SOLAR DRYER COMPONENT DESIGN AND REQUIREMENT CALCULATIONS

1. Mi= Initial moisture
content (% wet basis) ie.
Before drying
1 Mushroom 92
2 Mango powder 83
3 Apple 86
4 Red bell pepper 92
5 Chillies 79
6 Potato 80
7 Papad 31
8 Coriander 88
9 Onion 87
10 Dates 56
11 Amlas 76
12 Peaches 89
13 Coffee beans 50
14 Oregano 60
15 Papaya 88
16 Guava slices 83
17 Banana 74
18 Curry leaves 85
19 Grapes 81
20 Cashew kernel 10
21 Fishes 66
22 Black currants 82
23 Almonds 12
24 Blueberries 85
25 Cranberries 87
26 Strawberries 92
27 Raspberries(red) 87
28 Pasta, noodles 33
29 Cherries 81
30 Tomato 95
31 Green bell pepper 74
32 Pumpkin 90
33 Aloe vera 98
34 Basil 91
35 Neem 69
36 Tusli 86
37 Apricot 86
38 Carrots 87
39 Spinach 93
AVG 75.083333
Moisture content in Percentage
Name of Food Product
Sr No.

2. REFERENCES
1 Mittal T.C., Sharma S.R., Muker J.S., Gupta S.K. , “Drying behaviour and change in colour and textur
2 A. S. DYAB, H. I. ABED EL-HAKIM, H. M. ABO TALEB, “4213 UTILIZATION OF SOME ADDITIVE T
3 Elham Meisami-asl, Shahin Rafiee, Alireza Keyhani, Ahmad Tabatabaeefar, “Mathematical Modeling
4 U. S. Shivhare,J. Ahmed &Manpreet Singh, “ Equilibrium moisture content of bell pepper”, Internation
5 Chatchawal Nimrothama, Roongrojana Songprakorpa, Sirichai Thepaa, Veerapol Monyakulb, “ Exper
6 Tongchai Puttongsiri , Natthika Choosakul and Duangrat Sakulwilaingam, “ Moisture Content and Phy
7 Gaikwad Pratik S., Koli Janhavi P. and Dr. Akash Pare, “ IMPACT OF VARIOUS DRYING TECHNIQU
8 Omar Bin Hameed, Fouzia Shafi and Naeema Jan, “ Studies on nutritional composition of coriander le
9 Air-drying and rehydration characteristics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits Journal of Food E
10 Kolawole O. Falade , Emmanuel S. Abbo , “ Air-drying and rehydration characteristics of date palm (P
11 Pankaj Minj, Kipoo Kiran Singh Mahilang, John Diamond Raj and Khilendra Sonboier, “ Studies on so
12 Ewa Golisz, Małgorzata Jaros, Monika Kalicka, “ ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIONAL DRYING PROCES
13 Loren D. Gautz,Virginia Easton Smith, and H. C. Bittenbender, “ Measuring Coffee Bean Moisture Co
14 Ariel Antonio Campos Toledo Hijo,Joyce Maria Gomes da Costa,Eric Keven Silva,Viviane Machado A
15 Numl Asyikin Zaki, Lizawati, Mohamad Darwi, Liza Md Salleh, Ida Idalyu Muhamad, “ Effect of Drying
16 Sneha Tripathy, John Diamond Raj , Mayank Mishra, “ Study on Drying and quality characteristics of
17 Anurag, Neelesh Chauhan, Akash Singh and Mahendra Pratap Singh, “Drying characteristics of dried
18 B. K. Sakhale, A.S. Nandane A.R. Tapre and R.C. Ranveer, “ STUDIES ON DEHYDRATION OF CUR
19 https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/52017
20 Asiru W.B., Raji A.O., Igbeka J.C., Elemo G.N., “Mathematical Modelling of Thin Layer Dried Cashew
21 Victoria O. E. Akpambang, “ Proximate composition of some tropical fish species”, Pelagia Research
22 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackcurrant#:~:text=Raw%20blackcurrants%20are%2082%25%20water
23 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
24 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
25 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
26 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
27 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
28 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
29 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
30 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
31 Hosain Darvishi , Abbas Rezaie Asl , Ali Asghari , Mohsen Azadbakht , Gholamhassan Najafi , Jalal K
32 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022148/#:~:text=Effect%20on%20convective%20dryi
33 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022148/#:~:text=Effect%20on%20convective%20dryi
34 Eric Danso-Boateng , “ Effect of drying methods on nutrient quality of Basil (Ocimum viride) leaves cu
35 KYPHUONG LUONG, FLORENCE V. DUNKEL, KERIBA COULIBALY, AND NANCY E. BECKAGE, “
36 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
37 https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-content-d_131.html
38 P. Fano Castro, M. T. Cruz y Victoria, I. Anaya Sosa, M. Vizcarra Mendoza, T. Santiago Pineda , “ Bi
39 Rufus J. Theophilus ,Markus Miller , Wilna H. Oldewage-Theron and John Dawson , “ The Winning W

3. Fan / Blower Calculations
1. Mass flow rate in Kg/s
Mass flow rate = 23.875020
2. Volumetric flow rate
Volumetric flow rate = 18.719633
31.804858
Electronics
No. of fan required having volumetric flow rate of 41 CFM
No. of fans required = 1
Current = 0.139
Power consumed by the fan in 1 hour = 1.66 Watts
power consumed fan = 1.66
Cosidering additional system losses total power consumed = Power × Hours
Total power consumed in a day= 15.936
Nichrome Wire
Current= 2.5
Power required= 30
Total Power Required= 31.66
Battery Specification
Total Current to be supplied = 2.639

4. Total A current is required per hour with a fan and a nichrome wire as heater element
Total Capacity of battery = 21.112
Total Capacity of battery is estimated to be 21.112 Ah or 21122 mAh
Sizing of PV module
A solar panal of specification 50 watt and 12 volt can be used.
Insulation
Quantity of heat lost per unit area = (T1-T2)K1/X1
= (T2-T3)K2/X2
= (T3-T4)K3/X3
=U(T1-T4)
K1 and K3 = Heat transfer coefficient for mild steel
K2 = Heat transfer coefficient for wool fiber
X1, X2 and X3 = the respective thickness of mild steel and wool fiber
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient
T1 = Temperature of internal part of cabinet
T4 = Temperature of external part of cabinet
X1 = X3 = 1.5 mm
X2 = 50mm

5. Mp= Initial mass(5 Kg)
Mf= Final moisture content
(% wet basis) ie. After drying
Amount of moisture removed(Mw)
7 4.569892
3 4.123711
23 4.090909
10 4.555556
10 3.833333
4 3.958333
10 1.166667
7 4.354839
4 4.322917
15 2.411765
3 3.762887
26 4.256757
11 2.191011
12 2.727273
8 4.347826
10 4.055556
20 3.375000
8 4.184783
10 3.944444
3 0.360825
15 3.000000
20 3.875000
5 0.368421
14 4.127907
15 4.235294
19 4.506173
16 4.226190
12 1.193182
19 3.827160
30 4.642857
10 3.555556
3 4.484536
16 4.880952
19 4.444444
11 3.258427
12 4.204545
22 4.102564
9 4.285714
4 4.635417
12.179487 3.652529
oisture content in Percentage

6. Drying behaviour and change in colour and textural properties of mushroom during drying”, International journal of food eng
EB, “4213 UTILIZATION OF SOME ADDITIVE TO PRODUCE MANGO POWDER”, Journal of Advances in Food Science
Ahmad Tabatabaeefar, “Mathematical Modeling of Moisture Content of Apple Slices (Var. Golab) During Drying”, Pakistan
brium moisture content of bell pepper”, International Journal of Food Properties Volume 3, 2000 ISSN: 1094-2912 Pages 45
pa, Sirichai Thepaa, Veerapol Monyakulb, “ Experimental Research of Drying Red Chili by Two Methods: Solar Drying and L
ngrat Sakulwilaingam, “ Moisture Content and Physical Properties of Instant Mashed Potato”, International Conference on N
are, “ IMPACT OF VARIOUS DRYING TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE OIL ABSORPTION IN BLACK GRAM PAPAD”, Interna
“ Studies on nutritional composition of coriander leaves by using sun and cabinet drying methods”, International Journal of C
lm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits Journal of Food Engineering 79 (2007) 724–730 Journal of food engineering
ng and rehydration characteristics of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits”, Journal of Food Engineering 79 ,724–730 (20
mond Raj and Khilendra Sonboier, “ Studies on some Drying Characteristics of Amla”, International Journal of Current Micro
ALYSIS OF CONVECTIONAL DRYING PROCESS OF PEACH”, Technical Sciences 16(4), 333–343(2013)
tenbender, “ Measuring Coffee Bean Moisture Content”, Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering and Tro
es da Costa,Eric Keven Silva,Viviane Machado Azevedo,Maria Irene Yoshida,Soraia Vilela Borges, “ Physical and Therma
Md Salleh, Ida Idalyu Muhamad, “ Effect of Drying Parameters on Moisture Content and Papain Enzyrne Activity of Dried Pa
a, “ Study on Drying and quality characteristics of tray and microwave Dried Guava Slices “, International Journal of Scientifi
ndra Pratap Singh, “Drying characteristics of dried banana chips (Musaparadisiaca L.) under different types of dryers and pr
Ranveer, “ STUDIES ON DEHYDRATION OF CURRY LEAVES”, Article · January 2007
thematical Modelling of Thin Layer Dried Cashew Kernels”, Official Journal of Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Techo
of some tropical fish species”, Pelagia Research Library Der Chemica Sinica, 6(4): 125-129 (2015)
aw%20blackcurrants%20are%2082%25%20water,0.4%25%20fat%20(table).
d_131.html
d_131.html
d_131.html
d_131.html
d_131.html
d_131.html
d_131.html
d_131.html
ohsen Azadbakht , Gholamhassan Najafi , Jalal Khodaei , “ Study of the drying kinetics of pepper”, Journal of the Saudi So
148/#:~:text=Effect%20on%20convective%20drying%20behavior,could%20be%20evident%20from%20Fig.
148/#:~:text=Effect%20on%20convective%20drying%20behavior,could%20be%20evident%20from%20Fig.
nutrient quality of Basil (Ocimum viride) leaves cultivated in Ghana”, International Food Research Journal 20(4): 1569-1573
RIBA COULIBALY, AND NANCY E. BECKAGE, “Potential Use of Neem Leaf Slurry as a Sustainable Dry Season Managem
d_131.html
d_131.html
a, M. Vizcarra Mendoza, T. Santiago Pineda , “ Biochemical Quality Assessment of Dehydrated Carrots ”, International Jou
wage-Theron and John Dawson , “ The Winning Weaning Food (WWF): The Development of a Complementary Food for Fo

7. Kg/hr
m^3/hr
CFM
Amp
Power = Current × Voltage
W
sumed = Power × Hours
Whr
Amp
Watts
Watts
Amp

8. a nichrome wire as heater element
Amp-Hr
Ah or 21122 mAh
46 W / moC
0.04 W / moC
eel and wool fiber
60 oC
30 oC
1.5 mm
50 mm

9. Mp= Initial mass(7.5 Kg) 5
Amount of moisture removed(Mw)
7.5
6.854839 3.89
6.185567 3.74
6.136364 3.64
6.833333 3.81
5.750000 3.25
5.937500 2257 3.43
1.750000 6.82
6.532258 4.02
6.484375 3.95
3.617647 0.84
5.644330 30 3.6
6.385135 3.77
3.286517 1.41
4.090909 16 2.53
6.521739 3.43
6.083333 3.60
5.062500 3.35
6.277174 1.005 3.65
5.916667 3.60
0.541237 3.82
4.500000 1.2754 3.68
5.812500 1.76
0.552632 2.20
6.191860 3.83
6.352941 3.77
6.759259 3.98
6.339286 3.73
1.789773 1.69
5.740741 3.52
6.964286 3.98
5.333333 3.42
6.726804 3.85
7.321429 3.34
6.666667 3.56
4.887640 3.34
6.306818 3.43
6.153846 3.87
6.428571 3.92
6.953125 4.02
5.478793
Specific heat capacity of air in
KJ/KgK
Lv= Latent heat of
vapourization of water at s.t.p
2257KJ/kg
= Change in temperature of
the drying chamber
Quantity of heat requi
moisture (Ea) in KJ
Ct = Specific
heat capacity
of product ( KJ
/ KgK)
Time For drying Td
Density of air at 60C

10. hroom during drying”, International journal of food engineering, vol. 8, , pp. 1-11.( 2012)
GO POWDER”, Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology vol. 3(3): 156-167, (2016)
of Apple Slices (Var. Golab) During Drying”, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8: 804-809.(2009)
Properties Volume 3, 2000 ISSN: 1094-2912 Pages 459-464.(2000)
f Drying Red Chili by Two Methods: Solar Drying and Low - Temperature System Drying”, 2017 International Conference on
nstant Mashed Potato”, International Conference on Nutrition and Food Sciences IPCBEE vol. 39 (2012)
OIL ABSORPTION IN BLACK GRAM PAPAD”, International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 5, No 3,
and cabinet drying methods”, International Journal of Chemical Studies; 5(6): 12-14 (2017)
7) 724–730 Journal of food engineering
.) fruits”, Journal of Food Engineering 79 ,724–730 (2007)
eristics of Amla”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 02
chnical Sciences 16(4), 333–343(2013)
s of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering and Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences (2018)
Yoshida,Soraia Vilela Borges, “ Physical and Thermal Properties of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) Essential Oil Micropart
sture Content and Papain Enzyrne Activity of Dried Papaya”, bioprocess engineering department faculty of chemical engine
Dried Guava Slices “, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 10, (2016)
aparadisiaca L.) under different types of dryers and pre-treatments”, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; 5(6):
cle · January 2007
ournal of Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Techonology Vol. 31 No. 2, pages 106 – 112 (2013)
a Sinica, 6(4): 125-129 (2015)
the drying kinetics of pepper”, Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 13, 130–138 (2014)
uld%20be%20evident%20from%20Fig.
uld%20be%20evident%20from%20Fig.
nternational Food Research Journal 20(4): 1569-1573 (2013)
em Leaf Slurry as a Sustainable Dry Season Management Strategy to Control the Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae (Dipt
Assessment of Dehydrated Carrots ”, International Journal of Food Properties, 11:1, 13-23 (2008)
F): The Development of a Complementary Food for Food Insecure Infants and Young Children in Malawi”, Nutrients , 11, 22

11. Total Energy Required (E)
Enthalpy of dry air at 60 C = 60.394 KJ/kg dry air
Enthalpy of dry air at 30 C = 30.184 KJ/kg dry air
E = 0.200351 KJ/s
Total energy required is 0.385346188 KJ/s or 1387.2462768 KJ/hr
Dimensions: - 14 x 2.7 x 14 cm 50W 12V PV module 230V to 12V DC adaptor
Voltage: - 12 Volts​
Wattage: - 1.66 Watts​ Fan speed: 1700 RPM​ Airflow: 72.8 CFM/123.76 m³/h​ Noise Level: 0.3 Sone

12. Nichrome wire as heater element Battery
Battery
Capacity = 20000mAh
Voltage output=12V

13. Power P in KJ/hr
681.109
616.764
611.199
678.337
571.208
590.529
228.510
651.992
646.833
348.085
564.552
635.813
322.288
408.435
645.471
605.837
507.492
624.535
590.163
86.674
457.729
563.117
72.595
618.199
632.785
672.965
631.126
184.157
572.869
692.246
533.618
668.694
719.832
660.319
490.954
625.260
614.999
641.304
691.571
MAX = 11,517.3 719.832
Quantity of heat required to remove the
moisture (Ea) in KJ (5 kg)
10,897.7
9,868.2
9,779.2
5,569.4
9,032.8
10,173.0
5,156.6
10,853.4
9,139.3
9,448.5
3,656.2
10,431.9
10,349.3
7,855.3
10,004.2
9,840.0
9,165.9
11,075.9
8,537.9
10,699.1
11,517.3
10,124.6
10,767.4
10,098.0
2,946.5
10,565.1
9,442.6
11,065.1
8,763.1
10,260.9
1,386.8
7,323.7
9,009.9
1,161.5
6,535.0
10,327.5
9,693.4
8,119.9
9,992.6
9,891.2
0.0
2,000.0
4,000.0
6,000.0
8,000.0
10,000.0
12,000.0
14,000.0

14. 719.832
22.49474516
ational Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies 2017 AEDCEE, Energy Proce
hnology, Vol. 5, No 3,, 1630 – 1637 (2016)
6 Volume 7 Number 02 (2018)
Essential Oil Microparticles”, Journal of Food Process EngineeringVolume 38, Issue 1 p. 1-10 ( 2014)
ulty of chemical engineering and natural resources .
Phytochemistry; 5(6): 384-390 (2016)
opheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in West African Villages”, J. Med. Entomol. 49(6): 1361Ð1369 (2012)
awi”, Nutrients , 11, 2292 (2019)

15. 98/5
2462768 KJ/hr
to 12V DC adaptor 6 Amp Solar Charge Controller​ 98% efficiency
​Max. supported panel power (Wp):125 ​ Charging Current: 6 Amp
Battery Voltage: 12V. ​ Product Dimensions: 138x57x129 (mm)

16. Sr no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

17. Quantity of heat required to remove the

18. g Economies 2017 AEDCEE, Energy Procedia 138 ,512–517(2017)
sue 1 p. 1-10 ( 2014)
. 49(6): 1361Ð1369 (2012)

19. % efficiency
125 ​ Charging Current: 6 Amp
mensions: 138x57x129 (mm)

20. Component Material Used Quantity Unit price
Collector Aluminium 11 700
Drying cabinet Aluminium
Glass 30/Sq ft
Tray Aluminium net 7 32/Sq ft
Black Paint 1 275
Steel Rods 4 513
Electric Fan 1 200
PV module 1 1800
Battery 1 2999
ADC adapter 1 240
Nichrome wire Nichrome 1 80
Solar charge controller 1 600
Total :

21. Energy Required
of heat required to remove the moisture (Ea) in KJ (5 kg)

24. Amount Material Used Unit price Quantity Amount
7700 Copper 3,150 11 34650
Copper 3,150
1170
809 Copper 2600 7 18200
275
2052
200
1800
2999
240
80
600
17925

25. 0.000
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
600.000
700.000
800.000

28. https://www.amazon.in/Invento-Aluminium-Alloy-Sheet-300x300x2mm/dp/B074FX4M4X/ref=sr_1_2?adgrpid=58762418
https://www.amazon.in/Generic-99-99-Cop
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/4mm-plain-glass-21835845755.html
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/aluminium-net-13663530562.html https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/co
https://www.amazon.in/Nippon-Paint-Pylac-Spray-RS-Matt/dp/B01GKBXUH2
https://robokits.co.in/mechanical-parts/cnc-router-xyz-axis-part/astro-chrome-plated-steel-rods/astro-super-smooth-har
https://robu.in/product/sunon-8025-12vdc-cooling-fan/?gclid=CjwKCAjw-ZCKBhBkEiwAM4qfF7XN2LlsnrfScfbkcwtJiEk9b1
https://www.amazon.in/dp/B096XNCG7Q/ref=cm_sw_r_apan_glt_fabc_BSV8ZHGS2SM92TNDFC99?_encoding=UTF8&ps
https://www.amazon.in/ZunSolar-20Ah-Power-Solar-Battery/dp/B08F3PMKTD
https://www.amazon.in/TAAPSEE-Adapter-AC100-240V-Transformers-Switching/dp/B08L55SFM1/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&
https://www.amazon.in/Nichrome-Wire-Heating-elements-SWG/dp/B0748L4K4X
https://www.techtonics.in/30a-intelligent-lcd-solar-charge-controller?cmp_id=12341965887&adg_id=119063791898&kw

29. Power Required
Power in KJ/hr

32. ww.amazon.in/Generic-99-99-Copper-Metal-Using/dp/B01N7HRRQS/ref=asc_df_B01N7HRRQS/?tag=googleshopdes-21&linkCode=df0
ww.indiamart.com/proddetail/copper-wire-mesh-12407732273.html (Copper net link)
eel-rods/astro-super-smooth-hard-chrome-plated-8mm-diameter-carbon-steel-rod-1000mm-long?gclid=CjwKCAjw49qKBhAoEiwAHQ
M4qfF7XN2LlsnrfScfbkcwtJiEk9b11byHTxRT7rgeRB1RuIMbeDcrRnDhoCTFgQAvD_BwE
92TNDFC99?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1
L55SFM1/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=12+volt+adapter&qid=1635723793&sprefix=12+volt+adap%2Caps%2C210&sr=8-3
5887&adg_id=119063791898&kwd=&device=c&gclid=CjwKCAjw49qKBhAoEiwAHQVTox2ruZGNOsLyMqNtQpqt-YkadkOKclQjIBY_apeB

36. =googleshopdes-21&linkCode=df0&hvadid=397080186944&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=15828098417659656851&hvpone=&hvptwo
clid=CjwKCAjw49qKBhAoEiwAHQVTo-MnjF8flmbQnTe8BFIss45-6fXjHA8PiLDEAZf42TWVZ-jjOcBRhhoC6XIQAvD_BwE
p%2Caps%2C210&sr=8-3
MqNtQpqt-YkadkOKclQjIBY_apeBEvyBaWj_YUWymRoC7vUQAvD_BwE

40. 17659656851&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=1007786&hvtargid=pla-923831689811&psc=
C6XIQAvD_BwE

44. vtargid=pla-923831689811&psc=1&ext_vrnc=hi