Solar energy can be stored and utilized in various ways for applications such as water heating, space heating and cooling, pumping, cooking, drying, and power generation. Some key storage methods include thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical storage. Solar water heaters use collectors to absorb solar radiation and transfer heat to water for storage. Active solar space heating systems use pumps to circulate fluid through collectors and transfer heat. Other applications like solar cookers, dryers, and stills use solar energy for heating. Larger scale uses include solar ponds, power plants using photovoltaics or concentrating solar thermal technologies, and solar chimneys for power generation.

1. Branch : ME – D1
Prepared by: MEHUL VORA (140120119249)
Guided by: Prof. Maulik Sukhadiya
RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING
(2181910)
Solar energy applications

2. Flow of presentation
• Storage of solar thermal energy
• Solar water heater
• Solar heating & cooling of buildings
• Solar pumping
• Solar cooker
• Solar still
• Solar drying
• Solar refrigeration & air conditioning
• Solar pond
• Solar power plants
• Solar chimney
• Solar furnace

3. Thermal storage of solar energy
• Intermittent in nature
• Significant fluctuation
• Storage can be done by electrical devices or physical
media
• Frequency can be maintained

4. Storage methods
• Thermal
– Molten salt
• Electrical
– Capacitors
• Chemical
– Bio fuels
• Electrochemical
– Batteries
• Biological
– Starch
• Mechanical
– Hydraulic storage

5. Methods to store solar thermal
energy
• Sensible heat storage
– Liquid storage system
– Solid storage system
• Latent heat storage
• Odd energy method

6. Advantages of energy storage
• Quantifiable return
• Reduces emission
• Size and cost of a system can be reduced
• Saves fossil fuel
• Increases load factor of generation up to 25%
• Delay the need of additional power plant

7. Solar water heater
• Steps in operation
– Collection
– Transfer
– Storage

8. Solar water heater
• Advantages of solar water heater
– Low operation cost
– Low vibration and noise
– Free from smoke and clean
– Long life span

9. Types of solar water heater
• Passive heating system
– Natural circulation solar water heater
• Active heating system
– Forced circulation solar water heater

10. Passive heating system

11. Active heating system

12. Collectors used in modern solar water
heater
• Unglazed liquid flat plant collector
• Glazed liquid flat plant collector
• Evacuated tube solar collector

13. Solar heating and cooling of buildings
Passive space
heating/cooling system
• Operates without pumps
• Special building design is
necessary
• Structure collects energy
• It is less expensive
• It is only suitable where
ample sun shine is
available
Active space
heating/cooling system
• Operates with pumps
• Special building design is
not necessary
• Collectors collects energy
• It is more expensive
• It is only suitable where
ample sun shine is
available

14. Passive space heating and cooling
system
• Types of passive space heating and cooling system
• Direct gain
• Thermal storage wall ( indirect gain )
• Thermal storage roof ( indirect gain )
• Attached sun space
• Convective loop

15. Direct gain

16. Thermal storage wall (indirect gain)

17. Thermal storage roof ( indirect gain )

18. Attached sun space

19. Convective loop

20. Active solar space heating system

21. Active space heating system

22. Solar cooling of buildings
• Passive solar cooling of buildings
– Shading
– Ventilation
– Evaporation
– Radiation cooling
– Ground coupling
– Dehumidification

23. Shading

24. Ventilation

25. Evaporation

26. Radiation cooling

27. Dehumidification

28. Solar pumping
• It has following types
– Direct conversion method
– Thermodynamic conversion method
• It is most attractive technology in remote areas
• It maintains socio - economic benefits
• It is used for agriculture, industrial and domestic
applications

29. Direct conversion method

30. Thermodynamic conversion method

31. Solar pumping
Advantages
• Simple
• Reliable
• Low maintenance cost
• Low running cost
• Easy to install
Disadvantages
• High initial cost
• Non uniform performance

32. Solar cooker
Steps in operation
1. Concentrating sunlight
2. Converting light into heat
3. Trapping heat
4. Greenhouse effect

33. Solar cooker
1. Box type solar cooker

34. Solar cooker
1. Box type solar oven
2. Panel cooker
3. Parabolic disc concentrator type solar cooker

35. Solar cooker
1. Scheffler cooker

36. Solar cooker
Advantages
• No fuel requirement and
hygienic
• 1 time investment and less
maintenance
• No residues
• Easy to handle
• Low fuel cost
• No fire hazard
Disadvantages
• Time consuming
• Difficult using in rainy
season
• Can perform limited
functions

37. Solar still
• It generates fresh water having impurities lower than
500ppm with solar distillation method.
• It has 5-10cm level of water with air tight cover and
transparent roof.
• It have efficiency of 30% to 35% in sunny days.

38. Solar still

39. Solar drying
• Sun drying
• Solar drying is divided as following
1. DIRECT type with NATURAL convection type solar
dryer
2. DIRECT type with FORCED convection type solar dryer
3. INDIRECT type with FORCED convection type solar
dryer

40. Sun drying
• Sun drying takes place by storing the products under direct
sunlight
• It does not require skill and running cost as well as
investment cost
• Products are unsafe from foreign objects so it is not
preferable
• It dependence on many factors

41. Solar drying
Direct type with natural
convection type solar dryer
• In this method incident and/or
reflected radiation is used i.e.
Cabinet dryer
• Ventilation hole is provided for
natural air circulation.
• It takes 2 to 4 days to complete
operation.
• Working temperature rage is
40°C to 70°C.

42. Solar drying
Direct type with forced
convection type solar
dryer
• This kind of apparatus is
equipped with additional
power supply to lower which
reduces required time
• It is more efficient and faster

43. Solar drying
Indirect type with forced convection type solar dryer
• This is the most advance method with additional power
which is used at low as well as high temperature
• It is a low running cost machine with multi product system
• It suitable for grains, spices, ceramics, leathers etc

44. Indirect type with forced convection
type solar dryer

45. Solar drying
• Advantages
– It is rapid process
– It reduce risk of spoilage and humidity
– It improves quality of products
– It works above than ambient temperature from 10°C to
30°C
– Running and maintenance costs are much lesser
– It saves product from foreign debris

46. Solar refrigeration & air conditioning
• ozone layer depletion
• Global warming
• Types of solar R & AC
• PV operated refrigeration system
• Refrigeration system with thermal collectors
– Vapour Compression Refrigeration system (VCR)
– Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system (VAR)

47. PV operated refrigeration system
• Direct electricity is generated from semiconductors by
means of PV cells.
• The consideration in designing the PV refrigeration cycle
involves appropriately matching the electrical
characteristics of the motor driving the compressor with
available current and voltage being produced by the pv
array.

48. PV operated refrigeration system

49. Refrigeration system with thermal
collectors
Vapour Compression Refrigeration system
(VCR)

50. Refrigeration system with thermal
collectors
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system (VAR)

51. Solar refrigeration & air conditioning
Advantages
• Saves electrical power
consumption
• Useful in remote places
Disadvantages
• Power is not uniform
• Large flore area is required
• High capital cost
• Low efficiency

52. Solar pond
• An artificially constructed pond in which temperature rises
are caused to occur in lower regions by preventing
convection is called solar pond.
• It is generally 2m deep
• It has three zones
1. Surface convection zone (0.3m to 0.5m) (5%)
2. Non convection zone (1.0m to 1.5m) (10% to 12%)
3. Storage zone (0.5m to 1.0m) (20%)

53. Solar pond
• Plastic linear is usually used
as heat absorbing material.
• It gives temperature rise of
90°C in bottom layer and
30 °C in top layer.
• It is used for industrial
heating and cooling, drying
of crops, refrigeration etc.

54. Solar pond

55. Solar power plants
• Solar photovoltaic technology
• Solar thermal power plant is
– Low / Medium / High temperature cycle
– Solar pond power plant
– Solar distributed collector thermal power plant
– Central receiver system or power tower heliostat
– Solar chimney power plant

56. Low temperature power generation
cycle using liquid flat plate collector

57. Low temperature power generation
cycle using Solar pond

58. Medium temperature Solar thermal
power plant

59. High temperature Solar thermal
power plant
Solar distributed collector thermal power plant

60. High temperature Solar thermal
power plant
Solar Central receiver system or Solar tower
thermal power tower

61. Solar furnace
• Energy output of sun is 3.86 x1026
W
• Solar furnace is a device that uses an array of mirrors to
redirect and concentrate the rays on a small surface area
thus producing extremely high temperature
• The temperature can go as high as 3500 o
C

62. Solar furnace
Advantages
• Heat produced is very
clean
• Low operating cost
• Reduces the need to burn
fossil fuels
Disadvantages
• Never been fully explored
or used on a widespread
commercial basis.
• Highly setup expensive.
• Large flore area required.

63. Solar furnace
• Applications
– Perform scientific experiments which require extreme
temperature
– Running steam turbines
– Domestic uses
– Agricultural uses as drying of farm produce

64. Solar chimney
• It increases 10°C to 20°C
of temperature
• Depends on collector area
and chimney height
• It started in Spain in 1982
and then China in 2010