The foot supports the body weight and provides leverage for walking and running.
It is unique in that it is constructed in the form of arches, which enable it to adapt its shape to uneven surfaces.
It also serves as a resilient spring to absorb shocks, such as in jumping.
skin Thick and hairless. Firmly bound down to the underlying deep fascia by numerous fibrous bands.
Shows a few flexure creases at the sites of skin movement.
Sweat glands are present in large numbers.
medial calcaneal branch of the tibial nerve
Medial plantar nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
Sural & saphenous nerve
Anatomy of ankle and foot is described briefly with clinical importance and photos.
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Anatomy of ankle and foot is described briefly with clinical importance and photos.
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CHONDROBLAST:Progenitor of chondrocytes
Lines border between perichondrium and matrix
Secretes type II collagen and other ECM components
CHONDROCYTE: Mature cartilage cell
Reside in a space called the lacuna
Clear areas = Golgi and lipid droplets,RER
PERICHONDRIUM:Dense irregularly arranged connective tissue
Ensheaths the cartilage
Houses the blood vessels that nourish chondrocytes
CARTILAGE GROWTH:Appositional
Increasing in WIDTH; chondroblasts deposit matrix on surface of pre-existing cartilage
Interstitial
Increasing in LENGTH; chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix from w/in lacunae
CHONDROBLAST:Progenitor of chondrocytes
Lines border between perichondrium and matrix
Secretes type II collagen and other ECM components
CHONDROCYTE: Mature cartilage cell
Reside in a space called the lacuna
Clear areas = Golgi and lipid droplets,RER
PERICHONDRIUM:Dense irregularly arranged connective tissue
Ensheaths the cartilage
Houses the blood vessels that nourish chondrocytes
CARTILAGE GROWTH:Appositional
Increasing in WIDTH; chondroblasts deposit matrix on surface of pre-existing cartilage
Interstitial
Increasing in LENGTH; chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix from w/in lacunae
HISTOLOGY OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLAND
Connective tissue component
Parenchym atous component
Parenchyma is made up of
Thyroid follicles
Parafollicular cells or C cells
INACTIVE THYROID GLAND The follicles are lined by epithelial cell responsible for the synthesis of the glycoprotein component of thyroglobulin
Conversion of iodide to iodine
Thyroid epithelial cells are simple flat or cuboidal cells
ACTIVE THYROID GLAND Active glands have more follicles and their epithelium is tall and columnar
PARAFOLLICULAR OR C, CELL
Parafollicular cells, derived from neural crest cells
larger than follicular cells and
Singly or in groups.
Cells are polyhedral with oval eccentric nucleus
Superficial Muscles
i. Anconeus
ii. Brachioradialis
iii. Extensor carpi radialis longus
iv. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
v. Extensor digitorum
vi. Extensor digiti minimi
vii. Extensor carpi ulnaris.
Deep Muscles
i. Supinator
ii. Abductor pollicis longus
iii. Extensor pollicis longus
iv. Extensor pollicis brevis
v. Extensor indicis.
Posterior Interosseous Nerve
It is a purely motor nerve. It is the continuation of the deep branch of radial nerve in the cubital fossa. It enters the back of forearm by piercing the distal part of the supinator.
The pituitary gland, or hypophysis (Gr. hypo, under + physis, growth), weighs about 0.5 g in adults and has dimensions of about 10 × 13 × 6 mm. It lies below the brain in a small cav- ity on the sphenoid bone, the sella turcica (Figure 20–2). The pituitary is formed in the embryo partly from the developing brain and partly from the developing oral cavity (Figure 20–3). The neural component is the neurohypophyseal bud growing down from the floor of the future diencephalon as a stalk (or infundibulum) that remains attached to the brain. The oral component arises as an outpocketing of ectoderm from the roof of the primitive mouth and grows cranially, forming a structure called the hypophyseal (Rathke) pouch.
the pituitary actually consists of two glands—the posterior neurohypophysis and the anterior adenohypophysis—united anatomically but with different functions. The neurohypophysis retains many histo- logic features of brain tissue and consists of a large part, the pars nervosa, and the smaller infundibulum stalk attached to the hypothalamus at the median eminence
Uppermost parts of the respiratory tract and contain the olfactory receptors
Elongated wedge-shaped spaces with a large inferior base and a narrow superior apex
Skeletal framework consisting mainly of bone and cartilage
Nares – external opening of nose
Choanae - open into the nasopharynx
Bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nasal cavities include
Unpaired: ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bone, and vomer;
Paired: nasal, maxillary, palatine and lacrimal bones, and inferior conchae
Approximately the size of your fist
Location
Superior surface of diaphragm
Left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
Coverings of the Heart: Anatomy
Pericardium – a double-walled sac around the heart composed of:
A superficial fibrous pericardium
A deep two-layer serous pericardium
The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the heart
They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. The Foot
• The foot supports the body weight and
provides leverage for walking and running.
• It is unique in that it is constructed in the
form of arches, which enable it to adapt its
shape to uneven surfaces.
• It also serves as a resilient spring to absorb
shocks, such as in jumping.
3. Skin
Thick and hairless. Firmly bound down to the
underlying deep fascia by numerous fibrous bands.
Shows a few flexure creases at the sites of skin
movement.
Sweat glands are present in large numbers.
5. Deep Fascia
• The plantar aponeurosis is a triangular
thickening of the deep fascia that
protects the underlying nerves, blood
vessels, and muscles
• Its apex is attached to the medial and
lateral tubercles of the calcaneum.
• The base of the aponeurosis divides
into five slips that pass into the toes.
6. Plantar aponeurosis
• Definition:
Thickened band of deep
fascia in the sole of the
foot.
• Attachment:
Posteriorly: Medial
tubercle of calcaneus.
Anteriorly: Divides into
5 slips which pass to the
5 toes.
On each side: Attached
to the metatarsal bones
by medial and lateral
intermuscular septa.
7. Medial Plantar Nerve
It is larger of the two terminal branch
of the posterior tibial nerve.
Enter the foot midway between the
medial malleolus and the medial
tubercle of the calcaneus, under
cover the flexor retinaculum.
Passes forwards deep to the
abductor hallucis muscle.
Terminate at the bases of the
metatarsal bones by dividing into 3
planter digital nerves.
8. Medial Plantar Nerve
• Branches:
Muscular (to four muscles) to:
Abductor hallucis.
1) Flexor digitorum brevis.
2) Flexor hallucis brevis
3) First lumbrical muscle
Cutaneous:
Planter cutaneous branches:
1) To the skin of the medial 2/3
of the sole of the foot.
2) Planter digital nerves
Articular branches: To intertarsal
and tarso-metatarsal joints.
9. Lateral Plantar Nerve
It is smaller of the two terminal
branches of the posterior tibial
nerve.
Enters the foot midway between the
medial malleolus and the medial
tubercle of the calcaneus under
cover the flexor retinaculum.
Passes forwards and laterally deep
to abductor hallusis.
Terminate at the base of the 5th
metatarsal bone, by dividing into a
superficial and a deep branches.
10. Lateral Plantar Nerve
Branches: Muscular :
1) Flexor digitoum accessorius
muscle
2) Abductor digiti minimi
3) Flexor digiti minimi brevis
4) Adductor halucis muscle.
5) Interossei
6) 2nd, 3rd & 4th lumbricals.
Cutaneous:
1) Skin of the lat. 1/3 of the
sole
2) Skin on the lat.side of the
planter surface of the little
toe and the adjoining sides
of the 4th & 5th toes.
3) The planter digital branches,
also, supply the skin on the
dorsum of the terminal
11. Medial Plantar Artery
One of the two terminal branches of the
posterior tibial artery.
Enter the foot midway between the medial
malleolus and the medial tubercle of
the calcaneus, under cover the flexor
retinaculum. Passes forwards deep to
the abductor hallucis muscle. Passes
b/w the abd.hallucis and flexor
digitorum brevis.
12. Medial Plantar Artery
Termination: By anastmosing with the
1st planter metatarsal artery.
Branches:
Muscular
Digital: 3 superficial digital branches
these branches end by
anastmosing with the first, second
and third planter metatarsal
arteries.
13. Lateral Plantar Artery
• One of the two
terminal branches of
the posterior tibial
artery.
• At first between the 1st
and 2nd layers, then
curves medially
between the 3rd and
4th layers of the sole.
• Turns medially with the
deep branch of the
lateral planter nerve
with slight forward
convexity to from the
plantar arch between
14. Lateral Plantar Artery
On reaching the base of the 5th metatarsal bone, the artery curves
medially to form the plantar arch and at the proximal end of the first
intermetatarsal space joins the dorsalis pedis
artery
15. Lateral Plantar Artery
• Branches:
Muscular
Anastomotic branches: b/w
arcuate & lateral tarsal arteries
of the dorsalis pedis artery.
Posterior perforating arteries:
3 branches which anastomose
with the dorsal metatarsal
arteries.
Planter digital artery: to the
lateral side of the little toe.
Three planter metatarsal arteries
32. Plantar Fasciitis
• Straining and inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis, a condition called
plantar fasciitis, may result from running and standing , especially when
inappropriate footwear is worn. It causes pain on the plantar surface of
the heel and on the medial aspect of the foot.