Because corn is a warm season crop, early planting typically puts stress on the corn seedlings. Soil temperatures at planting (at or above 50°F) are key for stand establishment.
The document provides tips for planting a fall garden, beginning with preparing the soil by adding 4-6 inches of organic material per year. It recommends starting with high-quality seeds and reading the package for planting depth, germination temperature, and timing. The author advises visualizing the harvest by considering plant size, spacing, quantity to plant, and planting method. Factors like frost hardiness, protection, watering, and mulching are also addressed. The overall message is that with the right preparation, a productive fall garden is possible even in challenging northern Nevada.
Extending the Vegetable Growing Season in Wyoming, Gardening Guide for Wyoming ~ University of Wyoming
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Pecan and black walnut are two nut tree species well-suited for agroforestry practices in Missouri. The document provides instructions for propagating these trees through seed stratification, grafting superior cultivars onto rootstock trees, and growing trees in nurseries or containers. It describes how to collect scionwood, prepare the stock by making three vertical cuts through the bark, and attaching the scion using the three-flap graft technique to ensure it grows permanently. With careful attention to propagation methods, landowners can establish high-quality nut orchards and diversify their farm income through agroforestry.
This document summarizes the principles of biointensive gardening, which focuses on growing food with minimal resources through techniques like double digging, close plant spacing, and companion planting. It outlines the 9 main principles, which include deep soil preparation, high quality seeds, close plant spacing, watering, growing carbon crops, compost, crop rotation, companion planting, and a whole system approach. Details are provided on how to double dig beds, add compost and fertilizer, plant seeds and seedlings closely, grow carbon crops for composting, and ensure all principles are used together for success.
Starting Seeds Indoors by Chris Turse Rooting Dcguest0a6757d
The document provides instructions for starting seeds indoors, including selecting seeds, germinating seeds, planting media, containers, watering, lighting, temperature requirements, transplanting seedlings, and hardening off seedlings before planting outside. It discusses optimal growing conditions and materials needed at each stage of germination and seedling growth.
Starting Plants Early Outdoors - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides several methods for starting plants early outdoors, including using peat pots, seed flats, cold frames, hot beds, mulches, and protective structures like inner tubes and plastic jugs. It emphasizes the importance of gradually exposing young plants to the outdoors and using techniques like shading, watering, and mulches to harden plants off. Various materials for protecting seedlings from cold and wind are described, such as cold frames, hot beds, hot caps, walls of water, and black plastic mulch.
Growing Everbearing Strawberries as Annuals in Alaska; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 - Tanana District Master Gardeners, University of Alaska, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
This document provides an introduction to vegetable gardening. It discusses selecting vegetables and herbs to plant, buying seeds or transplants, and planting schedules. Specific vegetables like tomatoes, potatoes, beans, and carrots are described. Tips are provided on soil preparation, planting, maintenance, and common problems. The goal is to help gardeners successfully grow their own vegetables.
The document provides tips for planting a fall garden, beginning with preparing the soil by adding 4-6 inches of organic material per year. It recommends starting with high-quality seeds and reading the package for planting depth, germination temperature, and timing. The author advises visualizing the harvest by considering plant size, spacing, quantity to plant, and planting method. Factors like frost hardiness, protection, watering, and mulching are also addressed. The overall message is that with the right preparation, a productive fall garden is possible even in challenging northern Nevada.
Extending the Vegetable Growing Season in Wyoming, Gardening Guide for Wyoming ~ University of Wyoming
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Pecan and black walnut are two nut tree species well-suited for agroforestry practices in Missouri. The document provides instructions for propagating these trees through seed stratification, grafting superior cultivars onto rootstock trees, and growing trees in nurseries or containers. It describes how to collect scionwood, prepare the stock by making three vertical cuts through the bark, and attaching the scion using the three-flap graft technique to ensure it grows permanently. With careful attention to propagation methods, landowners can establish high-quality nut orchards and diversify their farm income through agroforestry.
This document summarizes the principles of biointensive gardening, which focuses on growing food with minimal resources through techniques like double digging, close plant spacing, and companion planting. It outlines the 9 main principles, which include deep soil preparation, high quality seeds, close plant spacing, watering, growing carbon crops, compost, crop rotation, companion planting, and a whole system approach. Details are provided on how to double dig beds, add compost and fertilizer, plant seeds and seedlings closely, grow carbon crops for composting, and ensure all principles are used together for success.
Starting Seeds Indoors by Chris Turse Rooting Dcguest0a6757d
The document provides instructions for starting seeds indoors, including selecting seeds, germinating seeds, planting media, containers, watering, lighting, temperature requirements, transplanting seedlings, and hardening off seedlings before planting outside. It discusses optimal growing conditions and materials needed at each stage of germination and seedling growth.
Starting Plants Early Outdoors - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides several methods for starting plants early outdoors, including using peat pots, seed flats, cold frames, hot beds, mulches, and protective structures like inner tubes and plastic jugs. It emphasizes the importance of gradually exposing young plants to the outdoors and using techniques like shading, watering, and mulches to harden plants off. Various materials for protecting seedlings from cold and wind are described, such as cold frames, hot beds, hot caps, walls of water, and black plastic mulch.
Growing Everbearing Strawberries as Annuals in Alaska; Gardening Guidebook for Fairbanks, Alaska www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 - Tanana District Master Gardeners, University of Alaska, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
This document provides an introduction to vegetable gardening. It discusses selecting vegetables and herbs to plant, buying seeds or transplants, and planting schedules. Specific vegetables like tomatoes, potatoes, beans, and carrots are described. Tips are provided on soil preparation, planting, maintenance, and common problems. The goal is to help gardeners successfully grow their own vegetables.
Integrated, Organic High Tunnel Bramble and Vegetable Productioncegundacker
This document provides an overview of integrated organic bramble and vegetable production in high tunnels. It discusses Scenic Valley Farms' experience constructing and managing various high tunnel designs for growing blackberries, tomatoes, peppers and other crops. Details are given on soil preparation, irrigation, trellising, production yields, season extension, economics, and opportunities for intercropping and renewable energy integration. The goal is to demonstrate a sustainable model for local food production and clean energy generation.
Scheduling Vegetable Plantings for Continuous HarvestElisaMendelsohn
This document provides guidance on planning vegetable plantings to ensure continuous harvest throughout the growing season. It discusses considering planting dates based on average frost dates, plant maturity times, and weather conditions. Soil temperature ranges that support germination of different vegetable crops are also presented. Growers are encouraged to use their records and consult with other local farmers to develop a personalized succession planting plan tailored to their location.
ND & Northern MN Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
The document discusses corn drydown and harvest timing. It notes that corn planted in mid-late May or early June in the region will likely reach maturity later than usual. It also discusses factors that influence drydown rate like temperature, wind, and hybrid. The ideal harvest moisture is 22-25% but waiting until 18% risks losses from weather, stalk lodging and ear drop. Artificial drying costs vary depending on fuel prices but may increase profitability when losses are anticipated.
Western MN and eastern SD Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
The corn crop is developing well with most fields reaching the VT (tassel) stage by August 1, which should allow crops to reach maturity before fall frosts. Growers who applied side-dress nitrogen prior to canopy closure are expected to see rewards from the recent rainfall. Corn rootworm and soybean aphid scouting should continue. Mark DeGroot has joined the DuPont Pioneer sales team as the new Account Manager for the territory covering Eastern South Dakota and Western Minnesota. Additional agronomy support will be provided by Field Agronomists Curt Hoffbeck and Larry Osborne to better serve growers in the region.
Plant a Row for the Hungry - Kennett Square, PennsylvaniaFarica954z
This document provides tips for planning a successful vegetable garden, including site selection, soil preparation, choosing plants, and planting schedules. It recommends testing soil every 3-4 years and incorporating compost to improve soil quality. A variety of vegetables should be selected and planted in succession for a continuous harvest. Cool season vegetables like carrots and lettuce are planted in early spring, while warm season crops like tomatoes and peppers go in after the last frost. The document encourages donating extra produce to local food banks.
This document provides information on extending the growing season in Northern Rhode Island. It discusses growing season, hardiness zones, climate, and microclimates. Various techniques are presented for growing crops into late fall and winter through succession planting, selecting hardy varieties, and creating protected microclimates using methods like raised beds, mulching, row covers, high tunnels, and greenhouses. Planning, record keeping, and trial and error are emphasized to successfully grow food year-round.
Lessons in School Gardening for Central States Region - Part 2xx5v1
This document provides lessons for teaching gardening to students in the Central States region. It includes 12 lessons covering various vegetable crops commonly grown in gardens, including parsnips, turnips, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, beans, sweet corn, cucumbers, melons, and peppers. Each lesson provides information on soil, climate, planting, cultivation, and varieties for the crop. The document aims to equip teachers and supervisors with the knowledge to teach gardening during 15-minute periods and integrate it into subjects like nature study, science, and agriculture.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. It discusses using the Chandler variety of strawberry planted in September in high tunnels, and managing irrigation, fertilization, spacing, and row covers. The high tunnels allow for significantly earlier and higher strawberry yields compared to open field production in Missouri, with the first harvests in early April. Proper establishment and care of the plants in the fall is important for maximizing branch crowns and subsequent fruit production the following spring.
The document provides information on key elements of nursery management, including planning the nursery, crop development, and propagation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site and layout for the nursery. The three phases of crop development - establishment, rapid growth, and hardening - are outlined. Different structures used for plant propagation, like greenhouses and shade houses, are described. The importance of planning crops and developing propagation protocols is emphasized. Hardening plants before field planting to prepare them for stress is also highlighted.
Farmers in Ethiopia participated in a study using a Participatory Variety Selection (PVS) approach to identify the traits that determine their acceptance of potato varieties. Through evaluating varieties in different growing stages, farmers identified both positive and negative traits of 12 local and 3 improved varieties. Key traits included drought tolerance, late blight resistance, long shelf life, suitability for sequential harvesting and cooking. The PVS approach revealed locally adapted traits not emphasized in the national breeding program and differences in important traits between locations and seasons. It provided insights into better understanding farmers' variety selection criteria.
Pioneer Agronomy Sciences recommends planting corn at a depth of 1.5 to 2 inches for optimal emergence and root development. Studies showed corn planted at 3/4 inches took longer to emerge than corn planted at 2 inches, even in soils prone to crusting. Soil temperature was similar at 3/4 and 2 inch depths early in the season, so warmer soil wasn't responsible for the faster emergence of deeper planted corn. Establishing the nodal root system below the soil line through proper planting depth reduces risks and improves the corn plant's ability to withstand stress.
I shared this presentation with my Soil Fertility class last week (last week of August 2011). It is an updated version of earlier presentations that I have shared on roots.
Thermal diffusivity describes how quickly heat diffuses through a material. It is calculated as the thermal conductivity divided by the density and specific heat. Fick's laws of diffusion quantitatively describe steady-state and non-steady-state diffusion. For a heat pulse experiment passing through a brass tube, the temperature was measured at two points over time. Fourier analysis was used to determine the amplitude and phase of the temperature waves. The ratio of amplitudes and difference in phases was used to calculate the thermal diffusivity, found to be 0.231 cm^2/s, close to the actual value for brass of 0.3 cm^2/s.
We have made an experimental set-up to measure thermal conductivity of oil. Experimental setup is designed in such a way that the accuracy it obtain is kept at the same level, while the cost of the experimentation is reduced to 1/10th of other equivalent model available in market. Modifications done are in positioning of the thermocouple, mass flow rate of the water through the water jacket and its arrangement, the design and placement of heater, the positioning oil pocket for oil, use of less costly and widely available material, etc.
Soil temperature, not air temperature, triggers plant germination and should guide vegetable planting schedules. A metal probe thermometer should be used to take soil temperature readings 2 inches deep for cool season crops and 4 inches deep for warm season crops. Soil temperature varies by location and other factors like sunlight, texture, moisture, and elevation. Safe planting temperatures are 40-45 degrees Fahrenheit for cool season crops and 50-55 degrees Fahrenheit for warm season crops, accounting for the risk of frost after germination.
The document describes an experiment to measure and compare soil temperatures inside and outside a forest. Soil temperature was measured at 6 sites 30 meters inside the forest and 6 sites 30 meters outside. The average temperature was found to be higher outside the forest (115 degrees Celsius) than inside (96 degrees Celsius). This difference is likely due to factors like increased solar radiation, tillage of soil, and microbial activity outside the forest.
This document discusses the impact of carbon sequestration on soil and crop productivity. It provides background on global carbon emissions and pools. Soil acts as both a source and sink of atmospheric carbon through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. Improving soil organic carbon through practices like conservation tillage, cover crops, nutrient management, and agroforestry can increase crop yields by improving soil quality properties. Maintaining or increasing soil organic carbon levels through appropriate land management practices helps mitigate climate change while enhancing soil health and agricultural productivity.
The document discusses Earth Air Tunnels (EAT), a passive cooling system that uses the constant underground temperature to cool buildings. EAT works by pumping air through underground pipes/tunnels 4 meters deep, where the temperature remains stable year-round. Key factors that affect EAT performance include pipe design parameters, soil properties, air velocity, and system operation as open or closed loop. EAT provides both cooling and heating, is low cost to operate, and can be used for various building types from homes to hospitals. However, EAT requires significant space and has a high initial installation cost.
Season Extension for Gardening; Gardening Guidebook for Chatham County, North Carolina ~ Central Carolina Community College ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Growing out of season vegetable crops, in hot weather and cold weather. Growing vegetables to store for out-of-season use. Techniques to success in all seasons: germinating seeds, growing plants, protecting crops from hot weather, pests, cold weather. Choosing suitable crops that will work for your farm or garden.
Seed is the most important asset in the agriculture. seeds have to be stored for the next season. so it is important to study the seed storage physiology and gnetics
Integrated, Organic High Tunnel Bramble and Vegetable Productioncegundacker
This document provides an overview of integrated organic bramble and vegetable production in high tunnels. It discusses Scenic Valley Farms' experience constructing and managing various high tunnel designs for growing blackberries, tomatoes, peppers and other crops. Details are given on soil preparation, irrigation, trellising, production yields, season extension, economics, and opportunities for intercropping and renewable energy integration. The goal is to demonstrate a sustainable model for local food production and clean energy generation.
Scheduling Vegetable Plantings for Continuous HarvestElisaMendelsohn
This document provides guidance on planning vegetable plantings to ensure continuous harvest throughout the growing season. It discusses considering planting dates based on average frost dates, plant maturity times, and weather conditions. Soil temperature ranges that support germination of different vegetable crops are also presented. Growers are encouraged to use their records and consult with other local farmers to develop a personalized succession planting plan tailored to their location.
ND & Northern MN Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
The document discusses corn drydown and harvest timing. It notes that corn planted in mid-late May or early June in the region will likely reach maturity later than usual. It also discusses factors that influence drydown rate like temperature, wind, and hybrid. The ideal harvest moisture is 22-25% but waiting until 18% risks losses from weather, stalk lodging and ear drop. Artificial drying costs vary depending on fuel prices but may increase profitability when losses are anticipated.
Western MN and eastern SD Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
The corn crop is developing well with most fields reaching the VT (tassel) stage by August 1, which should allow crops to reach maturity before fall frosts. Growers who applied side-dress nitrogen prior to canopy closure are expected to see rewards from the recent rainfall. Corn rootworm and soybean aphid scouting should continue. Mark DeGroot has joined the DuPont Pioneer sales team as the new Account Manager for the territory covering Eastern South Dakota and Western Minnesota. Additional agronomy support will be provided by Field Agronomists Curt Hoffbeck and Larry Osborne to better serve growers in the region.
Plant a Row for the Hungry - Kennett Square, PennsylvaniaFarica954z
This document provides tips for planning a successful vegetable garden, including site selection, soil preparation, choosing plants, and planting schedules. It recommends testing soil every 3-4 years and incorporating compost to improve soil quality. A variety of vegetables should be selected and planted in succession for a continuous harvest. Cool season vegetables like carrots and lettuce are planted in early spring, while warm season crops like tomatoes and peppers go in after the last frost. The document encourages donating extra produce to local food banks.
This document provides information on extending the growing season in Northern Rhode Island. It discusses growing season, hardiness zones, climate, and microclimates. Various techniques are presented for growing crops into late fall and winter through succession planting, selecting hardy varieties, and creating protected microclimates using methods like raised beds, mulching, row covers, high tunnels, and greenhouses. Planning, record keeping, and trial and error are emphasized to successfully grow food year-round.
Lessons in School Gardening for Central States Region - Part 2xx5v1
This document provides lessons for teaching gardening to students in the Central States region. It includes 12 lessons covering various vegetable crops commonly grown in gardens, including parsnips, turnips, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, beans, sweet corn, cucumbers, melons, and peppers. Each lesson provides information on soil, climate, planting, cultivation, and varieties for the crop. The document aims to equip teachers and supervisors with the knowledge to teach gardening during 15-minute periods and integrate it into subjects like nature study, science, and agriculture.
This document summarizes research on growing strawberries in high tunnels in Missouri. It discusses using the Chandler variety of strawberry planted in September in high tunnels, and managing irrigation, fertilization, spacing, and row covers. The high tunnels allow for significantly earlier and higher strawberry yields compared to open field production in Missouri, with the first harvests in early April. Proper establishment and care of the plants in the fall is important for maximizing branch crowns and subsequent fruit production the following spring.
The document provides information on key elements of nursery management, including planning the nursery, crop development, and propagation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site and layout for the nursery. The three phases of crop development - establishment, rapid growth, and hardening - are outlined. Different structures used for plant propagation, like greenhouses and shade houses, are described. The importance of planning crops and developing propagation protocols is emphasized. Hardening plants before field planting to prepare them for stress is also highlighted.
Farmers in Ethiopia participated in a study using a Participatory Variety Selection (PVS) approach to identify the traits that determine their acceptance of potato varieties. Through evaluating varieties in different growing stages, farmers identified both positive and negative traits of 12 local and 3 improved varieties. Key traits included drought tolerance, late blight resistance, long shelf life, suitability for sequential harvesting and cooking. The PVS approach revealed locally adapted traits not emphasized in the national breeding program and differences in important traits between locations and seasons. It provided insights into better understanding farmers' variety selection criteria.
Pioneer Agronomy Sciences recommends planting corn at a depth of 1.5 to 2 inches for optimal emergence and root development. Studies showed corn planted at 3/4 inches took longer to emerge than corn planted at 2 inches, even in soils prone to crusting. Soil temperature was similar at 3/4 and 2 inch depths early in the season, so warmer soil wasn't responsible for the faster emergence of deeper planted corn. Establishing the nodal root system below the soil line through proper planting depth reduces risks and improves the corn plant's ability to withstand stress.
I shared this presentation with my Soil Fertility class last week (last week of August 2011). It is an updated version of earlier presentations that I have shared on roots.
Thermal diffusivity describes how quickly heat diffuses through a material. It is calculated as the thermal conductivity divided by the density and specific heat. Fick's laws of diffusion quantitatively describe steady-state and non-steady-state diffusion. For a heat pulse experiment passing through a brass tube, the temperature was measured at two points over time. Fourier analysis was used to determine the amplitude and phase of the temperature waves. The ratio of amplitudes and difference in phases was used to calculate the thermal diffusivity, found to be 0.231 cm^2/s, close to the actual value for brass of 0.3 cm^2/s.
We have made an experimental set-up to measure thermal conductivity of oil. Experimental setup is designed in such a way that the accuracy it obtain is kept at the same level, while the cost of the experimentation is reduced to 1/10th of other equivalent model available in market. Modifications done are in positioning of the thermocouple, mass flow rate of the water through the water jacket and its arrangement, the design and placement of heater, the positioning oil pocket for oil, use of less costly and widely available material, etc.
Soil temperature, not air temperature, triggers plant germination and should guide vegetable planting schedules. A metal probe thermometer should be used to take soil temperature readings 2 inches deep for cool season crops and 4 inches deep for warm season crops. Soil temperature varies by location and other factors like sunlight, texture, moisture, and elevation. Safe planting temperatures are 40-45 degrees Fahrenheit for cool season crops and 50-55 degrees Fahrenheit for warm season crops, accounting for the risk of frost after germination.
The document describes an experiment to measure and compare soil temperatures inside and outside a forest. Soil temperature was measured at 6 sites 30 meters inside the forest and 6 sites 30 meters outside. The average temperature was found to be higher outside the forest (115 degrees Celsius) than inside (96 degrees Celsius). This difference is likely due to factors like increased solar radiation, tillage of soil, and microbial activity outside the forest.
This document discusses the impact of carbon sequestration on soil and crop productivity. It provides background on global carbon emissions and pools. Soil acts as both a source and sink of atmospheric carbon through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. Improving soil organic carbon through practices like conservation tillage, cover crops, nutrient management, and agroforestry can increase crop yields by improving soil quality properties. Maintaining or increasing soil organic carbon levels through appropriate land management practices helps mitigate climate change while enhancing soil health and agricultural productivity.
The document discusses Earth Air Tunnels (EAT), a passive cooling system that uses the constant underground temperature to cool buildings. EAT works by pumping air through underground pipes/tunnels 4 meters deep, where the temperature remains stable year-round. Key factors that affect EAT performance include pipe design parameters, soil properties, air velocity, and system operation as open or closed loop. EAT provides both cooling and heating, is low cost to operate, and can be used for various building types from homes to hospitals. However, EAT requires significant space and has a high initial installation cost.
Season Extension for Gardening; Gardening Guidebook for Chatham County, North Carolina ~ Central Carolina Community College ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Growing out of season vegetable crops, in hot weather and cold weather. Growing vegetables to store for out-of-season use. Techniques to success in all seasons: germinating seeds, growing plants, protecting crops from hot weather, pests, cold weather. Choosing suitable crops that will work for your farm or garden.
Seed is the most important asset in the agriculture. seeds have to be stored for the next season. so it is important to study the seed storage physiology and gnetics
Physiology of flowering in temperate fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
The document discusses the physiology of flowering in temperate fruit crops. It covers several topics:
1. The process of flowering involves three stages - differentiation, development, and opening of flower buds.
2. Flowering is triggered by various environmental and genetic factors like photoperiodism, temperature, hormones. Increased temperatures have inhibited growth and development in temperate fruits.
3. Low temperatures can damage flowers and young fruit through frost. The ovules and styles are more susceptible than pollen. Frost damage depends on developmental stage and temperature.
Temperature has a significant impact on plant growth and development. Both high and low temperatures can cause stress in crops. High temperature stress reduces photosynthesis, plant growth and yield, while also impacting reproductive development and quality. Low temperature stress can cause chilling or freezing injury. Mitigation strategies include adjusting sowing times, irrigation, protective substances, and agronomic practices to help crops avoid or tolerate temperature stress.
Impacts of climate change on chickpea CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTIONBURLAVENKATAKRISHNA
- Chickpea is an important crop that is sensitive to climate change impacts like increased temperatures and drought. Recent studies project negative impacts of climate change on chickpea production.
- As temperatures and drought increase, chickpea yields and quality are expected to decline. New cultivars adapted to heat and drought through breeding will be important for maintaining chickpea production.
- Research in Ethiopia found that under climate change scenarios, yields of two chickpea varieties were projected to decrease in coming decades without improved varieties. Developing new varieties adapted to future conditions is crucial for food security.
This document provides an overview of considerations for starting a produce farm on an acreage. It discusses site analysis, soil testing, plant selection, crop rotation, equipment needs, irrigation, integrated pest management, season extension techniques, and food safety. Key recommendations include choosing a sunny site with good soil drainage, testing the soil pH and amending as needed, selecting crops and varieties suited to the climate, using crop rotation to reduce pests and diseases, and following food safety practices like the Food Safety Modernization Act produce safety rule.
The document discusses various tests used to assess seed viability and vigor, including warm germination tests, tetrazolium tests, growth tests, and stress tests. The warm germination test is the standard test to assess viability by germinating seeds in ideal conditions. Tetrazolium tests use chemicals to determine potential germination. Growth tests measure speed and size of seedling growth. Stress tests like cold tests and accelerated aging expose seeds to stressful conditions to evaluate vigor. Proper testing helps farmers make management decisions about seeding rates and avoiding weeds.
Fall vegetable production 2016 Pam DawlingPam Dawling
This document provides information on suitable crops for fall vegetable production, including warm weather crops that can be harvested in fall, cool weather crops that can be planted and harvested in fall and winter, and overwinter crops for early spring harvest. It discusses scheduling planting times for various crops to extend the harvest season, considering factors like temperature requirements, days to maturity, and frost dates. Cool weather crops recommended for fall include beets, carrots, greens, and root vegetables.
The Principles and Practices of Organic Bean Seed Production in the Pacific N...Seeds
This document provides information on organic bean seed production in the Pacific Northwest. It discusses the basic biology and lifecycle of common beans, as well as requirements for growing bean seed such as climate, soil, fertility, planting, cultivation, flowering and pollination. It also covers isolation requirements, genetic maintenance and improvement, harvesting, and common diseases that affect bean seed crops. The overall goal is to support the ethical development and stewardship of bean seed through organic practices.
Seed germination is the process by which a seed emerges from dormancy to sprout and grow into a seedling. A seed contains an embryo plant and food reserves to fuel initial growth. The germination rate describes the percentage of seeds that will germinate under proper conditions, and is useful for crop planning. Seed germination is influenced by external factors like water, temperature, oxygen, and light as well as internal factors.
Crop production is influenced by many genetic and environmental factors. Only 7% of land has suitable conditions for crop growth without advanced technology. Key factors include temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and atmospheric gases. Temperature affects crop growth through biochemical reactions and influences cardinal temperature points. The right amount of precipitation and solar radiation are essential for photosynthesis and water requirements. Relative humidity and vapor pressure deficit impact evapotranspiration. Understanding these factors is important for optimizing crop yields.
Growing sweet potatoes from start to finish Pam Dawling 2016Pam Dawling
How to grow your own sweet potato slips, plant them, grow healthy crops and harvest good yields. How to select suitable roots for growing next year’s slips. How to cure and store roots for top quality and minimal losses
Fall Gardening Guide for Oklahoma, Gardening Guidebook for Oklahoma ~ Oklahoma State University
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Western MN and eastern SD Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugustDuPont Pioneer
DuPont Pioneer agronomists talk about yield monitor calibrations, corn drydown and harvest timing, and late season soybean diseases in the August issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in western Minnesota and eastern South Dakota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
In this lesson, we will delve into the crucial topic of climate and weather requirements for successful tomato cultivation in Tanzania. Understanding the ideal temperature, humidity, sunlight, and strategies to mitigate climate-related challenges will help you optimize tomato plant growth and maximize yields.
Sequential planting of cool season crops in high tunnels Pam Dawling 2017Pam Dawling
This document provides information on sequentially planting cool season crops in a high tunnel. It discusses 12 planning steps and then focuses on which crops to grow. Several suitable crops from different families like lettuce, spinach, kale and carrots are described. Details are given on how much to plant and harvest over the seasons with month-by-month schedules. The document also discusses packing more crops in through succession planting and intercropping. Record keeping and additional resources are mentioned.
DuPont Pioneer conducted corn population research trials across North America from 2001-2012. The results showed that the optimal seeding rate depends on yield levels, with higher rates needed for higher yields. For typical Midwest yields of 190-220 bushels per acre in 2013, the optimal economic seeding rate was found to be 34,600 seeds per acre. Hybrid improvements have allowed for higher populations over time, with the top yielding hybrids from 2009-2012 performing best at 40,000 plants per acre. Growers can use these results to determine the best seeding rates for their hybrids, locations, and management practices.
The enormous volume of farm-level data growers now handle—from new precision
ag technologies as well as from traditional information sources—can be unwieldy
and disconnected. Effectively using the data requires the ability to compile and
analyze it to make insightful decisions.
Commodity prices are softening, input costs are on the rise and access to land is a
key concern. To stay competitive, growers must closely manage their operations to
get the most out of every resource.
Growers can’t count on the markets or the weather—except to change. Staying in
business over time means effectively managing the risks growers can control
while minimizing the impact of those they can’t.
Improving sustainability is both a business requirement and good business.
Growers must produce more from every acre while efficiently managing inputs
and being good stewards of the environment.
Northeast MN & northern WI Yields from Your Fields-NovDuPont Pioneer
This is a special edition issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter that contains Yields from Your fields plot results for 2013 in northwest Minnesota and northern Wisconsin.Walking Your Fields is a written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and is distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales professionals.
South central MN Yields from Your Fields -Nov13DuPont Pioneer
This is a special edition issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter that contains Yields from Your fields plot results for 2013 in south central Minnesota.
Walking Your Fields is a written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and is distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales professionals.
Southern WI Yields from Your Fields - Oct 2013DuPont Pioneer
This is a special edition issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter that contains Yields from Your fields plot results for 2013 in southern WI.
Walking Your Fields is a written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and is distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales professionals.
The DuPont Pioneer Drought
Research Council (DRC) published its first article this month titled ‘The U.S. Drought of 2012 in Perspective: A Call to Action’. The paper outlines recommendations for improving food security, including an emphasis on research collaborations; objective, science-based regulations; and, appropriate funding for public agricultural research.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912413000370
Wisconsin Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugustDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: yield monitor calibration, corn drydown and harvest timing and late season soybean diseases.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Northern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
This August issue of Walking Your Fields contains the following articles for growers in northern WI and northern MN: corn rootworm damage, late season soybean diseases and corn drydown and harvest timing.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Eastern MN Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
Learn more about late season soybean diseases, how to manage prevented plant acres, fall tillage options and yield monitor calibration tips in this August issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in southeastern Minnesota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
South Dakota Walking Your Fields newsletter-AugDuPont Pioneer
Learn about late season soybean diseases, yield monitor calibration tips and guidance on corn drydown and harvest timing in this August issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in South Dakota and distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Central Minnesota’s Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
DuPont Pioneer agronomists talk about soybean aphids, fungicide applications, weed resistance and corn rootworm pressure in this July issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
Wisconsin Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: corn root lodging, soybean aphids and diseases, along with the role of water in corn development.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Wisconsin and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
ND & Northern MN Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
This July issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: soybean pests, fungicide applications and the role of water in corn development.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in North Dakota and northern Minnesota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
South Dakota Walking Your Fields newsletter-JulyDuPont Pioneer
This document discusses water usage and needs in corn crops. It notes that annual precipitation in South Dakota varies greatly from 13 to 30 inches, which can cause water stress or drought for corn depending on rainfall. Water is especially important during tasseling and from that stage through dent stage when corn demands 0.25 inches of water per day. Insufficient water can lower yields. While root growth can access more water, high temperatures also increase water needs, potentially doubling requirements in 90 degree weather. Water stress most impacts yields during pollination and grainfill. Maintaining soil moisture through irrigation can increase yields up to 30% by reducing evapotranspiration. The document provides details on corn water usage and loss through evapotranspiration and
Western MN and eastern SD Walking Your Fields newsletter for JuneDuPont Pioneer
This issue of Walking Your Fields newsletter contains articles about: corn stand evaluation, herbicide timing, glyphosate considerations, nitrogen loss and a GDU update.
Articles are written by DuPont Pioneer agronomists in Minnesota and South Dakota and are distributed on behalf of DuPont Pioneer account managers and Pioneer sales reps.
2. Introduction
• Successful corn emergence is a combination of three
key factors – environment, genetics and seed quality
(see graphic).
• Hybrid genetics provide the basis for tolerance to cold
stress. High seed quality helps ensure that the seed will
perform up to its genetic ability.
– DuPont Pioneer concentrates on selecting the best genetics for consistent per-
formance across a wide range of environments and producing high quality seed.
• Even with the best genetics and highest seed quality, environmental factors can still
dictate stand establishment.
– Soil temperatures at planting (at or above 50°F) are a key environmental
component of stand establishment.
– Soil conditions after planting are also critical.
• Pioneer provides stress emergence (SE) scores for all North America
commercial hybrids to help growers manage early-season risk.
3. Optimal Temperature for Early Corn Growth
• Because corn is a warm season crop, early planting typically puts stress on
the corn seedlings.
• To help understand optimal corn growth, three hybrids of early, mid and late
maturities were germinated in temperatures ranging from 59 to 95°F (15 to
35°C).
• Both shoots and roots exhibited
the fastest growth rate at 86°F
(30°C), and continued to grow
rapidly at 95°F (35°C) (see
graph).
• Demonstrates that optimal
seedling germination and
emergence occurs at much higher
soil temperatures than are
common in most corn-producing
Average early root/shoot growth rates for 3
areas. hybrids under 4 soil temperatures ranging
from 59 to 95°F.
4. Genetic Differentiation for Emergence in Cold Soils
• To demonstrate how stress emergence scores relate to stand establish-
ment in the field, hybrids were grouped by “low SE” – those with an SE
rating of 3 or 4, and “high SE” – those with an SE rating of 6 or 7.
• As stress level
increased, both the low
SE and high SE
hybrids experienced
stand loss.
• However, the hybrids
with a SE score of 6 or
7 were able to maintain
higher stands as
compared to those with Average stand establishment for high and low SE score
hybrids* in six stress emergence locations in 2009**.
a low SE score
*Seventy low SE hybrids and 146 high SE hybrids were
(see graph). represented in the trials
**Locations are sorted from least stressful (left) to most stressful
(right) based on average early stand.
5. Importance of Planting Date
• Planting date is a critical management factor to help
growers minimize the risks associated with sub-optimal
conditions for germination.
• Planting into cold, wet soils inflicts stress on corn seed
emergence, as does planting just ahead of a cold spell.
• In some years, corn may be planted prior to a cold rain
or snow, resulting in the seed sitting in cold, saturated
soils (see picture). Snowfall soon after
planting imposes a very
Timing of Cold Stress Impacts Germination high level of stress on
corn emergence due to
• To help understand the importance of the timing of cold seed imbibing chilled
stress, two hybrids with SE scores of 4 (below average) water or prolonged
and 7 (above average) were allowed to germinate in exposure to cold,
saturated soils.
rolled towels for 0, 24, or 48 hours at 77°F (25°C).
• The hybrids were then subjected to a stress of melting ice for three days and
allowed to recover for four days at 77°F (25°C).
6. Timing of Cold Stress Impacts Germination
• To help understand the importance of the timing of cold stress, two
hybrids with SE scores of 4 (below average) and 7 (above average)
were allowed to germinate in rolled towels for 0, 24, or 48
hours at 77°F (25°C).
• The hybrids were then
subjected to a stress of
melting ice for three days
and allowed to recover
for four days at 77°F
(25°C).
• Hybrids were evaluated
for the number of normal
Germination of two hybrids with stress emergence scores
seedlings reported as of 4 (below average) and 7 (above average) following
percent germination imbibitional chilling induced by melting ice*.
(See graph). *Ice was applied immediately after planting (0 hours) or after
24 hours or 48 hours of pre-germination in warm conditions.
7. Timing of Cold Stress Impacts Germination
• Both hybrids showed significant stand loss when the cold stress was
imposed immediately (0 hours).
• However, the hybrid with a higher SE score had a higher percent
germination than the hybrid with a low SE score.
• Germination rates for both hybrids were greatly improved if allowed to
uptake water and germinate at warmer temperatures for at least 24
hours before the ice was added.
• Data suggests that planting just before a stress event such as a cold
rain or snow can cause significant stand loss.
• The chances of establishing a good stand are greatly improved if hybrids
are allowed to germinate at least one day in warmer, moist conditions
before a cold-stress event.
• Also, choosing a hybrid with a higher stress emergence score can help
moderate stand losses due to cold stress.
8. Rapid Water Update by Seed
• Seed imbibes most of the water
needed for germination very rapidly.
• Seed was submerged in 50°F water
for 3 hours and weighed at intervals
of 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes to
determine water uptake (See graph).
• The data show that seed imbibes the
most water within the first 30 minutes Amount of water uptake by corn seed during the
after exposure to saturated conditions. first three hours after submersion in 50°F water.
• If early imbibition occurs at cold temperatures, it could kill the seed or result in
abnormal seedlings.
• Growers should not only consider soil temperature at planting, but also the
expected temperature when seed begins rapidly soaking up water.
• Seed planted in warmer, dry soils can still be injured if the dry period is followed
by a cold, wet event.
9. Soil Temperature Fluctuations and Emergence
• Growers are often able to plant fields with sandier soils earlier in the
spring because they dry out faster than heavier soils.
– Sandy soils are more porous and have lower water-holding capacity than heavier soils
and therefore tend to experience wider temperature fluctuations.
• In 2009, soil temperatures were recorded at a two-inch depth in a stress
emergence location with sandy soils near Eau Claire, WI.
• Daytime soil temperatures reached
acceptable levels for corn development
(over 50°F) for the first week after
planting.
• However, the early morning soil tempe-
ratures dipped to as low as 35°F (right),
and on some days the soil temperature
difference between 6 AM and 6 PM was
close to 20°F.
• An average 25% stand loss was obser-
ved at this location, suggesting that day-
night temperature fluctuation after planting
Soils temperatures at 6 AM and 6 PM for seven
can pose an added stress on germinating corn. days after planting in a stress emergence field
location near Eau Claire, WI in 2009.
• Growers should be aware of expected night-
time temperatures when choosing a planting date.
10. Impact of Crop Residue on Soil Temperature
• Another factor to consider when choosing planting date is the amount of
residue in the field.
• Residue tends to hold excess water and significantly lower soil temperature
in the spring, depriving seed of critical heat units needed for rapid
emergence.
• These conditions can also promote seedling disease, particularly in fields
that are not well drained or have a history of seedling blights.
• In 2011, soil temperature data loggers were placed in a field near Perry, IA
to assess early soil temperatures in a strip-till field.
• One data logger was placed in the tilled planting strip (low residue) and one
was placed in between the rows under high residue. Soil GDUs were
calculated from the data logger temperatures to approximate how long
emergence would take under low and high residue conditions.
• In general, approximately 125 soil GDUs are needed after planting for corn
emergence (Nielsen, 1999).
11. Impact of Crop Residue on Soil Temperature
• From April 1 to April 30, soils under low residue were able to accumulate 99
soil GDUs.
• During the same timeframe, neighboring soils under heavy residue
accumulated only 28 soil GDUs.
• Even in late May after the crop
had emerged, an 11 degree
midday temperature difference
was noted in the same field
between soil under low residue
and soil under heavy residue
using a soil thermometer (see
diagram).
66 °F 55 °F
• Using a row cleaner to clear
residue off the row in high residue
An eleven degree temperature difference was
fields allows for warmer daytime observed midday in late May 2011 in a central
soil temperatures and faster GDU Iowa field between soil under no residue (left
accumulation. picture) and soil under heavy residue (right
picture).
12. Value of Seed Treatments
• Delayed emergence due to cold, wet conditions lengthens the
duration during which seed and seedlings are most vulnerable
to early season insects and diseases.
• Seed treatments can help protect stands from both disease
and insect pests.
– The PPST 250 seed treatment is standard on all Pioneer® brand corn
hybrids in the US, includes fungicide (multiple modes of action),
insecticide and biological components.
– In areas with high nematode or insect pressure (such as cut worm or
wireworm), growers can choose the added protection of Poncho® 1250
+ VOTiVO® seed treatment.
• For more information on seed treatments offered by Pioneer
contact your local sales rep or visit www.pioneer.com.
13. Tips to Mitigate Early-Season Stress Effects on Emergence
• Planting date is one of the most important factors in stand establishment.
– The likelihood of reduced stands is greatest when planting into cold,
wet soils or directly before cold, wet weather is expected.
• If a cold spell is expected around planting time, it is advisable to stop planting
one or two days in advance.
– Allow seed to begin hydration in warmer soils in order to minimize
damage due to cold imbibition.
• In sandy fields, be aware that low nighttime temperatures can dip soil
temperatures below advisable planting levels.
– Large temperature swings in lighter soils can also hurt emergence.
• If planting in fields with high amounts of residue, consider strip-tillage or use a
row cleaner to allow soils to warm up faster.
• Selecting hybrids with higher stress emergence scores and the right seed
treatment can help reduce the risks associated with planting in cold-stress
conditions.