This document defines and provides examples of various literary devices that involve repetition and arrangement of sounds in language, including onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, rhythm, meter, and free verse. It also discusses caesura as a way to vary line rhythm through pause.

1. Sound Devices

2. the use of words that supposedly mimic their meaning in their sound Onamatopoeia Tinkle Bang screech Boom

3. The repetition at close intervals of the initial consonant sound of accented syllables or important words. “Sally sells seashells down by the sea shore “Little Lamb who made thee?” “Tyger, Tyger burning bright” alliteration

4. The repetition at close intervals of the initial consonant sound of accented syllables or important words. “Sally sells seashells down by the sea shore “Little Lamb who made thee?” “Tyger, Tyger burning bright” alliteration

5. The repetition at close intervals of the vowel sounds of accented syllables or important words “Inebriate of air am I” “So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep” assonance

6. The repetition at close intervals of the vowel sounds of accented syllables or important words “Inebriate of air am I” “So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep” assonance

7. The repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words “gray headed beagles walked before with wands as white as snow” “And so he was quiet and that very night” consonance

8. The repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words “gray headed beagles walked before with wands as white as snow” “And so he was quiet and that very night” consonance

9. A smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds “Romeo, Romeo. Wherefore art thou Romeo?” Long, smooth sounds: l, m, n, w, ohh, ahh, uuh, aii, etc. euphony

10. A harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds. “Break, Break, Break, upon the solid rock” Abrasive and sharp sounds: t, p, d, k, b and short a, e, i, etc. cacophony

11. The repetition of the accented vowel sound and all succeeding sounds in importantly positioned words old/cold vane/reign court/report Rhyme

12. A term used for words in a rhyming pattern that have some kind of sound correspondence but are not perfect rhymes. AKA: Slant rhyme Near rhyme Oblique rhyme Example: I saw her through the window pane Her eyes were filled with hate Approximate Rhyme The vowel sounds are the same but since the consonants aren’t the same it’s an approximate rhyme.

14. The first end sound of a poem is labeled “a” anytime that sound is repeated at the end of a line that line is also labeled “a.” The next new sound of a poem is labeled “b” anytime that sound is repeated at the end of a line, that line is also labeled “b.” This process is repeated through the poem with each new sound being given the next consecutive letter. Identifying Patterns

15. …and take my walking slow. a…in what I cannot fear. b…where I have to go. a…What is there to know a…from ear to ear. b…and take my walking slow a…which are you? a…I shall walk softly there b…where I have to go. a Identifying Patterns …with the grandeur of God. a …shining from shook foil; b …like the ooze of oil b …then now not reck his rod? a …have trod, have trod; a …bleared, smeared with toil. b…shares man’s smell: the soil b…foot feel, being shod. a…nature is never spent; c…freshness deep down things; d…the black West went. c …brink eastward, springs— d …over the bent c…with ah! bright wings. d

16. Rhythm refers to any wavelike recurrence of motion of sound. In speech it is the natural rise and fall of language. Meter is the identifying characteristic of language that we can tap our feet to. When verse is metrical, the accents of language are so arranged as to occur at apparently equal intervals of time, and it is this interval that we mark off with the tap of a foot. Rhythm & Meter

18. Iambic (/): a rhythm of an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable.

19. Trochaic (/ ): a rhythm of a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable.

20. Spondaic (//): a rhythm of repeating stressed syllables.

21. Anapestic ( /): a rhythm of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.

22. Dactylic (/  ): a rhythm of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.Rhythm

23. That time of year thou mayst in me behold Tell me not in mournful numbers Break, break, break, on thy cold gray stones And the sound of a voice that is still This is the forest primeval Rhythm

24. That time of year thou mayst in me behold Tell me not in mournful numbers Break, break, break, on thy cold gray stones And the sound of a voice that is still This is the forest primeval Rhythm

25. Meter indicates the number of rhythmic “feet” per line. (A foot is the rhythm pattern) Monometer – one foot (/) Dimeter – two feet (/| /) Trimeter – three feet (/| /| /|) Tetrameter – four feet (/| /| /| /|) Pentameter – five feet (/| /| /| /| /|) Hexameter – six feet (/| /| /| /| /| /| ) Heptameter – seven feet (/| /| /| /| /| /| /| ) Octameter – eight feet (/| /| /| /| /| /| /| /| ) Meter

26. But soft, what light through yonder window break? I galloped, Dirk galloped, we galloped all three.Little Lamb who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? When that April with her showers soothe Rhythm & Meter: Practice

27. Contains no rhythmic or metrical pattern. Only line arrangement separates it from prose. Free Verse

28. A way to vary the rhythm of a line by inserting a pause. Grammatically with a punctuation mark. Rhetorically through emphasis by the speaker. Caesura