Solar photovotaic system

“SOLAR PHOTOVOTAIC SYSTEM“
Practical Training Report
Submitted
For theawardof thedegree of
Polytechnic
InDepartment ofElectrical Engineering
Board of Technical Education Rajasthan, Jodhpur
Submitted To:- Guided By:- Submitted By:-
Mr. VIRENDRA SWAMI Mr. VIRENDER SWAMI MAYANK PATEL
(EE2014016/210)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Maharishi Arvind College of Engineering and Research center, Sirsi Road, Jaipur
College of Engineering and Research Centre

OCTOBER, 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Words cannot suffice to even being to show the gratitude we owe to the people who guided
me in this Practical Training Seminar.
First of all I would like to thank my supervisor “MR. VIRENDRA SWAMI” Department of
Electrical Engineering, Maharishi Arvind College of Engineering and Research Center,
Jaipur Of whom I am highly indebted for their valuable technical guidance and moral
support during the practical training seminar. This seminar could not have been possible
without their generous help invaluable suggestions, initiative & keep interest in this
seminar.
I would also like to thank “MR. R.PANNEERSELVEM” principle director MSME-Technology
Development Centre, Agra. For there support in practical training held in Jaipur.
MayankPatel
(EE2014016/210)

CONTENT
I. Overview of Renewable Energy
II. Schematic block diagram of SPV system
III. Basics of SPV Arrays
IV. Benefits of SPV Systems
V. Arrays in parallel
VI. Arrays in series
VII. Batteries
VIII. Inverters
IX. Controllers
X. Color code of wires used in PV systems
XI. Basics of system Sizing
XII. Solar lanterns
XIII. SPV home lightning system
XIV. SPV street lightning system
XV. conclusion

OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Global solar installations will reach 64.7 GW in 2016. A clean energy communications and
research firm based in Texas. “ The top three countries will be CHINA, U.S., AND JAPAN and
they will account for two thirds of the global markets”.
Although China is expected to continue leading the global PV market the U.S. will show the
most robust growth in 2016. Due to the anticipation of the federal Investment Tax Credit
(ITC) expiration. Which developers and EPC has already factored in to their business plans
for 2016, prior to the five year extension received at the end of 2015.

In 2016, The U.S. is set to overtake Japan as the second largest solar market, exceeding the
much anticipated 10 GW mark. Another notable shift will see India move up to the no. 4
position. Pushing down the former European leaders, U.K. and Germany

BASICS OF SPV ARRAYS
INTRODUCTION:-
“PHOTOVOLTAIC” refers to the creation of voltage from light and is often abbreviated as
just “PV”. A more common term for photovoltaic cell is “solar cell”, although the cell work
with any kind of light and not just sun light.
Solar cell is a converter. It changes light energy into electrical energy. A does not store any
energy. So, when the source of light (typically the sun) is removed, there is no electrical
current from the cell. The conversion process occurs instantly whenever there is the light
falling on the surface of the cell. The output of the cell is proportional to the input light, the
more light the greater electrical output.
MATERIALS USED FOR SOLAR CELLS
There are many materials used to make
Solar cells, but the most common is the
Silicon. Silicon is second most abundant
Element in the earth’s crust it is therefore
Non-toxic and safe. This is the same silicon
That is used to make computer chips! Some
Of the processing steps involved in making
Solar cell are same as making computer
SOLAR CELL
People often says solar cells work by “magic”
because there is nothing moving, the result is
instantaneous,and no fuel is apparently needed!
The basic process by which solar cells convert
sunlight into electricity can seem “magical”, but
actually it is simple!

Chips.
PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION
When light shines on the solar cell the energy of the light actually penetrates into the solar
cells, and on the random basis, “knocks” negatively charged electrons loose from their
silicon atoms. To understand this, you can think of light as being made of billions of energy
particles called “photons”. The incoming photon acts much like billiard balls, only they are
made of pure energy! When they collide with an atom, the whole atom is energized, and an
electron Is ejected or ionized from the atom.
The freed electron now has extra potential energy, and this is what we call “voltage or
electrical pressure”, but the problem how to get the freed electron out of the solar cell, this
is accomplished by creating an internal electrostatic field near the front surface of cell
during manufacturing.
ELECTRIC CURRENT IS SIMILLARTO WATER FLOW
It is often help full to give analogy to water flow-
ing. You imagine that a water pump connected to
a circuit of pipes that are already full of water. The
pipe circuit also include some sort of load like a water wheel
so, when the pump is turned on, water flows almost simultaneously throughout the while
system. As a result, the water flows on to the load like the water wheel, where is pressure
and flow allow useful work to be done. All the water is then captured and flows again
through pipes back to the pump. The pump continues to push new water to the loads
through the pipes.
The pump is the solar cell, the pipes are the wire connecting the cell to an electrical load and
back to the cell, and the water in the pipes is like the electron already present in the wire.
SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL TYPE
 Single Crystal Silicon
 Polycrystalline Silicon (Multi crystal silicon)
 Ribbon Silicon
 Amorphous Silicon (thin film silicon)
The solar cell never “runs out” of
electrons. It only needs continuous
input of “fuel” in the form of light
energy to keep running .

• Most photovoltaic cells are single crystal types.
• The cells have uniform colour usually blue or black.
• Silicon rocks are melted and then slowly regrown.
• The back of the cell is covered by a full grid of
printed metal.
SINGLE CRYSTAL
SILICON
• This is also known as "multi-cryatal silicon".
• These cells are manufactured and operated in a
similar manner.
• In this liquid silicon is allowed to cool into a block.
• This usually results in slightly lower efficiency.
POLYCERSTALLINE
SILICON
• These cells operate in the same way that of first
two.
• Liquid silicon is slowly off and cools in to a flat thin
shape.
• and is further scribed and broken in to rectangular
dells
RIBBON SILICON
• These are also known as "thin film silicon".
• Amorphous silicon has no distinct cryatal sturucture.
• It is some times abbriviated "aSi".
• They are variety of colours.
AMORPHOUS
SILICON

CELL, MODULE, PANEL AND ARRAY
It is important, that you should be clear on the difference between these terms,
especially between “module” and “panel”.
A cell is basic building block of a manufacturer of solar modules. The fundamental
physics of the material used determines the voltage of a cell and the size determine
the current. This is the smallest unit in solar PV system.
A module is really a basic building for real world remote power system. It is the
collections of cells interconnected by usually that wire, and includes encapsulations
to protect the cells and interconnecting wire from corrosion and impact. It usually
includes a frame to allow easy mountings.
A panel is a collection of modules physically and electrically grouped together on a
structure. This would be a building block for larger power systems. Usually the
modules are wired together on the panel to give the final system voltage and the
panels are wired together through field junction boxes and then on to the system
controls and batteries.
An array is a full collection of all solar photovoltaic generators. Sometimes an array
is so larger that is grouped in to SUBARRAYS for easier installations and power
management. An array can be small as one module and as large as 1,00,000
modules.

BENEFITS OF SPV SYSTEMS
KEY BENEFITS OF SPV SYSTEMS
 Energy independence.
 “Fuel” is already delivered free everywhere.
 Minimum maintenance.
 Maximum reliability.
 Generate the power where you need it.
 Easy expandable.
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE
One of the most attractive benefits you get out of SPV systems is that “energy
independence” i.e. the ability to create your own electrical power, independent of
fossil fuel supplies or utility connections.
FUEL IS ALREADY DELIVERED AND EXISTS EVERYWHERE
In a sense, you do need sunlight as a fuel, but that is already delivered free all over
the planet’s surface other conventional generation methods require access to a site
for fuel deliveries. This may limit the choice of suitable sites.
MINIMUM MAINTENANCE
Solar systems typically require very minimum maintenance because there are a very
few moving parts. Compared to diesel powered systems or any other renewable
sources such as wind generators or hydro generators. They also requires costly
repairs or regular maintenance of moving parts.
MAXIMUM RELIABILITY
This perhaps the primary advantage what you get out of SPV when compared to any
other form of electrical power generation because there are typically few or no
moving parts, the ultimate reliability of PV power system in the real world is quite
high.

GENERATE THE POWER WHERE YOU NEED IT
You can think differentially about SPV systems for your applications. You need not
always have to consider a central large generator for all your current demand. You
can generate the power at various sites, such as at each classroom or each house.
EASILY EXPANDABLE
As you know that PV power generators are modular by design. So, you can add more
power to an existing array easily. You can add old modules to the new once with out
any penalty you can purchase and install any time to meet your current needs. And
as demand grows you can add more modules later.

ARRAYS IN PARALLES
 When wiring solar panels in parallel, the amperage (current) is additive,
but the voltage remains the same.
 E.g. If you had 3 solar panels in parallel and each was rated at 6 volts and 3
amps, the entire array would be 6 volts and 9 amps.
 The connection is very easy, just connect positive terminal of one panel to the
positive terminal of the other and negative terminal of one panel to the
negative terminal of second panel.
 This connection of arrays is used to increase the current rating.

ARRAYS IN SERIES
 When wiring solar panels in series, the voltage is additive, but the current
remains the same.
 E.g. If you had 3 solar panels in parallel and each was rated at 5v, 7v and 9v volts
and 3 amps, the entire array would be 21 volts and 3 amps.
 The connection is very easy, just connect positive terminal of one panel to the
negative terminal of the other.
 This type of connection is used to increase voltage rating.

BATTERIES
The understood component of the SPV systems is batteries. These are of two types
primary and secondary. Primary are non-rechargeable and secondary are rechargeable.
Primary batteries are not used in SPV systems because they cannot be recharged.
Secondary batteries can store and deliver electrical energy, and can also be recharged
by passing a current through it in an opposite direction. Therefore, secondary batteries
are the only option in SPV systems.
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF BATTERIES
 Energy storage capacity.
 Voltage and current stabilization.
ENERGY STORAGE CAPACITY
This is the capacity to store electrical energy when it is produced by the PV array and to
supply energy to electrical load as needed or on demand. A stand alone PV system has
sufficient battery storage capacity to operate the electrical loads directly from the battery.
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT STABILIZATION
This is the ability to supply power to electrical loads at stable voltages and currents, by
acting as a buffer between the PV array and loads, a battery can also stabilize the voltage
and current supply to electrical loads in which the load power requirement oscillates or
varies with respect to time.

BASIC TERMINOLOGY
The cell is the basic electrochemical unit in a battery, consisting of a set of positive and
negative plates divided by separators immersed in an electrolyte solution and enclosed in a
case. In a typical lead acid battery each has nominal voltage about 2.1 volts so there are six
series of cell in a nominal 12V battery.
The electrolyte is a conducting medium which allows the flow of current through ionic
transfer or the transfer of electrons between the plates in the battery. In a lead acid battery
the electrolyte is a diluted sulphuric acid solution, either in liquid form, gelled, or in glass
mats.
The grid (in a battery) is typically a lead alloy frame work that supports the active material
on the battery plate, which also conducts current
Alloying elements such as antimony and calcium
Are often used to strengthen the lead grids and
Have characteristic effect on battery performance
Such as cycle performance and gassing.
The plate is a grid wire, active material pasted on
It. It is called electrode. There are generally a number of positive and negative plates in
each battery cells, typically connected in parallel at a bus bar ore inter-cell connector at the
top of the plates, it is made by applying a mixture of lead oxide, sulphuric acid, fibers and
water on the grid.
A separator is a porous, insulating divider between the positive and the negative plates in
a battery used to keep the plates from coming into electrical contact and short-cutting and
which also allows the flow of electrolyte and ions between the positive and negative plates
they are made from microporus rubber, plastic or glass-wool mats.
An element is defined as a stack of positive and negative plate groups and separators
assembled together with plate straps interconnecting the positive and negative plates in a
lead acid battery an element will generate nominal 2V.
Terminal posts are the external positive and negative electrical connections to a battery. A
battery is connected in a PV system and to electrical loads at the terminal posts. In a lead
acid battery the posts are generally lead or a lead alloy. Terminal may require periodic
cleaning.
Note!
Batteries are designed for different
applications. Do not use a car battery in a
PV system

BATTERY CAPACITY
Battery capacity is a measure of a battery’s ability to store or deliver electrical energy,
commonly expressed in units of ampere-hours. An ampere-hour is equal to the transfer of
one ampere over one hour. For e.g., a battery which delivers 5 amps for 20 hours is said to
have delivered 100 ampere-hour.
The capacity of the battery depends on several constructional factors like the quantity of
active material, the no. and physical dimensions of the plates, and the electrolyte specific
gravity.
Battery capacity also depends on the operational factors like the discharge rate, depth of
discharge, cut-off voltage, temperature and cycle history of the battery.
NOTE! PV systems need deep cycling batteries.
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ( 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒) × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟)

INVERTERS
A solar inverter converts the variable (DC) output of PV solar panel in to a utility frequency
(AC) that can be fed in to a commercial electrical grid or used by a local off-grid electrical
network. These are also known as converter or PV inverters.
TYPES OF INVERTERS (50 Hz)
SQUARE WAVE INVERTERS
As the current moves through the primary side of the transformer, the polarity is reversed
100 times each second. As the results, the current emerging from the secondary side is
alternating, going through 50 complete cycles per second. The simplest inverters de little
else beyond this operation. As a consequence the AC output is also very simple. The
direction of current flow through the primary side of the transformer is changed very
rapidly. So, the waveform on the secondary side is “square”.
These type of inverters are least expensive but also least efficient to!
QUASI-SINE WAVE INVERTERS
These type of inverters are named “quasi sine wave” as the output is not a true sine wave
but it only resembles or get closer to sine wave. By adjusting the off time it is possible to
eliminate third harmonics completely. Many variations exist in these type of inverters.
MODULATED PULSE-WIDTH WAVEFORM INVERTERS
Another way to approximate a sine wave uses high switching speed (20KHz). both
directions of DC input to the transformer are turned on and off rapidly in a particular
pattern. the resulting wave forms looks like a picket fence. The width of the “ON” picket
fence gets colder to a peak of a sine wave, the picket gets wider and wider. Output filtering
is used to reconstruct the sinusoidal wave shape.

SINE WAVE INVERTERS
True sine wave inverters can be built, however these are large and expensive. they can be
very inefficient, some times operating at only 30-40%. This will of course mean that the PV
array and battery must be over sized.
Newer solid sine wave inverters are available which operates at efficiencies of about 90%
or better depending on the size of the load. Cost of these types is much above the costs of
less sophisticated inverters.
SYNCHRONOUS INVERTERS
PV systems connected to the utility grid can use synchronous inverters. These are
sometimes called “line-commutated”. These inverters use the wave forms the utility AC
lines as a pattern to convert photovoltaic DC into AC.

CHARGE CONTROLLERS
The charge controllers is the energy manager in stand alone SPV systems, which
ensures that the battery is cycled under the conditions which do not reduce its ability to
deliver its rated capacity over its expected lifeline.
Whenever batteries are included in the system, the additional facility must be built in,
that will protect against overuse, the protection is given by charge controllers.
These are also known as charge regulators.
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
The primary function of the charge controllers in a stand alone SPV system is to protect
the battery from over-charge or over-discharge. Any system that has any un predictable
loads, user interventions, optimized or undersized battery storage, or any
characteristics that would allow excessive battery over charging or over discharging
required a charge controller, lack of controller may result in shortened battery lifetime
and decrease load availability.
PREVENTION OF BATTERY OVER CHARGING
Current from the array will flow into a battery propositional to the irradiance. Whether
the battery needs charging or not. If the battery is nearly full already, it will be over
charged. The voltage will rise, gassing will begin, electrolyte will be lost, internal
heating will occur and battery life will be reduced. if left uncontrolled, the battery could
loose almost all its electrolyte and be permanently damaged and the loads could not
fails. Charge controllers prevent excessive charging by interrupting the current flow
from the array into the battery.

PREVENTION OF BATTERY OVER DISCHARGING
If you leave the loads ON too long, the battery can be over discharged. The reaction of
lead and lead oxide will proceed too close to the lead grid material and weaken the
bond. This can result in greater resistance and heat generation, accelerating the loss of
life. Some shallow cycling types of batteries are very difficult to recharge once they have
been severely discharged, especially with the slow charge rates typical for remote PV
systems. If batteries are too deeply discharged, the voltage falls below the operating
range of the loads and the load will fail.
Over discharge protection usually consist of a low voltage alarm or a disconnect relay
built into a charge control system or a circuit that operates an external disconnect.
ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS THAT CAN BE INTEGRATED
 Besides controlling the charge of the battery, the charge regulator of full control
centre for most of the system wiring connections.
 A small cabin lighting system for example can have the light circuit connected to
the load terminal on the charge regulator.
 A fuse for array and battery protection can be included in the regulator.
 Larger systems can have circuit breakers for separate load circuits enclosed in
the control center housing.
 Array, battery, inverter, and DC load circuit can all be connected within the
housing.
 Fusing lightning protection and grounding can also be included as the function
of control center.
PV array
Current
regulator
Battery Load
Simple series configuration of charge controllers

COLOR CODE OF WIRES USED IN PV SYSTEM
The color coding of wire makes wiring easier and is used to designate its function. It
also minimizes the possibility that incorrect connections will be made. For AC house
wiring in the US, white or grey is always used for neutral or main system grounds. The
hot wires can be black, red, blue, or yellow. Black is the most common, but in cables
with two hot wires, black and red are used.
In PV systems, the NEC (national electrical code) specifies that in a DC circuit the
system grounded conductor be white. There is no convention designating the color of
ungrounded conductors but typically red or black are used. Green or green with yellow
stripes is used for the equipment ground.
Wire AC (below 600 volts) DC (below 600 volts)
Neutral or Ground White or Gray White
Hot (high side) Black, Red, Blue or Yellow Black or Red
Equipment ground or
grounding
Green or Green with yellow
stripes
Green or Green with yellow
stripes

BASICS OF SYSTEM SIZING
You think of the load as being supplied by the energy storing device. Usually the battery
and your PV system as the battery charger now it is essential for you to size the system i.e.
to calculate the number of PV modules and batteries needed. To reliably operate loads
through out a typical year.
ARRAY AND BATTERY SIZING PRINCIPLES
ARRAY SIZING
The solar array is sized to replace the load on a daily basis, based on average weather
conditions. The average days and above average days. so, array and battery must work
together.
The proper approach to array sizing is to calculate the array needed during the worst
season of the year. This will meant that the battery will be fully recharged even during the
worst season, and certainly during all the rest of the year. This will reduce the sulphation
that might occur on the battery plates, and lead to long system operating life and low
maintenance cost over time.
BATTERY SIZING
The battery bank is sized to operate the loads during a long sequence of below average
isolation days. You can think of the battery as being “full of charge” during a below average
day, the array cannot supply all the ampere-hour (Ah) of charge needed to replace what the
load draws from the battery.
Maximum percentage usable
Battery type percentage
Deepcycling upto 80%
Shallowcycling up to 50%
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 × 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 % 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

 Determine the load (energy not power).
 Calculate the battery size, if one is needed.
 Calculate the no. of PV modules required.
 Assess the need for any back-up energy or flexibility for load growth.
A simple Example:
Consider a sample system for a 12 volt street light. The light is 30 watt and will expected to
run all night year round. As you know, low wattage, high efficiency lights are the types that
make sense for SPV systems.
First step: design for worst case
Consider the worst case conditions. The load is greatest in the winters, which is the worst
case for the load and also the worst case for the resource.
For this example, we assume that the lights are needed for sixteen hours a day in winter.
Therefore, the total energy requirement is 30 watts x 16 hours = 480 watt-hours a day.
Second step: apply a safety/losses factor
At this point, you multiply the actual load by 1.5 to create an adjusted load value to account
for several factors are system efficiencies, including wiring and interconnections losses as
well as the efficiency of the battery charging and discharging cycles.
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 × ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 1.5

Third step: determine hours of available sunlight
Most solar resource data are given in terms of energy per surface area per day. No matter
the original unit is used. Because of a few convenient factors, this can be read directly as
“sun-hours a day”.
Fourth step: determine the size of the array.
The size of the array is determined by the daily energy requirement divided by the sun-
hours a day. For your system the size of the array is 720 divided by 4.6 or 156 watts. This is
the size of the array. If use 35 watt modules must be used, then you will wind up 175 watts.
Remember, when converting calculated array to actual modules, always round up.
Fifth step: determine the size of the battery.
A conservative design will save the deep cycling capability of batteries for occasional duty
and keep the duty discharge at only about 20% of capacity. For battery sizing an
adjustment factor of about 1.5 times is also applied to the actual daily load to arrive at an
adjusted load.
𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
4.6 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 5

SOLAR LANTERNS
CFL BASED:
A solar photovoltaic (SPV) lantern (solar lantern) is a lighting system consisting of a lamp,
battery and electronics, all placed in a suitable housing made of metal or plastic or fiber
glass, and a PV module. Electricity generated by the PV module charges the battery. The
lantern is portable lighting device suitable for either indoor or outdoor lighting. Covering a
full range of 360°.
DUTY CYCLE:
The solar lantern should provide a minimum of 3-4 hours of lighting per day. The actual
duration of lighting could vary depending on the location and season.
SPV MODULE:
The PV module to be used with the Solar lantern must have a minimum of 10 Wp at a load
voltage of 16.40 ±0.2 V under the standard test conditions (STC) of measurement.. the
module efficiency should not be less than 12%.
BATTERY:
Sealed maintenance free lead acid battery. The battery capacity should be a minimum of 7.0
AH at 12 V at 𝐶
20⁄ discharge rate.
ELECTRONICS:
The inverter should be of quasi-sine wave/sine wave type with a crest factor less than 1.7
and the frequency in the range of 20-35 kHz.

LAMP:
The lamp should be a 7watt compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) with 4 pins only along with
proper pre-heating circuit.
INDICATORS:
The system should have two indicators on green and other one is red. The green should
indicate the charging under progress and should glow only when the charging is taking
place. It should stop glowing when the battery is fully charged. Red should indicate the
battery load cut-off condition.
LED BASED:
A solar photovoltaic (SPV) lantern (solar lantern) is a lighting system consisting of a W-
LED’s, battery and electronics, all placed in a suitable housing made of metal or plastic or
fiber glass, and a PV module. Electricity generated by the PV module charges the battery.
The lantern is portable lighting device suitable for either indoor or outdoor lighting. White
LED is a solid state device which emits light when an electric current passes through it.
DUTY CYCLE:
The solar lantern should provide a minimum of 3-4 hours of lighting per day. The actual
duration of lighting could vary depending on the location and season.
SPV MODULE:
The PV module to be used with the Solar lantern must have a minimum of 3 to 5 Wp under
the standard test conditions (STC) of measurement.

BATTERY:
Sealed maintenance free lead acid battery or NiMH or lithium ion. The battery capacity
should be a minimum of 7.0 AH at 12 V at 𝐶
20⁄ discharge rate.
LIGHT SOURCE:
The LED should be a 5500°k to 6500°k light emitting diode (LED).
INDICATOR:

SPV HOME LIGHTING SYSTEM
A solar home lighting system (SHS), converts solar energy into electrical energy and
provides a comfortable level of illumination in one or more rooms of a house. There are
several (SHS) modles featuring one, two or three CFL’s. the system could also be used to
run a small DC fan or a 12 V DC television along with the CFL’s.
DUTY CYCLE:
All the models of solar home lighting systems should be designed to operate for 3-4 hours
daily. The actual duration of lighting could vary depending on the location and season.
DEFFERENT MODELS OF SPV HOME LIGHTING SYSTEM
MODEL-1 (1 LIGHT)
PV module one 18 Wp under STC.
Lamps one CFL (9W or 11W).
Battery one 12V,20 AH lead acid, tubuler positive plate flodded electrolyte or gell type.
Other components control electronics, module mounting hardware, battery box,
interconnecting wires/cables, switches.
MODEL-2 (2 LIGHTS)
Lamps two CFL (9W or 11W).
MODEL-3 (2 LIGHTS AND 1 FAN)
Lamps two CFL (9W or 11W).
Fan one DC fan (with wattage less than 20 W).

MODEL-4(4 LIGHTS)
Lamps four CFL (9W or 11W).
NOTES!
 All models should have a socket to provide power for a 12 V DC TV set which can be
purchased separately.
 A small white LED could be provided as an optional feature with an independent
switch.

SPV STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM
A stand alone SPV street lighting system is an outdoor lighting used for illuminating an
street or an open area. It consist of PV modules, CFL’s, lead acid battery, control
electronics, inter connecting wires/cables, module mounting pole including hardware and
battery box. The CFL is fixed inside the reflecting case (luminary) which is mounted on the
pole. The PV module is placed at the top of the pole at an angle to maximize incident solar
radiation. A battery is placed In a box attached to the pole. The module is mounted facing
south as it receives solar radiations throughout the day without any shadow falling on it.
DUTY CYCLE:
The system should automatically switch is ON at dusk, operate throughout the night and
automatically switch is OFF at dawn.
PV MOUDLE’s:
Both crystalline and thin film technology modules are allowed in the system. The module
should have a certificate of testing conforming to IEC 61215 edition II /BIS 14286 or IEC
61646 for crystalline and thin film PV modules respectively.
The operating voltage corresponding to the power output mentioned above should be
16.4 ± 0.2 V.

BATTERY:
Battery lead acid, tubuler positive plate flodded electrolyte or gell type. The battery will
have a minimumrating of 12 V, 75 Ah (at 𝐶
10⁄ discharge rate).
LAMP:
The lamp should be 11 watt compact fluorecent lamp 4 pins along with proper pre heating
circuit.
ELECTRONICS:
The inverter should be of quasi-sine wave/sine wave type with a crest factor less than 1.7
and the frequency in the range of 20-35 kHz. The total electronic efficiency should be not
less than 85%. The ideal current consumption not be more than 10 mA.
OTHER FEATURES:

CONCLUSION
This practical training enhances our technical knowledge. We get to know about different
technologies, items, and materials used in SPV system. And their daily use.
We get to know that how they are manufactured and rated also studied their functions and
concept behind them. This will also help us in our future and in our placements also. It was
a very intresting and knowledgement training and it was a great opportunity to be a part of
it.

Solar photovotaic system

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