seeking more democratic governments and national independence.
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·
1
CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa
Concepts to Know
· Afrikaner
· Apartheid
· Natives Land Act (1913)
· African National Congress
· National Party
· Group Areas Act (1950)
· Nelson Mandela
· Freedom Charter (1955)
· Truth and Reconciliation Commission
· Ubuntu
· National Assembly
· Public Protector
· Independent Police Investigative Directorate
· S v. Makwanyana (1995)
· Judicial Service Commission
· Law Reform Commission
· Constitutional Court
· Advocates
· Assessors
· Inspecting Judge
· NICRO
· Child Justice Act (2008)
Introduction
SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1).
The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins.
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century South Africa was associated most with its policy of apartheid, a white supremacist ideology that emphasized white domination and racial discrimination. More will be said about apartheid shortly. First, an outline is offered of the arrival of white Europeans to this part of Africa and the pre-apartheid policies of racial segregation that had been introduced and in practice for a num ...
Lecture 3 new imperialism 2013
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South africa colonisation
The document summarizes the colonization of South Africa by Dutch and British colonists between the 17th and 20th centuries. The Dutch established the first European settlement in Cape Town in 1652 and brought slaves from Asia as laborers. Britain took control of Cape Town in 1795 and formally annexed the Cape Colony in 1806. In the 1830s, Boers migrated northward to establish their own republics to escape British rule. Tensions between the British and Boers led to the Anglo-Boer Wars in the late 19th century, resulting in the republics being annexed by Britain. Formal apartheid policies were implemented in the 20th century that legally enforced racial segregation and discrimination against non-white populations
Ch_17.3
1) European powers competed for control of land and resources in sub-Saharan Africa in the late 19th century, carving up the region into colonies.
2) The Boers established colonies in South Africa and fought the native Zulu tribe for land, eventually being defeated by the British.
3) Diamonds and gold were discovered in South Africa, intensifying the rivalry between the British and Boers and leading to war, after which the British united the territories into the Union of South Africa.
CAUSES OF WW1
1. Several factors contributed to the outbreak of WWI, including militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and a system of overlapping alliances that drew the major European powers into war.
2. Specific events, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the ultimatum from Austria to Serbia, exacerbated tensions and escalated the conflict.
3. Germany's invasion of Belgium, as outlined in the Schlieffen Plan, prompted Britain to declare war on Germany in defense of Belgian neutrality.
Soc studies #11 life in the english colonies
The document summarizes various aspects of life in the English colonies, including:
1) Colonial governments were run by governors appointed by the English monarch or proprietors, with elected assemblies or town meetings.
2) Trade between the colonies and England followed a triangular pattern and was regulated by navigation acts, angering colonists.
3) Conflicts between the French and British for control of North America led to the French and Indian War, ending French power in North America.
Imperialism
Imperialism allowed European powers to conquer foreign lands and control their resources for economic, political, and cultural reasons. Advances in technology like steamships, railroads, canals, weaponry, and communication gave Europeans military and logistical advantages over other regions. Between the late 1800s-early 1900s, Europeans colonized most of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and parts of North and South America. The consequences of imperialism included fostering economic dependence, large-scale migration, conflicts with indigenous groups, the rise of scientific racism, and challenges to colonial rule.
Similar to South Africa after the Berlin Conference (20)
History Of Nigeria from 1900-2014 by Olaniyi Olaleye
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HISTORY YEAR 9: BRITISH SOVEREIGNTY AND INTERVENTION
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1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·
1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·
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South Africa after the Berlin Conference
- 1. SOUTH AFRICA AFTER BERLIN CONFERENCE (November 15, 1884 – February 26, 1885)
- 2. •By the 1870s, British, French, Portuguese and Belgian claims in Africa were in conflict, and other European nations also wanted African colonies.
- 3. To avoid wars over colonial claims, several international conferences were held to settle such claims through DIPLOMACY…
- 4. The initial task of the conference was to agree that the Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins would be considered neutral and open to trade.
- 5. The most significant was organized in Berlin in 1884 by Otto von Bismarck, the German chancellor.
- 6. 14 nations were represented: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway, Turkey and the United States of America. Of these 14 nations, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major players in the conference, controlling most of colonial Africa at the time.
- 7. More importantly, this agreement divided nearly all Africa among various European nations.
- 10. Great Britain Portugal Germany •Botswana •Lesotho •Malawi •South Africa •Zambia •Zimbabwe •Angola •Mozambique •Namibia COLONIAL HOLDINGS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
- 11. BOER WAR (1899-1902) • Sometimes referred to as “the South African War” • Fought during 1899-1902 by the British Empire against the Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic. • In the 1850s the Boers established two independent republics - Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic. The British recognized the Boer states.
- 12. CAUSE OF CONFLICT: 1867 Diamonds were discovered along the Orange River 1886 Gold was discovered in Transvaal
- 13. • The governor of Cape Colony took over the diamond region, though the Boers resisted • The British South Africa Company, led by a financier named Cecil Rhodes, took control of this area and its rich gold mines
- 14. • The British desire to incorporate the Transvaal and the Orange Free State into a federation under British control. • Paul Kruger, the President of the South African Republic, issued an ultimatum on 9 October 1899, giving the British government 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the borders of both the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, failing which the Transvaal, allied to the Orange Free State, would declare war on the British government.
- 15. • The British government rejected the South African Republic's ultimatum, resulting in the South African Republic and Orange Free State declaring war on Britain. • The Boers used guerrilla warfare, and the British set up concentration camps in which many civilians died.
- 16. • The Boers surrendered in 1902 • The war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging under its provisions, the two republics were absorbed into the British Empire, with the promise of self-government in the future.