solid state lec1-merged.pdf

ÑÑ solid - cation + Anion
Bigger ball → lattice
'
smaller ball → voids
①
T
②odahefj.gl
•
÷
F-= 0.155 2-= 0.414

③ cubicvoid →
'
3D
'
void
It is made by 8 spheres .
¥
'
.
t.ir#-. if
a =2R -
①
AVI E- QR + Qr -
②
aus = 2 Cross
XR ✓5=2/1Riri
-
1) ⇐
2- |%=0r3

④ .
T-drahedroalvoid-ctdv-oid-7.IT
is made
by 4 spheres .
¥¥÷÷:
÷É:÷¥÷• ÷
.
< AOD =
10902-20
'
sniff
'
/ =r¥r,
0.8165 =
Ya
¥-65 = It
G-
[2--20-225]
→

Triangular 2- = 0.155
② TetrahedralLtd) Ir = 0-225
③ Octahedral (Od
) In =
0-414
④ Cubic
% = 0-732
⑤ size of void
cubic 7 Od > Td > Triangular
¢N= G) IN-
- 6) (CN -
-
4) (CN:3
)

⑥ . Cubic
Void-sftn5cf@d8TdVoidJ-sfInFccortHcpJHomewosR.S
-2 Q.NO .
-
112,3
0 -2 .
② No.
-
6,18, 19,2921

3D -
Packing
-
-
• • • •
ha • •
•
•
•
* ••
Be
•
*

1- 9J size of cation A is
200pm
and size of Anton B is
300pm .
and they form a lattice .
Arid C.N.
of cation .
5¥
%÷=2¥o= 3-
%_=O.
I
(0-414-0-732)
↳
(od Void)
As
'
A' is in od Void
@=D
¥= Dj rt=
100pm & a- =
lluopm
fuid CN
of Catrin .
¥ ¥ -
-
Foo =
¥-225-04149)
(Td void
) cN=4

Iunir
Crystal
ii
⑧ Csu
!•"°*""§;# *
¥
Cubic Void

① NYU structure ( Rock salt structure) : -
Gnat
0.414
f-gq.ES
0.732
① a-
forms Fcc
Nat
occupy
all Octahedral Voids
② 2-
a-
=
(8×8+3×6) = 4
Znat =
(4×12 + 1)
=
4
Effective molecules ( formula units ) per Unit cell =
4
③ formula → Naycly
Simplest formula → Nacl
•
N④
By,
• •
•
.
• • • ⑧
•|• •
'
_•• •
•
•
'
•
•
• • •
• •
•
• • •
④ CN
of Nut = 6 ( as in od Void
)
CN
of A- = 6 ( as in 1 :L Ratio)
in
Katrin : Anion )

⑤ É 0-0+-0
af.FI?mTavI2u-1
→
→
idea ①
?⃝
radius sand
⑥ D= 2-07
"
mwwa.ie#--UX2?,+nY-ax3-.s--YXK3t3F5YaBxNA
④ P. f. =
t-É
as
-
for Nacl structure find
@
density ④ radius
of cation
If edge length is 4o0pm and radius
of anion is 120 pm.
(Na -323,6-335.5 )
¥
@
d=%:I?→
=
:×¥¥÷¥→
④ Eg : ster
-
40-0-2=(51+120) stickpin .

E- If in Nacl structure one =
300pm .
fnid @ density
⑥ shortest intcsionic distance
④ distance ( shortest) b/w cation .
¥
@ D=
::¥:÷
⑧ Interiano distance ⇐
Gt-r-3
-
-
g
=
3¥ = 150pm
②
÷
in
.
Hi
.li#--=4I-i)pm
= 150 IT pm

② Csclstmctwue : -
0-732
s ← 1 ( Exp.
)
① a- ions forms simple cubic
Cst ii
occupy cubic Void
② 2- a-
=
f- ✗ 8--1
Zest = 1
Effective no .
y
molecules (tosmnkefsesunitcdtfz)=|
Units
③ formula → Gil,
simplest formula → CSU
ooo •
• •
Cse
••• a-
• •
• •
⑨ CN
of Cst = 8 ( as in cubic void)
CN
of a- =
8 ( as in 1 :| ratio)

⑤
µIg= @
+
+ a)
↳
always ④
appling
a=2idecdcw@
⑥
dt-lxnn.MY.gs#Y-.--0.ts4
⑦ p,
f. tT3
93
§ In CSU structure
, if radius of
cation and anion are
respectively
200 pan and 240 pm .
Farid
@ density ⑥ edge length .
Sid.
@ D= 1×(132+355) ⑥ a=(rt+e)
¥×as
a¥- = @w
-1249
[ as
ftp. ✗ 447pm

Antifluorite structure ( Kii structure
or
tJ
0.225 { % co -
414
☐
2-
① Ot forms Fcc
hit
occupy
all T
d Voids .
② Zou =
tgxc +
Izxb = he
Ztit = 8
③ Formula kigoy
Simplest formula → Lizo
#
Effective number
of molecules
(formula
) per unit-
Units
-
cello (2--4)
⑨ c. N .
of Lit = 4 (ans in Td Void)
CN
of
02
-
= 8 ( as in 2 :| ratio)
④- O - Li
e
(cover)

⑤ = em
-
.
.LY?1gaas
⑧ D= ↳ ✗ ( MW
) hire
Na¥
⑦ P.F. =
ñ✗T
⑨¥ 9m Keigo structure
,
if a±
500pm
and s
-
=
150pm find @ Cst)
⑨ and
density
⑨ 5¥ @ aYJ_ =
fees -3
500ft =( at -117
(12853-150) = At
⑤
a=:¥¥¥¥-×i

Antifluorite structure ( Kii structure
)
or
tJ
0.225 { ^n co -
414
☐
2-
① 01
-
forms Fcc
hit
occupy
all T
d Voids .
② Zou =
tgxc +
Izxb = he
Ztit = 8
③ Formula Ligon
simplest formula → Lizo
#
Effective number
of molecules
(formula
) per unit-
Units
-
cello (2--4)
⑨ c. N .
J Lit = 4 (ans in Td Void)
CN
of
02
-
= 8 ( as in 2 :| ratio)

Ew %%I•mnmewm
8,
10 ,
13
S -
I 21,221 24,251 26
,
27128
,
30
o -
I 11
,
I 6. ,
27 , 20.129,30
,
25
,
SII
•
*
actions covered =
#-)
=
¥rµi)
fraction Uncovered -
-
I
-41¥
⑧ 9 nteroinil distance i.
(ster
)
④④ :
a¥

④ m#
^;§- =
9¥
,
¥0s
(0.225-0-414)
Range ( CN :b)
(Tdvod)
¥ a. * =
;;¥Yoo×
¥ aJ5 = 78 s-1=1.698
¥=ey|^
-
=
?
¥
-
2¥ pigs →
Nau (t+s- =
300pm
↳ 9-2=4-1 -1s
-
I
9=2 ( zoo)= Goop-
✓ =
aB

°' Arcade . -
.
cop
or
fcc →
'
z
'
TdVo①→"2z
"
④ fu → Fcc a=362pm
↳
od£↳d aJv=yR
(Bigga)
36¥
nrroid-v.tl#9void-i
?
⑨ Naked → CSU 923387 pm
ALI =
@ ten -3
F.
387¥ = Ii

5-Ibo
m→ %
.
@ tee '
=
Niece
Ig :@-8+1.2 )
air
d=%:;
?⃝
✓
0I# N#l %= (95+181)
aw
(Na - Na")
shortest
dishes
=
⑧- 9g
l¥EhÉ
④ 9-2=4+-1^-1
s-t-ln-a-4oopmkt-ce.si?c@aVY--.(s-sti
)

☒ For co - ordination Number
of Ionic solid
-
cN+
In
.
= NÉE
unit
No. " " " Catrin ei c ,
T
fighting hit → Td Void
02
-
→ FCC
cN+ = 4 CN
-
= ?
÷.
-
-
=
cN

⑧ Cafz structure ( fluorite structure) : -
_ -
① cat
"
forms Fcc
F-
occupy
all Td Voids .
② Effective Cath per unit cell ft-ca.ci)
-
-
4
" F- " s a ftp.-
) = 8
⑦ formula →
Cayfg
simplest Formula → Cafz
⑨ Number
of formula Units of Cafz per
unit cell 12-7 = 4
⑤ CN
of F- =
4 Cassian Td void)
CN
of Cain = 8 in 1 : 2 Ratio
)
÷÷=%÷
⑥
ai
⑦ at "
"×naMI%

⑧
P.F.zhxlt-v-G-D.gg#--s-3
2ns structure or Zric Blonde structure
ÉÉuiutw
① 50 forms Fcc
② 2in occupy alternate Td voids
( half of Td Voids
)
③ Effective 5-
per unit cell Etsu)= 4
11 25
" " " 4
(ZzM= 4
④ formula → Zaysy
Simplest formula - 2ns
⑤ Number
of effective formula units
per unit cell (Z) = 4
→
⑥
a÷ # Gt-r -7
① -
.
⑦
a=%!::-

⑧ f. F. =
ña
T
④ cut = 4 ( as in Td Void)
CN
-
= 4 (as in 1:/ Radio)
:[ÑCN
-
Nau
(of) %=H-1^-7
z=y (6 :&
)
Cafz T
bozo (FEA) a÷Éµ, ,
EI,
%%Eu§%ew-
@ :o) -
Liao
2ns b b b ca :D -
ans
"H÷i|¥*=
( or :O)
I * &
(BCC like)
cont) (coo
)

like YABZ
¥ In cafz structure
n
, find d
, if
n
if rAt2=
75pure
spy
-
= Boo
pm .
(
Atomic Mars gA= 20
7 i.
D= b)
SE av;I =
( ster -1
9 =
1*175+20) pm
d-.
É°-_µµop
6×10"
✗
ftp.ftstuo

& Calculate total number
of Td and od
voids present in 12
my g ng crystal
which exist in hcp.
? (Atomic mass
gMg=zg
¥ Atoms g my =
4×2%-4 NA
In MCP → (7--6)
(Od
Void -
-6
Td void : I 2)
per along
µ
od void 2
2 Td Vail
)
No .
g
od void = No -
of atoms = Na
" 9 Td void = 2✗(No .
g atoms)
=2×(I×¥
>
✗ Na
)
Note
①Shortest Distance b/w two Nearest Od Void
←
•
•
→
=
age

②
siÉ÷;÷•m*
=
AYE
•É%
✓ Beat
=
%
③
*•÷÷÷÷¥g*÷¥
"
☐
.
.
gift
"
→
¥:÷%%÷#
0 -
I 21
,
22
,
23
,
24126 ,
0 -
II 22,
23
,
24 ,
26
T -
M .
3 , 10 13 17

H# mdet-fduxy-f.to)
g.I /my Atom of A =
✗ Na
% hop
avoid : 2×(Effective atoms]
Td kid : 2x
✗
NA)
s
ADAB . . .
Chup)
2Rf}- =
toft a- 5pm
peps
od Void " "
Ot"
]
y , 0.4M
→ Td Void
¥xo
?⃝
5-
Ikf RBI ( 8 :o)
↳ ④ ^Ib÷,
-
-0.732
hI_=2il7① Srrbt :(0.732×2-17
)
a- ?
a¥=§rg+ + SI-
)

0.112g formula Units
=⇐g✗ NH
)
4 formula units = 1 Unit cell
1- In
-
( NIS) " "
=4→N£÷)
United.
oi " •
=Yµ¥¥→
ñ¥ ④→
avoid
ideation so -225
22¥
.
-
-0.225 s
?⃝
0¥g,
sa
-
- Fcc
4
" - net .edu ,
[
Distance b/w 4-2254 =%i

1M¥ cop (far → 7--4
od void :b
You atom od Void : I
E- A atoms forms cop ,
B atoms
occupy
all Td Void and C atoms
occupy
half of od Void .
final formula
¥ A → Cccp or fa) → 4
B → All T
d void → 8
c- 'zy (od Vail
)
1×4
- -2
An Bbc2 AzByC
E- ✗ → cop
- 4
7 →
Lay od Void -
(-2×4)--2
t -
t g ed Void -4×87--2
XyYz①- XYZ

P -
hep
Q →
Egg Td void
R →
Izzy D od Void.
p→ hip → 6
Q -
(2*+12)--8
R →
(3-2×6) =
9
P6Qg①
Of c → shop
A →
(Zggtd)
tend fraction of nuumba
of
void which
remains unoccupied -
? y
,
¥ c →
hip → 6 49
219
A -
(2-3×12)=8 51g
Total Voids = Gd + Od
) Void
= (12 + 6)=18
Voids
voids
empty = (18-8)=10 → I

fraction of voids
empty
-
-
÷
-
-51g
¥ It
'
n' is shortest distance b/w two
Nat ions in Nau crystal .
and
'
y
'
is
shortest distance b/w two antlions in
2ns structure .
Find ( My)
edge length is game in both cases
)
5¥ for Nat
=¥=✗
÷*i÷÷÷ =
.
¥=%÷ : '

Iter of Diamond
[ Similar to fans ) structure )
carbon forms FCC and it also occupy
alternate Td Voices ( may g Td kids
)
① Effective number
of
cottons per unit cell ft)
= xD +
Ix☒ ) + 4=8
②
a¥z fact -
c)
0T€
are
8¥
③ P.r. .
=
•×%¥
=•¥÷'
-
.
0.34

Defect in
Crystal
-
-
Absence
of an atom cos ion from it's
lattice site or movement of this ion to
some other lattice site is called defector
imperfection in solid .
Defect in Metallic solid
-
I
0
oh &
• A E -
oh
☐ k o
on a •
•
o
•
A A
y bi • •
* A &
,
&
^
°
°
e a a
§
a •
A 8 A
"
← •
0 a -
•
Vacancy defect Interstitial Dislocation
detect Defect
[density b) (density f) [density → same
)

solid
[NOTE →
AFTER DEFECT
,
ELECTRICAL
NEUTRALITY Must BE MAINTAINED
}
As temp.
hes (Detect Tes )
Defect
stoichiometric Non - Stoichiometric
Detect Defect
fever after defect (formula changes
)
formula remains same) after defeat
Feo Feo. 96°
I
fcjwst like
vacancy defect)
Schottky Defect (day
Frenkel defect
@ →
same )
[ Dislocation defeat
-
B A B A ☐
A B A B A B
B A B A BOA A
B ☐ B A B A
A B B A B
A B A B A B B A B A B A

HEY
# Race -
(5,6 )
#
solidstak-sneets.it
4
, 9,
10
0 -2 4 ,
2
, 3,4,
11
, 13,14)

NDefect : -
Metal Excess Metal
Deficiency
÷
Cation Excess Anion Vacancy
2h01 Novels)
÷:÷÷÷÷
0
- ~
zit orb zntl
*
.
÷::÷
hi
"
0-2 ant
-
0-2 Nat⑧④④Né
'
④ Nat
⑤
o-vznelo.ir 2nd
C- -
centre '
molls? -
hills,
-10^-2
÷÷÷a↳
-☐+÷Ññ
(white)
( Yellow )

b.
① Metal
Deficiency is shown
by those
crystal in which metal have variable
oxidation state
② feet 62 feel 0L ☒e oil
or ☒e$ Or feel ok reel
⑧ peer oar feet on ☐ or
↳ re
"
lost @rets enter
)
wbishÉDefect-
NaUcryst@
(2Na+ lost) ← GETcnet.ee
d may (9) or (f) or Remain constant.

solid
ar¥¥Émd±w
÷¥¥:÷¥±÷¥

semiconductor
Pure
Impure
ntñsnsiu)
(Si & Get to
14th Group)
(5M Group
)
(3rd Group]
gnmpun.mg (B
,
Al )
(P,
As ) Impurity
si
,
si si HOLE
ao
•
d
si •
•
Ii •
•
Si si
: Ñ⑧:
si si :
nee
i
•
0
U
•
, q
si
si
si
?⃝

SHY →
on
-
-
cop → ta - 4
→
-
m -
① god)
if -
(4×4) = 2
Mzoy =) Moz
f. many M = to
5.21¥ Yuta,
= 05
= 0.7
see
-
^gN÷?-11 = 05+1
JY-u.tl : 0-7+1
4Nat+f -
-
is
cnet.TL?---.m%1a:e---i-s--oC'?::e---ia
-
②
20¢ %;÷ =
"
%

5-
2 Mn - cosines
71-8×8=1
f- → edge wakes 2--3
@ Mnf
,
*
⑨
÷
-
- •i÷iµ•
.
- -
-
-
•
ii.
•
'
'
. -
- - - -
-
-
F- -
•
f-
② 9--4++5
S -
2 4,910 )
⑤ -
I 1,2 , ] ,
Y
,
11
,
I ] ,
17

o.nl#-i
,
-
÷
- -
- -
÷¥÷÷±÷
,
I
00
•
to
uld
÷ =
%¥-
( 0-225 -
o -
my ]
void -4*-49
"
¥8 Z -
- 1+3×6=3
z :
tux 4 = 1
Void = 6
ovoid = I
✓oiyapoi
'T
Krypton
=
45-2

R% o thegn =
Chon → Ck +
2,02
30
-
-
-
⑤ i
30 c- 30 +
30¥
-
.
75
④
9¥
stp→T= holes
④ - ADAD - - .
hop =(P.F. -0.7-4
)
Ra① Nago -
ont = 4
CÑ =D
÷,
a- ar.su
AJI =
UR
tryna :

n'
¥RH
s¥¥y 17,18,
19,20
0 -
I
31,32, 33,3435
0 -12 14,15
I. M -
15 ,
19 121,22129
Also try to visualise
,
( Nearest
Neighbour),
@ext Nearest
Neighbour ) and
@exE to Next Nearest
"
) of Gc , Bcc & Fcc )

Defect
In
feo.gg 0 find percentage of
re
"
and rets present in it ?
¥ Feo .a6°
0.96N -2--0
n=¥gb= Average Oxidation
Number of Fe
2 < NC 3
hit total 100 motes y
re is present
fqt2=nm
Fet
} =
Yoo -
n ) 11
d
nx2+CYJ =
Fao
Soke and find
'
n'.

¥ If Nacl is doped with 10-3 more %
-
of Sacy .
Find number
of cationic
Vacancy
per molle Nae (NA :
6×10
"
)
¥
Ivo mole
of Nau contains
10-3 mole srthion
1 - ¥
.
)
-
-10-5 mole Sill ion
= (10-5×6×183) doing sik
Heil = 6×1010 ions of Sil
Nat
Huai a-
No -
of
Catania
vacancy
a- IT a- Na
"
= No -
of
Srtl ions .
Nadu
-
☐ a-
a- Na
"
U
-
Nat = 6×10018 cationic Vacancy

Leigh's : -
zmple↳
4N)
Nearest Next Nearest Next to Next
Neighbour Neighbour
Nearest
Neigh
Number 6 12 8
distance a ait acts
•
ooo
•
•
•
•
ooo
ooo ooo
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
①
Be 08
②
• • •
•
•
③
.•
• • ooo

13¥
(CN)
Next Nearest Next to
Newest Next
Neigh Neigh
-
Nearest
Number 8 6 12
distance
aIg
a
acte
F¥
""
"
[
" "
"
" "" *
Next
Neigh Neigh Nearest
I 1
Nambiar 12 6 24
Distance Fg
a
arts
i.
- -
- -
a-
•
¢8
o ( i - -
µ
-
-
karts
to 1 I
•
9-
•
a.
•
in 1. i - -
•iÉ! -
→
Xi -
- -
-
•

Truncated
→
cosnerscuto-E.fi/'::taus4lD)Uffez-ulD)
edges I 6
1 12
Head
+
toed
He
.µ¥
.

Octahedral
÷t÷t÷:÷:÷: .
faces
6 (D) to (D)
:#
'
#
'
É
.fi#gy-enmpis Ted knives)
N¥→# 9J Press is Ted KNT )
(Nau → Csu )
(6 : 6) § :o)

¥
6 12
PI
@%)
F¥
arose air acts
12 6 24

Any =
1.6gal
Atomic V = ✗ 10-23) an
'
+
j÷ii1I÷inomine
!
- -
-
- - -
-
:
'p÷=•;÷E⇐É
0000
*
(AAAA -
-
- -
packing )

AHH
.
"
1
I
1
j.tn/F*#-2--'-xz-it.xn
1 I
1
'
, it i =3
¥÷ ¥
.
ii.
VR) p.fi -3in
Coxa Ah
-
2.4×1024 atom mass =
2oogn
1 -
%÷.ir
6✗ -
22.1×-1,56×10
"
L
Madan
Mob =
Sogn
¥
Atomic
Mass
D=
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solid state lec1-merged.pdf

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