The document discusses software testing, providing definitions and explanations of key concepts. It defines software testing as identifying correctness, completeness, security and quality of software. It also describes test levels from unit to acceptance testing and distinguishes between white box and black box testing. Test cases, scripts, suites and scenarios are defined. The software testing cycle and roles in testing are outlined.

1. SOFTWARE TESTING

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Objectives
After completion of this chapter you will be able to:
• Explain what is Software Testing
• Understand the Software Testing objectives
• Understand the test plan
• Define white box & Black box testing
• Explain different test levels
• Explain the concepts of test cases suites,
scripts& scenarios
• Define and explain the testing cycle

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• Software Testing is the process used to help to identify the
correctness, completeness, security, and quality of
developed computer software.
• Testing is a process of technical investigation, performed
on behalf of stakeholders, that is intended to reveal quality-
related information about the product.
• Testing can never completely correct all the time.So it will
be continued.
• Software testing should be distinguished from the discipline
of Software Quality Assurance (SQA), which encompasses
all business process areas, not just testing.
Introduction

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• In SQA, software process specialists and
auditors take a broader view on software and its
development.
• They examine and change the software
engineering process itself to reduce the amount
of faults that end up in the code or deliver faster.
Introduction contd..

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Testing objectives
Introduction contd..
• Testing is a process of executing a program with
the intent of finding an error.
• A good test case is one that has a high
probability of finding an as yet undiscovered
error.
• A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet
undiscovered error.
• Testing demonstrates that the software appears
to be working as stated in the specifications.
• It cannot show the absence of defect , it can only
show that software defects are present.

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Roles in software testing
Introduction contd..
• Software testing is a process which is done by
software testers.
• Until the 1950s the term software tester was
used generally, but later it was also seen as a
separate profession.
• It has been established different roles:
• Test lead
• Tester
• Test designer
• Test automator
• Test administrator

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Roles in software testing
Introduction contd..
• Participants of testing team
• Tester
• Developer
• Customer
• Information Service Management He is the
person who collects information from the
customer
• Senior Organization Management
• Quality team

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When Testing should start
Introduction contd..
• In the early stage of testing life cycle it reduces the errors.
• The goal of Software Tester is to find bugs, find them as
early as possible, and make them sure they are fixed.
• The number one cause of Software bugs is the
Specification.
• The next largest source of bugs is the Design, that’s where
the programmers lay the plan for their Software.
• Coding errors is another familiar error in software testing .
• Typically these can be traced to the Software complexity,
poor documentation, schedule pressure or just plain dump
mistakes.

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When to Stop Testing
Introduction contd..
• It is difficult to determine.
• There are common factors in deciding when to stop
testing:
• Deadlines (release deadlines, testing deadlines.)
• Test cases completed with certain percentages
passed
• Test budget depleted
• Coverage of code/functionality/requirements reaches
a specified point
• The rate at which Bugs can be found is too small
• Beta or Alpha Testing period ends
• The risk in the project is under acceptable limit

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Test Plan
• The test strategy identifies multiple test levels,
which are going to be performed for the project.
• Activities at each level must be planned well in
advance and it has to be formally documented.
• Based on the individual plans only, the individual
test levels are carried out.

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Test plan contd..
• A sample Test Plan Outline is shown below:
•Testing tasks
•Environmental needs
•Responsibilities
•Staffing & Training
•Schedule
•Resources
•Risks & Contingencies
•Approvals
•Background
•Introduction
•Assumptions
•Test Items
•Features to be tested
•Features not to be tested
•Approach
•Item pass/fail criteria
•Suspension/Resumption criteria
•Test deliverables

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White box & black-box testing
• White box and black box testing are terms used to
describe the point of view a test engineer takes when
designing test cases.
• Black box being an external view of the test object
• white box being an internal view.
• White box testing uses an internal perspective of the
system to design test cases based on internal structure.
• White box requires programming skills to identify all paths
through the software.
• Black box testing takes an external perspective of the test
object to derive test cases.
• The test designer selects valid and invalid input and
determines the correct output. There is no knowledge of
the test object's internal structure.

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Test levels
• There are four level :
• Unit testing
• Integration testing
• System testing
• Acceptance testing

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• Unit testing is a procedure used to validate that
individual units of source code are working properly.
• Unit is the smallest testable part of an application
• In procedural programming a unit may be an individual
program, function, procedure, web page, menu etc,
while in object-oriented programming, the smallest unit
is always a Class; which may be a base/super class,
abstract class or derived/child class.
Test levels contd..

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The test levels contd..
• Integration testing exposes defects in the
interfaces and interaction between integrated
components (modules).
• Integration testing is the phase of software
testing in which individual software modules are
combined and tested as a group.
• It follows unit testing and precedes system
testing.

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The test levels contd..
• System testing tests an integrated system to
verify/validate that it meets its requirements.
• System testing is testing conducted on a
complete, integrated system to evaluate the
system's compliance with its specified
requirements.
• System testing falls within the scope of black
box testing, and as such, should require no
knowledge of the inner design of the code or
logic.

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• Acceptance testing can be conducted by the client. It
allows the end-user or customer or client to decide
whether or not to accept the product.
• In engineering and its various sub disciplines,
acceptance testing is performed
• Acceptance testing can be divide in two parts :
• Alpha testing
• Beta testing
The test levels contd..

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Test cases, suites, scripts and
scenarios
• In software engineering, the most common
definition of a test case is a set of conditions or
variables under which a tester will determine if a
requirement or use case upon an application is
partially or fully satisfied.

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Structure of test case
• Test cases consist three main parts :
•Results
•Expected results
•Actual result
•Activity
•Testing environment/configuration
•Initialization
•Finalization
•Actions
•Input data description
•Information
•Identifier
•Test case
owner
•Name
•Identifier of
requirement
•Purpose
•Dependencies

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Test cases, suites, scripts and
scenarios contd..
• Test Script
• A test script is a short program written in a
programming language used to test part of the
functionality of a software system.
• Test Suite
• The most common term for a collection of test
cases is a test suite.
• Scenario
• Scenario testing is a software testing activity. It uses
scenario tests, or simply scenarios, which are based
on a hypothetical story to help a person think
through a complex problem or system.

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Testing cycle
• Software testing is maintain through a chain of cycle
The stages of cycle are as follows:
• Requirements Analysis:
• Design phase,
• Test Planning
• Test Development:
• Test Execution
• Test Reporting
• Retesting the Defects