This document discusses solar parabolic trough-biomass hybrid power plants. It notes that replacing melting salt thermal storage with biomass storage could improve efficiency, lower costs, and reduce environmental impact by needing less collector surface and water. However, only one such hybrid plant project has been proposed in Spain despite incentives. The purpose is to analyze these plants rigorously to determine if they are better than solar or biomass alone. Models are developed to simulate performance and costs. Results are discussed in terms of efficiency, levelized cost of electricity, and environmental impact to see if hybridization could make solar thermal more competitive.
Modeling of Solar PV system under Partial Shading using Particle Swarm Optimi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a model of a solar photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. It describes using a particle swarm optimization algorithm to efficiently track the maximum power point from a PV array with a non-linear power-voltage characteristic caused by partial shading. The PV array is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate multiple local maxima under partial shading. A boost converter interfaced with the PV array uses the PSO algorithm and PI controller to extract the optimal voltage from the solar array. Simulation results show the developed model can produce a higher output voltage under partial shading conditions.
A literature review on industrially accepted MPPT techniques for solar PV systemIJECEIAES
Solar energy is a clean renewable energy and it is available around 89,000 TW on the earth surface. To get maximum power from a solar PV system with minimum power transfer loss is one of the main design objectives of an energy transferring network. Power electronic devices perform a very important character for an efficient PV power tracking system control and either incorporates to transfer the generated power to the ac/dc grid or battery storage system. In this case the duty of the power electronics devices used in PV system is to track maximum power point under different operating conditions of environment, so that power tracking efficiency of solar PV system can be improved. This paper encapsulates based the on performance comparisions on the behavior of MPP under uniform and nonuniform operating conditions and selects the optimum duty cycle for industrially accepted MPPT techniques with their algorithm.
Economic Load Dispatch for Multi-Generator Systems with Units Having Nonlinea...IJAPEJOURNAL
This document presents an economic load dispatch problem that uses the Gravity Search Algorithm to minimize total generation costs for multi-generator power systems. It discusses how practical constraints like valve point loading, multi-fuel operation, and forbidden zones result in non-ideal, non-continuous generator cost curves. The Gravity Search Algorithm is applied to find the optimal dispatch schedule that accounts for these realistic cost functions and minimizes the total cost of generation while satisfying demand. The algorithm is tested on sample power systems and able to find solutions within acceptable timeframes that outperform traditional optimization methods for large, complex problems.
Stochastic renewable energy resources integrated multi-objective optimal powe...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document proposes a method for solving single and multi-objective optimal power flow problems that integrate stochastic wind and solar power with traditional coal-based power plants. It models the uncertainties in wind and solar output using probability distribution functions. A multi-objective moth flame optimization technique is used to solve the optimization problems. The results are validated on an adapted IEEE 30-bus test system incorporating wind and solar plants.
Stand alone-pv-hybrid-systems barcelona05 excellent modelMhamed Hammoudi
This document introduces a simple technique for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems that requires little information. The technique proceeds in practical steps to design the rated powers of key system components. An energy balance equation is developed to estimate the daily PV energy required based on parameters like solar fraction, solar-load mismatch, and efficiencies. A case study demonstrates how to implement the technique and provides helpful sizing curves. The technique can be adapted to user requirements, component characteristics, and technical specifications.
The document describes the Megamax 1 MWh/500 kW electrical energy storage system from Faktor & Clean Energy. It consists of lithium iron phosphate batteries in a shipping container with a battery management system and inverters. The storage system can provide ancillary grid services like frequency regulation and backup power. It is suitable for stationary or mobile use and can store energy from solar or wind installations.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Photovoltaic Energy System w...IRJET Journal
The document presents a photovoltaic (PV) energy system with a fuel cell backup to ensure continuous operation of connected loads. The PV array normally powers the loads when solar irradiance is within its nominal range. When irradiance falls below a threshold, the fuel cell takes over to feed the loads. The proposed hybrid system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the system can efficiently address the intermittent nature of PV power by integrating a fuel cell backup.
Modeling of Solar PV system under Partial Shading using Particle Swarm Optimi...IRJET Journal
This document presents a model of a solar photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. It describes using a particle swarm optimization algorithm to efficiently track the maximum power point from a PV array with a non-linear power-voltage characteristic caused by partial shading. The PV array is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate multiple local maxima under partial shading. A boost converter interfaced with the PV array uses the PSO algorithm and PI controller to extract the optimal voltage from the solar array. Simulation results show the developed model can produce a higher output voltage under partial shading conditions.
A literature review on industrially accepted MPPT techniques for solar PV systemIJECEIAES
Solar energy is a clean renewable energy and it is available around 89,000 TW on the earth surface. To get maximum power from a solar PV system with minimum power transfer loss is one of the main design objectives of an energy transferring network. Power electronic devices perform a very important character for an efficient PV power tracking system control and either incorporates to transfer the generated power to the ac/dc grid or battery storage system. In this case the duty of the power electronics devices used in PV system is to track maximum power point under different operating conditions of environment, so that power tracking efficiency of solar PV system can be improved. This paper encapsulates based the on performance comparisions on the behavior of MPP under uniform and nonuniform operating conditions and selects the optimum duty cycle for industrially accepted MPPT techniques with their algorithm.
Economic Load Dispatch for Multi-Generator Systems with Units Having Nonlinea...IJAPEJOURNAL
This document presents an economic load dispatch problem that uses the Gravity Search Algorithm to minimize total generation costs for multi-generator power systems. It discusses how practical constraints like valve point loading, multi-fuel operation, and forbidden zones result in non-ideal, non-continuous generator cost curves. The Gravity Search Algorithm is applied to find the optimal dispatch schedule that accounts for these realistic cost functions and minimizes the total cost of generation while satisfying demand. The algorithm is tested on sample power systems and able to find solutions within acceptable timeframes that outperform traditional optimization methods for large, complex problems.
Stochastic renewable energy resources integrated multi-objective optimal powe...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document proposes a method for solving single and multi-objective optimal power flow problems that integrate stochastic wind and solar power with traditional coal-based power plants. It models the uncertainties in wind and solar output using probability distribution functions. A multi-objective moth flame optimization technique is used to solve the optimization problems. The results are validated on an adapted IEEE 30-bus test system incorporating wind and solar plants.
Stand alone-pv-hybrid-systems barcelona05 excellent modelMhamed Hammoudi
This document introduces a simple technique for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems that requires little information. The technique proceeds in practical steps to design the rated powers of key system components. An energy balance equation is developed to estimate the daily PV energy required based on parameters like solar fraction, solar-load mismatch, and efficiencies. A case study demonstrates how to implement the technique and provides helpful sizing curves. The technique can be adapted to user requirements, component characteristics, and technical specifications.
The document describes the Megamax 1 MWh/500 kW electrical energy storage system from Faktor & Clean Energy. It consists of lithium iron phosphate batteries in a shipping container with a battery management system and inverters. The storage system can provide ancillary grid services like frequency regulation and backup power. It is suitable for stationary or mobile use and can store energy from solar or wind installations.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Photovoltaic Energy System w...IRJET Journal
The document presents a photovoltaic (PV) energy system with a fuel cell backup to ensure continuous operation of connected loads. The PV array normally powers the loads when solar irradiance is within its nominal range. When irradiance falls below a threshold, the fuel cell takes over to feed the loads. The proposed hybrid system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the system can efficiently address the intermittent nature of PV power by integrating a fuel cell backup.
This document summarizes a student's project on optimizing the cost of a roof-top solar power plant connected to the electric grid for residential use. The student analyzed:
1) Minimizing the home's electricity bill by using solar power during the day and storing excess in batteries for night, drawing from the grid as needed.
2) Maximizing the investment return over the system's lifespan by calculating the present value of savings from lowered electricity costs versus installation costs.
3) The results showed optimizing solar panel size and battery capacity could reduce the electricity bill by over $500 per year. Newer, cheaper technologies could provide a positive return on investment for a 25 panel, 8 kWh battery system.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A stand-alone, solar powered commercial bank with EV for public transportalatop007
This document proposes a stand-alone solar-powered commercial bank and electric vehicle transport system in Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. The system is designed to meet the bank's daily energy demand of 288 kWh using 70 kW of solar PV panels and a 400 Ah battery storage system. Simulation results show the system can meet 90-100% of daily demand during dry seasons and 75-90% during wet seasons. An economic analysis estimates a payback period of less than 10 years, making the project economically feasible.
Simulink Model for Cost-effective Analysis of Hybrid SystemIJMER
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates hybrid power systems using MATLAB Simulink. The key points are:
1) The model simulates three cases - a diesel-only system, diesel with battery system, and a PV-diesel-battery hybrid system - to analyze cost effectiveness over one year.
2) Parameters like fuel consumption, energy per gallon, and total fuel costs are calculated and used to determine the energy payback period and simple payback time.
3) Simulation results are compared to predictions from HOMER software, finding differences in efficiencies and operational characteristics between the two models.
The document lists 26 projects involving the application of insulation materials to boilers and auxiliary equipment at various power plants in India. It provides details such as the client name and address, description of the insulation work conducted, and the location of each project. The projects involved insulating steam generators, piping, turbines and other equipment at coal and gas power plants operated by various state electricity boards and companies including NTPC, Reliance, and BHEL across states like Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Orissa.
Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid Systemijtsrd
With the rising energy demand and lack of infrastructure because of geographical condition of Pyin Kha Yaing Village, the whole village is still not inter-connected to National Grid System. This village is located in Ngapudaw Township, Ayarwaddy Division. The latitude and longitude of study case is 15.980992 and 94.400207 respectively. Presently, the electrification of Pyin Kha Yaing Village is carried out by steam boiler driven generator with burning of Rice-Husk. With this source, total average consumption is observed as 3.4 MWh D. Instead of steam boiler generator driven, Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation system is employed for this place. A simulation model for wind-solar hybrid system is developed using the Matlab Simulation software. The proposed model is combination of Wind Energy System, Photovoltaic PV array, Converter, Battery storage and inverter. The simulation model of solar-wind hybrid system for selected region is presented. Aye Ei Ei Cho | Su Su Myat Mon "Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18946.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18946/design-and-simulation-of-electrification-by-solar-wind-hybrid-system/aye-ei-ei-cho
This document summarizes a study that proposes a photovoltaic (PV) system with fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) applied to a boost converter and PI control applied to a buck converter to act as a battery charge controller. The fuzzy logic MPPT method is used to operate the PV panels at maximum power under varying temperature and irradiance conditions, increasing efficiency. The PI controller regulates the buck converter output to provide appropriate constant current and voltage for fast battery charging with low losses. The system was modeled and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink.
Combining both Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Resources for Unit Commi...IOSR Journals
This document presents a study that combines plug-in electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G), renewable energy resources like wind and solar, and existing power plants, to optimize unit commitment in smart grids. The goal is to minimize total costs and emissions. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize scheduling of generation units, V2G vehicles providing spinning reserves, and time-varying renewable sources over a 24-hour period to meet load demand at lowest cost while satisfying constraints. Simulation results validate that integrating V2G and renewable energy sources can effectively reduce costs and emissions for the smart grid.
This document compares the performance of an artificial neural network trained with genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) data and a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. The ANN-GA method uses a genetic algorithm to optimize training data for an artificial neural network controller. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show that the ANN-GA controller produces power with fewer fluctuations around the maximum power point and extra power compared to the fuzzy logic controller under different irradiance and temperature conditions. The ANN-GA method also regulates the PV output power well with the grid-connected inverter.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are employed in photovoltaic (PV) systems to make full utilization of PV array output power, which have a complex relationship between ambient temperature and solar irradiation. The power-voltage characteristic of PV array operating under partial shading conditions (PSC) exhibits multiple local maximum power points (LMPP). In this paper, an advanced algorithm has been presented to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of PV. Compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) techniques, the algorithm proposed the advantages of determining the location of GMPP whether partial shading is present.
Monitoring and remote control of a hybrid photovoltaic microgridIJERA Editor
The search of new alternatives for energy supply in island communities has always been a challenge in scientific
and social context. In order to attend these communities, in January 2013 a photovoltaic hybrid microgrid project
had its beginning at Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). This paper presents the
characterization and the development of such microgrid, monitored remotely via internet, which allows
visualizing the electrical measurements, energy production and performing remote control actions. This work
also aims increasing the interaction between students of universities to perform laboratory practices. The system
consists of two photovoltaic modules technologies, mono and multicrystalline, totaling 570 Wp, connected to an
energy storage bank of 200 Ah in 24 V and a pure sinusoidal inverter of 1 kW to supply AC voltage loads of 220
V. All acquisition components of data, conversion and management system are located in a control cabinet.
Currently, the microgrid uses the utility grid as an auxiliary generator, simulating an alternative source of energy,
which can be further replaced by fuel cell, biodiesel generator, etc.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Solar Charge ControllerIRJET Journal
1) This document describes the design and implementation of a solar charge controller that uses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to efficiently charge batteries from solar panels.
2) It discusses the major components, including the solar panel, DC-DC buck-boost converter, Arduino microcontroller, and presents block diagrams of the overall system and MPPT algorithm.
3) Simulation and hardware results are presented, showing the system is able to closely track the maximum power point of the solar array and efficiently charge batteries while avoiding overvoltage.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
IRJET- Optimum Design of Photovoltaic / Regenerative Fuel Cell Power Syst...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the optimal design of a hybrid photovoltaic/regenerative fuel cell (PV/RFC) power system for a remote telecom station. The system uses a PV subsystem to generate electricity from solar irradiation. Surplus energy is used to produce hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. The hydrogen is stored and then used in a fuel cell to generate electricity during times when solar energy is insufficient to meet load demands. The document outlines the methodology for sizing the PV array, electrolyzer, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage tank. Calculations are provided for hydrogen and oxygen production and usage, as well as water balance. The goal is to size the system components so that hydrogen production matches consumption to reliably meet the station
Testing of photovoltaic system performance
Prepared by:
Dr. Ali H. A. Al-Waeli
Postdoctoral researcher
Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)
National University of Malaysia (UKM)
Some of the figures/tables in this presentation are not owned by the
Presenter, they are material copyrighted to their rightful owners. This presentation is intended for non-profit educational purposes.
Slides with copyrighted material (images/tables) contain the letter C in the bottom left corner.
The actual presentation contains elements that are not mentioned in the PowerPoint and even edits to the PowerPoint. Only a portion of the PowerPoint is provided. Still, this presentation contain useful information and figures with regards to performance measurements of photovoltaic modules.
This presentation was prepared independently by the presenter and is owned by:
Dr. Ali H. A. Alwaeli
Real Time Monitoring and Simulation Analysis of 30WP off Grid Solar Rooftop P...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the real-time monitoring and simulation analysis of a 30WP off-grid solar rooftop photovoltaic power plant in Hyderabad, India.
2) Key components of the system include 30WP polycrystalline solar panels, a 100VA inverter, battery storage, and support structures.
3) Real-time performance data was collected, showing voltage and current output values at different times. Simulation results predicted an annual energy output of 43kWh and performance ratio of 0.595 for the 30WP system.
A Simple Control Strategy for Boost Converter Based Wind and Solar Hybrid Ene...IJRES Journal
This paper deals about the improvement of output from hybrid (Wind and PV) system through the maximum power point technique (MPPT). Though various power tracking techniques are available, Constant Voltage method is simple and effective way to track the maximum power. In this method output voltage is compared with the maximum voltage and based on the comparison gate signal is generated to the boost converter switch. Two boost converters are used individually for PV and Wind system. The whole system is modeled by using the Matlab/Simulink Model.
This document summarizes research on integrating thermal energy storage with cogeneration systems. It discusses using a firefly algorithm to optimize the scheduling of cogeneration units with thermal storage systems. The algorithm aims to minimize operation costs while meeting demand and constraints. It models the behavior and constraints of the thermal storage systems and cogeneration units. The algorithm is shown to effectively balance local and global search for optimization. A comparison shows it performs better than other algorithms for this application.
This document presents a comparative economic feasibility study of photovoltaic (PV) heat pump systems for space heating and cooling of two livestock farms in Spain. It analyzes two technical solutions: a grid-connected self-consumption (SC) configuration and an autonomous (AU) configuration using thermal energy storage and a diesel generator backup. Both systems were sized to meet the farms' heating and cooling needs. The economic analysis evaluates the profitability, levelized cost of energy, and savings compared to a grid-only system over a 25-year period. Results show that both PV-HP systems are economically feasible, with the autonomous system offering higher profits from electricity bill savings but the self-consumption system having lower overall energy costs due to
IRJET - An Experimental Evaluation of Automobile Waste Heat Recovery System u...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated an automobile waste heat recovery system using a thermoelectric generator. The study aimed to recover waste heat from two-wheeler vehicle silencers, which are typically dissipated as heat to the environment. A proof-of-concept model was developed using thermoelectric generators and heat pipes to convert the simulated hot air into electrical power. The results indicate that waste heat from vehicle exhausts, which currently contributes to pollution and energy inefficiency, can be harnessed via thermoelectric generators to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.
This document summarizes a student's project on optimizing the cost of a roof-top solar power plant connected to the electric grid for residential use. The student analyzed:
1) Minimizing the home's electricity bill by using solar power during the day and storing excess in batteries for night, drawing from the grid as needed.
2) Maximizing the investment return over the system's lifespan by calculating the present value of savings from lowered electricity costs versus installation costs.
3) The results showed optimizing solar panel size and battery capacity could reduce the electricity bill by over $500 per year. Newer, cheaper technologies could provide a positive return on investment for a 25 panel, 8 kWh battery system.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A stand-alone, solar powered commercial bank with EV for public transportalatop007
This document proposes a stand-alone solar-powered commercial bank and electric vehicle transport system in Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. The system is designed to meet the bank's daily energy demand of 288 kWh using 70 kW of solar PV panels and a 400 Ah battery storage system. Simulation results show the system can meet 90-100% of daily demand during dry seasons and 75-90% during wet seasons. An economic analysis estimates a payback period of less than 10 years, making the project economically feasible.
Simulink Model for Cost-effective Analysis of Hybrid SystemIJMER
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates hybrid power systems using MATLAB Simulink. The key points are:
1) The model simulates three cases - a diesel-only system, diesel with battery system, and a PV-diesel-battery hybrid system - to analyze cost effectiveness over one year.
2) Parameters like fuel consumption, energy per gallon, and total fuel costs are calculated and used to determine the energy payback period and simple payback time.
3) Simulation results are compared to predictions from HOMER software, finding differences in efficiencies and operational characteristics between the two models.
The document lists 26 projects involving the application of insulation materials to boilers and auxiliary equipment at various power plants in India. It provides details such as the client name and address, description of the insulation work conducted, and the location of each project. The projects involved insulating steam generators, piping, turbines and other equipment at coal and gas power plants operated by various state electricity boards and companies including NTPC, Reliance, and BHEL across states like Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Orissa.
Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid Systemijtsrd
With the rising energy demand and lack of infrastructure because of geographical condition of Pyin Kha Yaing Village, the whole village is still not inter-connected to National Grid System. This village is located in Ngapudaw Township, Ayarwaddy Division. The latitude and longitude of study case is 15.980992 and 94.400207 respectively. Presently, the electrification of Pyin Kha Yaing Village is carried out by steam boiler driven generator with burning of Rice-Husk. With this source, total average consumption is observed as 3.4 MWh D. Instead of steam boiler generator driven, Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation system is employed for this place. A simulation model for wind-solar hybrid system is developed using the Matlab Simulation software. The proposed model is combination of Wind Energy System, Photovoltaic PV array, Converter, Battery storage and inverter. The simulation model of solar-wind hybrid system for selected region is presented. Aye Ei Ei Cho | Su Su Myat Mon "Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18946.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18946/design-and-simulation-of-electrification-by-solar-wind-hybrid-system/aye-ei-ei-cho
This document summarizes a study that proposes a photovoltaic (PV) system with fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) applied to a boost converter and PI control applied to a buck converter to act as a battery charge controller. The fuzzy logic MPPT method is used to operate the PV panels at maximum power under varying temperature and irradiance conditions, increasing efficiency. The PI controller regulates the buck converter output to provide appropriate constant current and voltage for fast battery charging with low losses. The system was modeled and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink.
Combining both Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Resources for Unit Commi...IOSR Journals
This document presents a study that combines plug-in electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G), renewable energy resources like wind and solar, and existing power plants, to optimize unit commitment in smart grids. The goal is to minimize total costs and emissions. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize scheduling of generation units, V2G vehicles providing spinning reserves, and time-varying renewable sources over a 24-hour period to meet load demand at lowest cost while satisfying constraints. Simulation results validate that integrating V2G and renewable energy sources can effectively reduce costs and emissions for the smart grid.
This document compares the performance of an artificial neural network trained with genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) data and a fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. The ANN-GA method uses a genetic algorithm to optimize training data for an artificial neural network controller. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink show that the ANN-GA controller produces power with fewer fluctuations around the maximum power point and extra power compared to the fuzzy logic controller under different irradiance and temperature conditions. The ANN-GA method also regulates the PV output power well with the grid-connected inverter.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are employed in photovoltaic (PV) systems to make full utilization of PV array output power, which have a complex relationship between ambient temperature and solar irradiation. The power-voltage characteristic of PV array operating under partial shading conditions (PSC) exhibits multiple local maximum power points (LMPP). In this paper, an advanced algorithm has been presented to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of PV. Compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) techniques, the algorithm proposed the advantages of determining the location of GMPP whether partial shading is present.
Monitoring and remote control of a hybrid photovoltaic microgridIJERA Editor
The search of new alternatives for energy supply in island communities has always been a challenge in scientific
and social context. In order to attend these communities, in January 2013 a photovoltaic hybrid microgrid project
had its beginning at Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS). This paper presents the
characterization and the development of such microgrid, monitored remotely via internet, which allows
visualizing the electrical measurements, energy production and performing remote control actions. This work
also aims increasing the interaction between students of universities to perform laboratory practices. The system
consists of two photovoltaic modules technologies, mono and multicrystalline, totaling 570 Wp, connected to an
energy storage bank of 200 Ah in 24 V and a pure sinusoidal inverter of 1 kW to supply AC voltage loads of 220
V. All acquisition components of data, conversion and management system are located in a control cabinet.
Currently, the microgrid uses the utility grid as an auxiliary generator, simulating an alternative source of energy,
which can be further replaced by fuel cell, biodiesel generator, etc.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Solar Charge ControllerIRJET Journal
1) This document describes the design and implementation of a solar charge controller that uses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to efficiently charge batteries from solar panels.
2) It discusses the major components, including the solar panel, DC-DC buck-boost converter, Arduino microcontroller, and presents block diagrams of the overall system and MPPT algorithm.
3) Simulation and hardware results are presented, showing the system is able to closely track the maximum power point of the solar array and efficiently charge batteries while avoiding overvoltage.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Single Phase Grid Connected PV System...Ali Mahmood
Ordinary technique fail to ensure successful tracking of the maximum power point under partial shading conditions (PSC). This performs in significant reduction in the power generated as well as the reliability of the photovoltaic energy production system. For the effective utilization of solar panel under partial shading condition (PSC), maximum power point tracking method (MPPT) is required.
IRJET- Optimum Design of Photovoltaic / Regenerative Fuel Cell Power Syst...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the optimal design of a hybrid photovoltaic/regenerative fuel cell (PV/RFC) power system for a remote telecom station. The system uses a PV subsystem to generate electricity from solar irradiation. Surplus energy is used to produce hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis. The hydrogen is stored and then used in a fuel cell to generate electricity during times when solar energy is insufficient to meet load demands. The document outlines the methodology for sizing the PV array, electrolyzer, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage tank. Calculations are provided for hydrogen and oxygen production and usage, as well as water balance. The goal is to size the system components so that hydrogen production matches consumption to reliably meet the station
Testing of photovoltaic system performance
Prepared by:
Dr. Ali H. A. Al-Waeli
Postdoctoral researcher
Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI)
National University of Malaysia (UKM)
Some of the figures/tables in this presentation are not owned by the
Presenter, they are material copyrighted to their rightful owners. This presentation is intended for non-profit educational purposes.
Slides with copyrighted material (images/tables) contain the letter C in the bottom left corner.
The actual presentation contains elements that are not mentioned in the PowerPoint and even edits to the PowerPoint. Only a portion of the PowerPoint is provided. Still, this presentation contain useful information and figures with regards to performance measurements of photovoltaic modules.
This presentation was prepared independently by the presenter and is owned by:
Dr. Ali H. A. Alwaeli
Real Time Monitoring and Simulation Analysis of 30WP off Grid Solar Rooftop P...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the real-time monitoring and simulation analysis of a 30WP off-grid solar rooftop photovoltaic power plant in Hyderabad, India.
2) Key components of the system include 30WP polycrystalline solar panels, a 100VA inverter, battery storage, and support structures.
3) Real-time performance data was collected, showing voltage and current output values at different times. Simulation results predicted an annual energy output of 43kWh and performance ratio of 0.595 for the 30WP system.
A Simple Control Strategy for Boost Converter Based Wind and Solar Hybrid Ene...IJRES Journal
This paper deals about the improvement of output from hybrid (Wind and PV) system through the maximum power point technique (MPPT). Though various power tracking techniques are available, Constant Voltage method is simple and effective way to track the maximum power. In this method output voltage is compared with the maximum voltage and based on the comparison gate signal is generated to the boost converter switch. Two boost converters are used individually for PV and Wind system. The whole system is modeled by using the Matlab/Simulink Model.
This document summarizes research on integrating thermal energy storage with cogeneration systems. It discusses using a firefly algorithm to optimize the scheduling of cogeneration units with thermal storage systems. The algorithm aims to minimize operation costs while meeting demand and constraints. It models the behavior and constraints of the thermal storage systems and cogeneration units. The algorithm is shown to effectively balance local and global search for optimization. A comparison shows it performs better than other algorithms for this application.
This document presents a comparative economic feasibility study of photovoltaic (PV) heat pump systems for space heating and cooling of two livestock farms in Spain. It analyzes two technical solutions: a grid-connected self-consumption (SC) configuration and an autonomous (AU) configuration using thermal energy storage and a diesel generator backup. Both systems were sized to meet the farms' heating and cooling needs. The economic analysis evaluates the profitability, levelized cost of energy, and savings compared to a grid-only system over a 25-year period. Results show that both PV-HP systems are economically feasible, with the autonomous system offering higher profits from electricity bill savings but the self-consumption system having lower overall energy costs due to
IRJET - An Experimental Evaluation of Automobile Waste Heat Recovery System u...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated an automobile waste heat recovery system using a thermoelectric generator. The study aimed to recover waste heat from two-wheeler vehicle silencers, which are typically dissipated as heat to the environment. A proof-of-concept model was developed using thermoelectric generators and heat pipes to convert the simulated hot air into electrical power. The results indicate that waste heat from vehicle exhausts, which currently contributes to pollution and energy inefficiency, can be harnessed via thermoelectric generators to improve efficiency and reduce emissions.
Statistical modeling and optimal energy distribution of cogeneration units b...IJECEIAES
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The “White Certificates” scheme – Examples of Monitoring &Verification Processes
Solar Paces2011 Full Paper Magtel
1. SOLAR PARABOLIC TROUGH – BIOMASS HYBRID PLANTS:
FEATURES AND DRAWBACKS
1 2
Ángel Moreno-Pérez and Pablo Castellote-Olmo
1
PhD in Industrial Engineering. Mayor: Energy System Optimization. Director. Magtel R&D. Address: Gabriel Ramos
Bejarano, 114 – 14014 Córdoba, Spain. +34 957 429 060
2
Industrial Engineer. Major: Energy System Optimization. Senior Research. Magtel R&D.
Abstract
Replacing melting salt thermal storage system with a biomass green storage system in solar parabolic trough
– biomass hybrid power plants is an emerging concept that has these advantages: a higher thermodynamic
efficiency, a lower levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and a lower environmental impact due to smaller
collector surface needed and lower water consumption for a given amount of energy produced. Based on the
premise of lower LCOE, solar thermal – biomass hybrid power plants operating at areas in low irradiation
conditions could fulfill a minimum requirement of profitability, enabling the solar trough technology to
broaden its geographical boundaries tower upper latitudes [3]
Despite these advantages, and despite the fact that the Spanish Royal Decree 661/2007 includes an
advantageous specific feed in tariff that would enable a reasonable return on investments, only one hybrid
power plant has been included in the pre-registration required to receive the Spanish feed-in tariff and,
therefore, only this hybrid power plant project is expected to be submitted for administrative approvals in
Spain before 2014. The lack of maturity of biomass markets could be the bottle neck preventing this
technology from taking off.
The purpose of this study is to present a rigorous analyze of these facts in order to settle objective criteria to
choose this technology in front of the parental technologies (solar thermal and biomass technologies). To
fulfill this goal, tailor-made thermodynamic and economic models have been developed to simulate the
behavior of parabolic trough power plants hybridized with biomass boilers. Results are discussed in terms of
thermodynamic efficiency, LCOE and environmental impact.
Keywords: solar thermal biomass hybrid power plant; parabolic trough; optimization
1. Introduction
The usual size of solar – thermal power plants being built in Spain at present is 50 MWe since this is the
upper limit that the Spanish regulatory framework has set for any solar thermal power plant to be covered by
the Spanish special regimen. On the other hand, 92% of the 852.4 MWe currently under operation in Spain
are based on the parabolic trough technology, the most mature and lowest cost solar thermal technology
available today [6]. 53% of this operating power is provided with thermal energy storage (TES) in order to
prevent the operation from its inherent variable behavior; it is expected that this percentage will grow within
the next decade. For this reason, the development of efficient and cost-effective thermal storage systems is
crucial for the future development of concentrating solar power [2]. Different scientific works have been
carried out showing that this concept could improve the economy of parabolic trough plants [4,8].
As shown in this paper, solar thermal – biomass hybrid power plants present the advantage over the standard
solar thermal technologies of a higher annual efficiency, a lower LCOE and a lower environmental impact.
Due to the fulfillment of these requirements, biomass hybridization could be a step forward necessary for the
solar thermal technology to become competitive in a liberalized market.
2. Performance model
Magtel R&D has recently finalized a research work aimed to set up the basis for the optimized design of
Solar Thermal Power Plants, being co-financed by the Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Technology under
the Torres Quevedo Program (Project Reference PTQ-08-03-06366) and the Holding Company Magtel. In
2. this context, a model has been developed to simulate the behavior of parabolic trough solar thermal power
plants. This model has been programmed and a computer program has been written in Open Fortran;
different modules have been developed and liked together: solar module, TES module, biomass module and
power module.
The solar module calculates the heat transferred to a heat transfer fluid (HTF) by means of a model that takes
into account the position of the sun, and estimates the thermal behavior of the collector field with a horizontal
north-south axis of rotation. The quality of the solar resource is evaluated hourly in function of an optical
incident angle modifier. The irradiation historical data have been collected from the Energy Plus data base. In
this study, a location near Córdoba with coordinates N37.75º W5.053 has been analyzed.
The biomass resource in this paper is agricultural residue from olive. A combustion conversion model has
been developed based on energy balances. It has been assumed that the combustion system operates in a
nominal condition at all times; hence, in the absence of solar irradiation, it has been assumed that the plant
will operate part load fed by biomass, transferring its chemical energy into the power block via HTF.
A model has been developed to estimate the behavior of a two-tank molten-salt storage system. TES is based
on sensible heat storage by liquid media in an indirect storage system. Hourly, the excess of thermal energy is
estimated by comparing the amount of heat available in the field of collectors with the energy demanded by
the power block and the storage capacity of the TES. An average value has been assumed for the efficiency
of the charge – discharge cycles.
The simulation model of the power system is based on benchmarks of steam turbines. The model calculates
the power generation hourly according to the thermal energy supplied by the solar field, TES, and biomass
systems. Depending on the nominal thermal energy demanded by the power cycle, the model calculates the
gross power plant and evaluates the parasitic losses of the system.
Once adjusted and validated the performance model, a series of parametric studies were undertaken to
determine the optimum solar field required to minimize the cost of energy. Two different designs have been
analyzed: a thermal solar power plant with 1,000 MWht TES capacity (case PT HTF 156.50.1000.0) and a
thermal solar power plant integrated with a biomass boiler (hybrid design, case PT HTF 69.43.0.50). The
economic model is presented in the next section.
3. Economic model
The economic analysis has been carried out following a cost model based on the revenue requirement
approach [1], developed by the Electric Power Research Institute, once adapted for use in solar thermal
power plants by the authors of this paper. With this approach, the cost of electricity is calculated trough the
following four steps: estimate the total capital investment; determine the economic, financial, operating, and
market input parameters for the detailed cost calculation; calculate the total revenue requirement, and
calculate the levelized cost of energy.
The total capital requirement is calculated as the sum of fixed-capital investment (FCI, direct and indirect
costs) and other outlays. Table 1 shows the breakdown of fixed-capital costs used in this study. Direct costs
include purchased-equipment costs, purchased-equipment instalation, piping, instrumentation and controls,
and electrical components and materials. Purchased equipment costs is estimated by the relation
ܺ ן
ܥா, ൌ ܥா,ௐ ൬ ൰
ܺௐ
This ecuation allows the purchase cost of an equipment item (ܥா, ) at a given capacity or size (as expressed
by the variable ܺ ) to be calculated when the purchased cost of the same equipmen item (ܥா,௪ ) at a different
capacity or size (expressed by ܺௐ ) is known. Current market prices of the items in an commercial parabolic
trough solar thermal power plant with two-tank molten thermal storage been promoted by Magtel have been
used. In the absence of cost information, an scaling exponent α value of 0,7 has been used [8]. In all the
cases, offsite and indirect costs have been estimated as percentages of the direct costs.
3. CET CCP HTF CET CCP HTF
Units 156.50.1000.0 69.43.0.50
FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
Direct costs (DC)
2
Solar field €/m 204 204
2
HTF system €/m 21 20
Power Block €/kW 241 260
Steam generator €/kW 142 150
TES €/kWht 17 -
Biomass combustion system €/kWt - 156
Surcharge for offsite costs % of DC 7.96 7.48
Indirect costs
Surcharge for indirect costs % of DC 38 38
OTHER OUTLAYS
Statup, working capital, licensing, R&D… % of FCI 5.58 5.58
Table 1. Breakdown of fixed capital investment
Other outlays comprise the startup costs, working capital, cost of licensing, research and development, and
allowance of funds used during construction. An average value of 5,48% of the FCI has been used for the
two cases analized.
CET CCP HTF CET CCP HTF
Units 156.50.1000.0 69.43.0.50
Annual fixed O&M costs
Number of persons for plant operation workers 15 15
Number of persons for field maintenance workers 10 10
Annual maintenance % FC 1 1
Annual supervision cost % FC 0.55 0.55
Annual variable O&M costs
Annual natural gas consumption MWht 79,056 83
Annual water consumption 3 0.64 0.63
Hm
Table 2. Breakdown of O&M costs
Table 2 shows the breakdown of operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. These are broken into categories
of annual fixed O&M costs (labor, maintenance and supervision) and annual variable O&M costs (natural gas
consumption and other operating suplies –water-). Values for maintenance and supervision costs have been
estimated as 1% of FCI, and annual supervision cost as 0.55% of FCI.
Price of resources (2011 prices)
Price of Natural Gas 2.28 c€/kWht
Price of Biomass 49 €/t
Price of Water 0.474 €/t
Inflation and escalation rates
Average inflation rate 3%
Average nominal escalation rate of all (except fuel) costs 2%
Average nominal escalation rate of fuel costs 1%
Plant financing fractions and required returns of capital
Rate of Return -project- 6.6%
Capital Recovery Factor 0.07757
Table 3. Most relevant market input parameters for cost calculation
4. Once obtained FCI and O&M costs, the revenue requirements were calculated. Table 3 shows the most
relevant market input parameters for the calculation. Other assumption were 30 years of plant economic life,
straight-line depreciation and net salvage value equal to 0. No taxes have been included. The rate on retun is
taken as 6.6%. Based on these premises, a capital recovery factor equal to 0.07757 has been calculated.
4. Results and discussion: features and drawbacks
The most outstanding feature emerging from this study is that integrating a biomass boiler into a parabolic
trough solar thermal power plant could be a very interesting choice aimed to improve the sustainability of
solar thermal power plants. In this context, it is possible to infer that the higher the efficiency of a solar
thermal power plant, the lower the LCOE and the lower the environmental impact of a given solar thermal
power plant, measured in terms of surface occupation and water consumption.
Fig. 1 presents the comparison of efficiency and cost of energy for the two cases analyzed. Case PT HTF
156.50.1000.0 corresponds to a 50 MWe 156 loop parabolic trough solar thermal power plant with integrated
1.000 MWht TES; an annual power utility equal to 181,005 MWh has been estimated for this case when
operating at the location suggested. On the other hand, case PT HTF 69.43.0.50 corresponds to a hybrid
power plant without TES, operating at the same location and supplying the same amount of power utility.
Under these assumptions, a 43 MWe 69 loop parabolic trough solar thermal power plant integrated with a
29.51 MWt biomass boiler fulfilled such annual power production. A can be observed in this figure, the
hybrid case appears to result in lower cost (right side) and in higher efficiencies than the reference case.
20
19 PT HTF 69.43.0.50 25
18 23
17
21
LCOE, c€/kWh
Efficiency, %
16
19
15
PT HTF 156.50.1000.0
14 17
13 PT HTF 156.50.1000.0
15
12
13
11
PT HTF 69.43.0.50
10 11
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Loops Loops
Fig.1. Efficiency and LCOE vs. size of the solar field
for cases PT HTF 156.50.1000.0 and PT HTF 69.43.0.50.
Table 4 compares the main performance design, overall system and economic parameters for the two cases
just presented. According to this study, replacing part of the solar field with a biomass boiler has led a
227,018 m2 solar field instead of the 510.000 m2 solar field associated to the reference case, leading a lower
environmental impact in terms of surface occupation. This reduced solar field, integrated with a biomass
boiler rated at 39.51 MWht and a steam turbine rated at 43 MWe fulfills the given annual power utility,
accounting for 14% of reference case steam turbine power. The consequence of this reduction in installed
power is a lower environmental impact in terms of cooling water consumption.
Table 4 also presents typical performance data for a standard biomass power plant (case 3) supplying the
same amount of power utility as in the other two cases analyzed. Under this assumption, the biomass
consumption of the hybrid design (case 2) is roughly 30% of that for the biomass power plant (75,927 t
compared with 225,000 t), and the cooling water consumption at the condensing tower is 50% (0.6343 Hm3
instead of 1.11 Hm3).
5. Case 1: Case 2: Case 3:
PT HTF 156.50.1000.0 PT HTF 69.43.0.50 Biomass Power plant
PERFORMANCE DESIGN PARAMETERS
Parabolic trough surface 510,000 m2 227,018 m2 -
Number of loops 156 69 -
Biomass annual consumption - 75,927 t 225,000 t
Heat duty - 39.510 MWt 111.3 MWt
PERFORMANCE OVERALL SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Plant output 50 MWe 43 MWe 25 MWe
Power utility 181,005 MWh 179,263 MWh 182,500 MWh
Annual net plant efficiency 14.52% 18.82% 21%
Annual water consumption 0.644 Hm3 0.6343 Hm3 1.11 Hm3
Full load equivalent annual operation hours 3,620 h 4,169 h 7,300 h
PERFORMANCE ECONOMIC PARAMETERS
LCOE 19.22 c€/kWh 12.98 c€/kWh 10.95 c€/kWh
Table 4. Performance design, overall system and economic parameters
Case 1: PT HTF 69.43.0.50 Case 2: PT HTF 156.50.1000.0
COEL 3,239 €/kW 12.98 c€/kWh 6,186 €/kW 19.22 c€/kWh
On site costs
Solar field 1,075 €/kW 0.806 c€/kWh 2,090 €/kW 1.805 c€/kWh
HTF system 107 €/kW 0.08 c€/kWh 217 €/kW 0.19 c€/kWh
TES system - - 596 €/kW 0.51 c€/kWh
Biomass 136 €/kW 0.1 c€/kWh - -
Power Block 260 €/kW 0.19 c€/kWh 241 €/kW 0.21 c€/kWh
Steam generator 150 €/kW 0.11 c€/kWh 142 €/kW 0.12 c€/kWh
BOP 160 €/kW 0.12 c€/kWh 328 €/kW 0.28 c€/kWh
Electrical components 108 €/kW 0.08 c€/kWh 206 €/kW 0.18 c€/kWh
Total on site costs 1,996 €/kW 1.5 c€/kWh 3,820 €/kW 3.3 c€/kWh
Other capital costs
Offsite costs 161 €/kW 0.12 c€/kWh 330 €/kW 0.29 c€/kWh
Indirect costs 815 €/kW 0.61 c€/kWh 1,567 kW 1.35 c€/kWh
Other outlays 101 €/kW 0.06 c€/kWh 149 €/kW 0.13 c€/kWh
AFUDC 166 €/kW 0.1 c€/kWh 319 €/kW 0.22 c€/kWh
Total other capital costs 1,243 €/kW 0.89 c€/kWh 2,366 kW 1.98 c€/kWh
Financial costs - 3.23 c€/kWh - 7.08 c€/kWh
Total capital costs 3,239 €/kW 5.62 c€/kWh 6,186 kW 12.37 c€/kWh
O&M costs
Natural gas - 1.28 c€/kWh 1.2 c€/kWh
Biomass - 3.13 c€/kWh -
Other O&M costs - 2.95 c€/kWh 5.65 c€/kWh
Total O&M costs 7.36 c€/kWh 6.86 c€/kW
Table 5. Breakdown of capital costs and LCOE
for cases PT HTF 156.50.1000.0 and PT HTF 69.43.0.50
6. Table 5 shows that the cost estimation for the power utility delivered by the hybrid design (12.98 c€/kWh) is
one third the cost estimation for the reference design (19.22 c€/kWh). Two are the main reasons justifying
this difference in prices: a lower contribution of solar field on site cost (0.806 c€/kWh instead of 1.805
c€/kWh), and a lower contribution of the combustion system when compared to TES (0.1 c€/kWh instead of
0.51 c€/kWh). In general, capital costs contribute to LCOE with lower figures due to a lower capital
requirement of the hybrid design (3,239 c€/kW compared with 6,186 c€/kW).
Fig.2 depicts the inter-relation of power utility, cost of electricity and investment. As it can be observed in
this upper figure, integrating a biomass boiler into a solar thermal power plant would lead lower costs of
electricity for the whole range of power utilities analyzed when compared to the reference case. In
consequence, the smaller hybrid size analyzed (rated 4 MW) would be profitable, being the capital
requirement accessible to small and medium sized firms, balancing the distribution of national wealth, and
contributing to a distributed renewable energy system.
Cost of Electricity vs. Annual Power Utility
22
L COE (c€/kWh)
20 4 MWe
PT HTF 156.50.1000.0
18
16 25 MWe
50 MWe
14
HYBRID DESIGN
12
10
0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000
Power Utility (MWh)
Capital Investment vs. Plant Size
Capital investment (M€)
200 7.000
Capital investment
160 6.000
(€/kWe)
120 5.000
80 4 MWe 4.000
40 3.000
2.000
0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000
Power utility (MWh)
Fig.2. Cost of electricity and capital investment vs. plant size
for Integrated Parabolic Trough Biomass Boiler. Hybridization level: 50%
Fig. 3 shows daily performance curves for both the reference case (PT HTF 156.50.1000.0) and the
equivalent hybrid case (PT HTF 69.43.0.50). As it can be observed, the hybrid case has been designed under
the assumption that the biomass boiler is in steady-state operation throughout the year, leading a higher
number of equivalent full load operation hours (4,169 h instead of 3,620 h; see Table 4). Another feature
from this performance curves is a wiser use of natural gas.
The fact that the biomass energy market in Spain is a developing but immature market could be an
inconvenience for the hybrid designs: the challenge of ensuring the biomass supply throughout the plant
economic life could jeopardize financial support from banks and investors. However, this fact will become an
advantage of the hybrid design if we take into account that the biomass consumption of biomass power plants
is almost three times higher than in the case of hybrid designs (see table 4).
8. 5. Conclusions
The most outstanding feature emerging from this study is that integrating a biomass boiling system into a
parabolic trough solar thermal power plant could be a very interesting choice aimed to improve the
sustainability of solar thermal power plants. In this context, it is possible to infer that the higher the efficiency
of a solar thermal power plant, the lower the LCOE and the lower the environmental impact of a given
energy system, measured in terms of surface occupation and water consumption.
In addition to these advantages, smaller hybrid size could be profitable, so the capital requirement could be
accessible to small and medium sized firms, balancing the distribution of national wealth, and contributing to
a distributed renewable energy system. Other features of the hybrid designs are a higher number of
equivalent full load operation hours and wiser use of natural gas.
The fact that the biomass energy market in Spain is a developing but immature market could be a drawback
for hybrid designs. However, this fact becomes an advantage of hybrid designs if we take into account that
the biomass consumption of biomass power plants is almost three times higher than in hybrid designs.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank to Magtel and the Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Technology’s Torres
Quevedo program for their support of this work.
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