Antibiotic word is accepted from the Greek language which actually suggests against life. Since then the pharmaceutical companies have grown to develop a thousand antibiotics for additional bacteria known to humans.
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by a bacterium known as salmonella typhi. It usually spreads by the intake of food or water contaminated with faeces from a person infected with the bacteria.
Benefits of Neuro-Psychiatry Pharma PCDSanityPharma
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This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by a bacterium known as salmonella typhi. It usually spreads by the intake of food or water contaminated with faeces from a person infected with the bacteria.
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Benefits of Neuro-Psychiatry Pharma PCDSanityPharma
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
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combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
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drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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2. • Antibodies are the microbiological substance which activates against the bacteria
and sometimes protozoa to either kill them or to stop their growth. PCD pharma
franchise Gujarat will explain the contribution of antibiotics in human life in detail.
• Antibiotics as a medicine are created from the antibacterial substance to convert
them in to medicines which helps body to kill certain types of bacterial and prozoal
infections. Antibiotic word is taken from the Greek language which actually means
against life. Ironically it saves lives of millions of humans infected from dangerous
bacteria life forms like
3. • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacteria species primarily active in
mycolic acid. The bacteria was discovered originally by Robert Koch in eighteen
eighty two. This bacteria majorly attacks the lungs tissues and stops lungs activity.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis possibly evolved in Africa and spread up all over the
world from there. BCG or bacille calmette - Guerin vaccine was developed as an
antibiotic medicine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis which has been successful in
preventing the bacteria.
• Streptococcus word is made of two different words taken from two different
languages strepto is a Greek word which loosely means twisted and coccus is taken
from Latin which means seed so the word roughly translates as twisted seed
derived in eighteen seventy seven by Albert Theodor. Streptococcus bacteria has
over fifty species in different life forms which causes different diseases both in
humans and animals.
• Pseudomonasis a gram negative bacteria discovered in eighteen ninety four by
Walter migula the bacteria has one hundred and ninety one species in different life
forms causing infections in all life forms like human, animals and plants.
4. • Shigella bacteriais a gram negative bacteria first found in eighty ninety seven and
named after kiyoshi shiga who discovered it. This bacteria is responsible for the e-
coli infection which causes diarrhea. Shigella bacteria is so dangerous that cases
above eighty to one sixty-five millions has been reported due to this bacteria.
• Campylobacter is also called curved bacteria which is usually a poultry based
bacteria which contaminate the poultry and commonly cause a food bourn
disease. Some strains like c. fetus cause abortion in animals like sheep and goats
where as some strains like c. lari cause recurrent diarrhea in children.
• Salmonella bacteria includes over twenty six hundred stereotypes causing
different infections in different life forms. This bacteria first discovered by an
American veterinary surgeon named Denial Elmer salmon I nineteen hundred two.
This bacteria is responsible for typhoid fever.
5. Some Of The Most Common Disease
Caused By The Bacteria Are As Below
• Tetanus is a bacterial infection also known as lockjaw. The most common symptom
of muscle spasm but sometimes can show symptoms like fever, sweating,
headache, swallow troubles, high blood pressure and fast heart rate. The symptom
may see in three to twenty one days after infection and can be prevented by
tetanus vaccine. The vaccine was developed in nineteen twenty four which was
almost forty years after the disease first determined in eighteen eighty four by
Antonio Carle and Giorgio rattone.
• Diphtheria is an infection caused by cornebecterium diptheriae. The bacteria
starts to show symptoms within three days of infection which usually starts with
cough and sore throe and develops a grey-white patch in the throat which block
the airway and creates a different cough sound like bark. Diphtheria vaccine is to
be given with tetanus vaccine in childhood and recommended to be given in every
ten years for better prevention of the bacteria.
6. • Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterium treponema
pallidum. The symptoms depend upon the stage in which the person got the
infection. First stage being skin ulceration to the second stage which shown diffuse
rashesin palms or soles of feet. Third stage normally shows no symptoms at all and
fourth stage cause neurological and heart problems. The antibiotic used to prevent
syphilis is benzathine benzyl penicillin injection in the muscle.
• Bacterial vaginosis is a bacterial infection caused by excessive growth of bacteria
inside the vagina. Common symptoms are increased vaginal discharge usually
smells like fish. Urinary burning may occur during the infection. The treatment
antibiotics are clindamycin or metronidazole. Sometimes probiotics also helps in
the prevention of this bacteria.
• Bacterial meningitis in new born babies is caused by streptococci bacteria present
in vaginal parts of the mother. Also e.coli bacteria presence in digestive tracks can
be transferred to the new born babies. The disease causes an acute inflammation
of proactive membrane covering brain and spinal cord. Vaccine like pneumococcal
are given to the new born for the prevention of disease.
7. • The Idea of antibiotics came to Paul Ehrlich in eighteen eighty in Germany. He
found out that certain dye colors the human, animal and bacterial cells while other
don’t and this thought urged him to create chemicals that would work as a specific
drug for a certain bacteria and do not harm the human body cells. After a hundred
tests and experiments, he finally developed an antibiotic chemical called
arsphenamine in nineteen hundred and seven. Since then the pharmaceutical
companies are succeed to develop a thousand of antibiotics for different bacteria
known to human.
• PCD pharma franchise company has shared all important details about the
antibiotics and how these products are turned out as life changing items in human
life. If you still have anything to ask, go ahead and comment below.