This document discusses language from internal and external perspectives in linguistics. Internally, language is studied based on its structures in areas like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Externally, language is studied in relation to factors beyond language, like how it is used in a speech community, which is the domain of sociolinguistics. The document then defines language, linguistics, sociolinguistics, and discusses socio-cultural aspects like social stratification, social class, status, and role.
Covers the definitions of Language, Elements used in defining the term Language and the characteristics of Language (Both peculiar to human Language and those shared by other species) according to the Tanzanian English syllabus for Advanced level learners.
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.
The document provides an introduction to linguistics. It discusses several key topics in linguistics including:
- The origin of language and theories of monogenesis vs polygenesis.
- Features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication systems, including arbitrariness, creativity/productivity, displacement, and the duality of sound and meaning.
- Important distinctions in linguistics such as descriptive vs prescriptive approaches, synchronic vs diachronic perspectives, and the differences between langue and parole.
- What linguistics studies including the nature of language, similarities and variations across languages, how children acquire language, and how social factors influence language.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It involves analyzing languages and their structures at various levels including sounds, words, sentences, meanings, and uses in social contexts. The key features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication are its arbitrariness, creativity, displacement, and structure-dependence. Linguistics seeks to understand the nature, structure, and variation of language through scientific methods.
1) The document discusses language relativity and how speakers of different languages have different cultural worldviews due to differences in their linguistic and discursive practices.
2) Research in linguistic anthropology, language socialization studies and cultural psychology examines how language use shapes aspects of thinking and cultural understandings. Contextualization cues in language link what is said to cultural perceptions and interpretations.
3) Applying the concept of language relativity to research in second language acquisition can provide insights into how language learning is influenced by one's native language and culture. It avoids treating cultures as monolithic and recognizes individual and social variation.
This document discusses several topics in linguistics, including:
1. The main branches of linguistics and their focuses, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics.
2. Dichotomies that exist in dividing linguistics, such as descriptive vs. general linguistics and synchronic vs. diachronic analysis.
3. Theories about the origin of human language, including the idea that language developed from early communication systems or as a gift from gods.
This document provides an introduction to the field of linguistics. It discusses what linguistics is, some general principles of linguistics, and compares human and animal communication systems. Specifically, it covers the following key points:
1) Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It analyzes language at different levels including sounds, words, sentences, and discourse.
2) Human language has properties like arbitrariness, duality of patterning, displacement, productivity, and cultural transmission that distinguish it from animal communication systems, which tend to be more limited and instinctive.
3) The document compares features of human language and animal communication systems in areas like conveying messages, flexibility, reference, and
This document provides an introduction to linguistics through definitions of language and its key features. It discusses how language is a systematic, symbolic, and arbitrary human-specific communication system based on sounds. Key aspects of language include its origins, families, and the study of linguistics. Linguistics is defined as the study of language as a human communication system. The document outlines some major theories and concepts in linguistics, including the differences between langue and parole, descriptive and prescriptive approaches, synchronic and diachronic analysis, and competence and performance.
Covers the definitions of Language, Elements used in defining the term Language and the characteristics of Language (Both peculiar to human Language and those shared by other species) according to the Tanzanian English syllabus for Advanced level learners.
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.
The document provides an introduction to linguistics. It discusses several key topics in linguistics including:
- The origin of language and theories of monogenesis vs polygenesis.
- Features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication systems, including arbitrariness, creativity/productivity, displacement, and the duality of sound and meaning.
- Important distinctions in linguistics such as descriptive vs prescriptive approaches, synchronic vs diachronic perspectives, and the differences between langue and parole.
- What linguistics studies including the nature of language, similarities and variations across languages, how children acquire language, and how social factors influence language.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It involves analyzing languages and their structures at various levels including sounds, words, sentences, meanings, and uses in social contexts. The key features of human language that distinguish it from animal communication are its arbitrariness, creativity, displacement, and structure-dependence. Linguistics seeks to understand the nature, structure, and variation of language through scientific methods.
1) The document discusses language relativity and how speakers of different languages have different cultural worldviews due to differences in their linguistic and discursive practices.
2) Research in linguistic anthropology, language socialization studies and cultural psychology examines how language use shapes aspects of thinking and cultural understandings. Contextualization cues in language link what is said to cultural perceptions and interpretations.
3) Applying the concept of language relativity to research in second language acquisition can provide insights into how language learning is influenced by one's native language and culture. It avoids treating cultures as monolithic and recognizes individual and social variation.
This document discusses several topics in linguistics, including:
1. The main branches of linguistics and their focuses, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics.
2. Dichotomies that exist in dividing linguistics, such as descriptive vs. general linguistics and synchronic vs. diachronic analysis.
3. Theories about the origin of human language, including the idea that language developed from early communication systems or as a gift from gods.
This document provides an introduction to the field of linguistics. It discusses what linguistics is, some general principles of linguistics, and compares human and animal communication systems. Specifically, it covers the following key points:
1) Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It analyzes language at different levels including sounds, words, sentences, and discourse.
2) Human language has properties like arbitrariness, duality of patterning, displacement, productivity, and cultural transmission that distinguish it from animal communication systems, which tend to be more limited and instinctive.
3) The document compares features of human language and animal communication systems in areas like conveying messages, flexibility, reference, and
This document provides an introduction to linguistics through definitions of language and its key features. It discusses how language is a systematic, symbolic, and arbitrary human-specific communication system based on sounds. Key aspects of language include its origins, families, and the study of linguistics. Linguistics is defined as the study of language as a human communication system. The document outlines some major theories and concepts in linguistics, including the differences between langue and parole, descriptive and prescriptive approaches, synchronic and diachronic analysis, and competence and performance.
If you happen to like this powerpoint, you may contact me at flippedchannel@gmail.com
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This document defines language and linguistics and outlines the major subfields. It begins by defining language as the innate ability of speakers to form grammatical sentences, according to Chomsky, and as the total set of utterances in a speech community, according to Bloomfield. Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language structure, including grammar, syntax, and phonetics. The major subfields are then micro-linguistics, focusing on language structure, and macro-linguistics, relating language to society. Micro-linguistics includes phonetics, syntax, and morphology, while macro-linguistics includes language geography, biolinguistics, and psycholinguistics.
Language refers to the innate human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, while a language is a specific example of such a system, like English, French, etc. There are several key characteristics that define human language:
1. Language is arbitrary - there is no intrinsic connection between linguistic symbols like words and their meanings.
2. Language is social - it is a system of conventional communicative signals used by humans for communication within a community.
3. Language is systematic - though composed of arbitrary symbols, these symbols are arranged according to an organized system with rules.
1. The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview and cognition. It describes studies showing how the categories used in a language to describe colors can influence color perception.
2. The text also introduces the concepts of "etic" and "emic" categories used in anthropology. Etic categories describe objective reality while emic categories reflect a culture's subjective perceptions based on its language and beliefs.
3. Finally, it discusses how semiotics studies how signs and their relationships construct meaning. Differences in how languages use signs can lead to divergent interpretations between cultures.
1) The document discusses several key properties of human language including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, and displacement.
2) It defines these properties and explains how they are uniquely present in human language compared to animal communication systems. For example, duality refers to language having two levels of structure - meaningless sounds that combine to form meaningful units.
3) Several properties are described as "significant" because they are uniquely part of human language, like displacement which allows referring to things removed from the present context. This highlights what makes human language distinct from communication in other species.
Sociolinguistics studies language in social context, rejecting the idea that language can be studied in isolation. It recognizes that languages have social functions and are socially evaluated. While all languages are complex systems of equal linguistic value, socially some languages have more value than others. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like ethnicity, education and power relations influence language variation and variability between groups. It defines key concepts like the speech community and linguistic diversity to understand these relationships between language and society.
Introduction to linguistic dr. Sherine Abd El-Gelil pptsherine Emara
The document provides an introduction to the study of linguistics. It outlines the main topics that will be covered, which include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and discourse analysis. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and notes that language has a hierarchical structure that can be analyzed at different levels, from sounds to sentences. The document discusses some key characteristics of human language, including that it is primarily used for communication, is arbitrary in nature, exhibits duality of patterning, and is culturally transmitted rather than genetically inherited. It contrasts several properties of human language with animal communication systems.
This document discusses the relationship between language, culture, and thought. It makes three key points:
1. Culture can be defined as the knowledge that is learned from other people, either through direct instruction or observation. Since language is learned from others, it is closely connected to culture.
2. Concepts and meanings that underlie language are based on a person's general knowledge and concepts. Understanding language relies on shared knowledge between speakers and listeners.
3. Some concepts and categories may be organized differently in different languages due to cultural differences. While core meanings of words are often shared across languages and cultures, there can be variation, especially in more peripheral concepts. Prototypes provide a framework for analyzing these differences
1) The document discusses the defining criteria of language and examines whether animal communication can be considered language.
2) It argues that language is uniquely human, as it allows for communication about all aspects of human life and culture, not just biological needs. In contrast, animal communication is limited to biological needs.
3) Key characteristics that make human language unique according to the document are that it is systematic, arbitrary, spoken, social, and able to catalog all things in the human environment.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. It examines the cognitive and neural processes underlying language production, comprehension, and acquisition. The three primary processes investigated are language comprehension (understanding language), language production (generating spoken or written language), and language acquisition (how humans learn language). Psycholinguistics emerged as a field in the late 1950s and 1960s and combines the disciplines of psychology and linguistics.
The document presents a holistic model of language that incorporates four main theories: formal, functional, systemic, and relativistic models. It argues that considering language from only one of these angles provides an incomplete picture. The proposed holistic model incorporates insights from all four theories and suggests that excluding any single theory would render the model incomplete. The document reviews the key aspects and components of each theory and proposes that taking a multi-angled perspective that includes formalism, functionalism, systemic approaches, and relativism can lead to a more integrated understanding of language.
The ethnography of communication studies patterns of language use within specific speech communities. It examines both the communicative situations that frame interaction and the events and acts that make up conversations. Developed by Dell Hymes, it takes an anthropological approach to understand the implicit rules that govern appropriate and effective communication among members of a social group. The goal is to describe the communicative competence that allows people to successfully understand and participate in the unique speech practices of their community.
Bahan kuliah Pragmatik (Language in Use) dari Prof. Dr. E. Aminudin Aziz, M.A di Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Prof. Aminudin saat ini aktif sebagai pendiri sekaligus ketua Pusat Analisis Linguistik Forensik UPI (PALING FORENSIK UPI)
Language refers to systems of human communication using written or spoken symbols, while a language refers to a variety used by a particular group. There are over 6,900 languages spoken worldwide grouped into over 90 language families. Languages diversified over time as dialects of proto-languages split due to geographical distance. Language enables human communication and is a distinctly human ability to express thoughts, ideas, and information through structured symbolic systems. It plays a crucial role in human interaction, identity, knowledge acquisition, and connecting people and ideas.
Language involves communication, conversation, collaboration and co-creation. It allows for one-way communication where a message is sent as well as two-way communication where both sides feel understood. Language is used for thinking, planning, making decisions and joint activities. Ultimately, language is the primary method for doing things together and is the accumulation of shared meaning and common ground.
This document discusses key concepts related to speech communities in sociolinguistics. It defines a speech community as a group that shares similar language ideas, uses, and norms. The document outlines five key elements for defining a speech community, including a population, area, interaction between members, and a shared sense of identity. It also discusses how an individual's participation within a speech community can be measured using their social network and relationships. Language variation is explained as differing based on factors like socioeconomic status within a speech community.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It aims to answer questions about what language is, how it works, what features are universal across languages, how language varies, how it is learned and changes over time. Linguistics studies language through controlled observations and empirical verification in reference to theories of language. It distinguishes between descriptive and prescriptive approaches, synchronic and diachronic analysis, langue and parole, competence and performance, and functional and formal perspectives.
This document provides an overview of language development and theories of language. It discusses typical stages of language acquisition from birth to age 3. Definitions of key terms like language, communication, speech are presented. The biological, cognitive, and environmental/operant theories of language development are summarized. Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior as operant behavior is outlined, distinguishing it from nonverbal behavior. Examples of verbal versus nonverbal responses are given.
FM 2019 Sociolinguistics A Language Study in Sociocultural Perspectives-7-20.pdfFatchulMuin
A language is not only studied from the internal
viewpoint but also from the external one. Internally, it is studied
based on its internal structures; whereas, externally, it is based
on the linguistic factors in relation to the factors beyond the
language.
A study of internal language structures (or, it is based on
the sub-systems of a language) will result sub-discipline of
linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax
and semantics. It is conducted through theories and procedures
belonging to the discipline of linguistics; it is not related to the
problems beyond the language.
This document provides an introduction to sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of the relationship between language and society, explaining how social factors influence language use. Some key points made include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social variables like context, participants, and function affect language use within a speech community.
- A speech community shares language systems and communication norms. Sociolinguistics studies language variation across different social contexts like situations, events, acts, and styles within a community.
- Social dimensions like social distance, status, and formality also influence language choice and use between participants.
- Bilingualism and code-switching between languages or varieties are examined,
If you happen to like this powerpoint, you may contact me at flippedchannel@gmail.com
I offer some educational services like:
-powerpoint presentation maker
-grammarian
-content creator
-layout designer
Subscribe to our online platforms:
FlippED Channel (Youtube)
http://bit.ly/FlippEDChannel
LET in the NET (facebook)
http://bit.ly/LETndNET
This document defines language and linguistics and outlines the major subfields. It begins by defining language as the innate ability of speakers to form grammatical sentences, according to Chomsky, and as the total set of utterances in a speech community, according to Bloomfield. Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language structure, including grammar, syntax, and phonetics. The major subfields are then micro-linguistics, focusing on language structure, and macro-linguistics, relating language to society. Micro-linguistics includes phonetics, syntax, and morphology, while macro-linguistics includes language geography, biolinguistics, and psycholinguistics.
Language refers to the innate human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, while a language is a specific example of such a system, like English, French, etc. There are several key characteristics that define human language:
1. Language is arbitrary - there is no intrinsic connection between linguistic symbols like words and their meanings.
2. Language is social - it is a system of conventional communicative signals used by humans for communication within a community.
3. Language is systematic - though composed of arbitrary symbols, these symbols are arranged according to an organized system with rules.
1. The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview and cognition. It describes studies showing how the categories used in a language to describe colors can influence color perception.
2. The text also introduces the concepts of "etic" and "emic" categories used in anthropology. Etic categories describe objective reality while emic categories reflect a culture's subjective perceptions based on its language and beliefs.
3. Finally, it discusses how semiotics studies how signs and their relationships construct meaning. Differences in how languages use signs can lead to divergent interpretations between cultures.
1) The document discusses several key properties of human language including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, and displacement.
2) It defines these properties and explains how they are uniquely present in human language compared to animal communication systems. For example, duality refers to language having two levels of structure - meaningless sounds that combine to form meaningful units.
3) Several properties are described as "significant" because they are uniquely part of human language, like displacement which allows referring to things removed from the present context. This highlights what makes human language distinct from communication in other species.
Sociolinguistics studies language in social context, rejecting the idea that language can be studied in isolation. It recognizes that languages have social functions and are socially evaluated. While all languages are complex systems of equal linguistic value, socially some languages have more value than others. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors like ethnicity, education and power relations influence language variation and variability between groups. It defines key concepts like the speech community and linguistic diversity to understand these relationships between language and society.
Introduction to linguistic dr. Sherine Abd El-Gelil pptsherine Emara
The document provides an introduction to the study of linguistics. It outlines the main topics that will be covered, which include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and discourse analysis. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and notes that language has a hierarchical structure that can be analyzed at different levels, from sounds to sentences. The document discusses some key characteristics of human language, including that it is primarily used for communication, is arbitrary in nature, exhibits duality of patterning, and is culturally transmitted rather than genetically inherited. It contrasts several properties of human language with animal communication systems.
This document discusses the relationship between language, culture, and thought. It makes three key points:
1. Culture can be defined as the knowledge that is learned from other people, either through direct instruction or observation. Since language is learned from others, it is closely connected to culture.
2. Concepts and meanings that underlie language are based on a person's general knowledge and concepts. Understanding language relies on shared knowledge between speakers and listeners.
3. Some concepts and categories may be organized differently in different languages due to cultural differences. While core meanings of words are often shared across languages and cultures, there can be variation, especially in more peripheral concepts. Prototypes provide a framework for analyzing these differences
1) The document discusses the defining criteria of language and examines whether animal communication can be considered language.
2) It argues that language is uniquely human, as it allows for communication about all aspects of human life and culture, not just biological needs. In contrast, animal communication is limited to biological needs.
3) Key characteristics that make human language unique according to the document are that it is systematic, arbitrary, spoken, social, and able to catalog all things in the human environment.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. It examines the cognitive and neural processes underlying language production, comprehension, and acquisition. The three primary processes investigated are language comprehension (understanding language), language production (generating spoken or written language), and language acquisition (how humans learn language). Psycholinguistics emerged as a field in the late 1950s and 1960s and combines the disciplines of psychology and linguistics.
The document presents a holistic model of language that incorporates four main theories: formal, functional, systemic, and relativistic models. It argues that considering language from only one of these angles provides an incomplete picture. The proposed holistic model incorporates insights from all four theories and suggests that excluding any single theory would render the model incomplete. The document reviews the key aspects and components of each theory and proposes that taking a multi-angled perspective that includes formalism, functionalism, systemic approaches, and relativism can lead to a more integrated understanding of language.
The ethnography of communication studies patterns of language use within specific speech communities. It examines both the communicative situations that frame interaction and the events and acts that make up conversations. Developed by Dell Hymes, it takes an anthropological approach to understand the implicit rules that govern appropriate and effective communication among members of a social group. The goal is to describe the communicative competence that allows people to successfully understand and participate in the unique speech practices of their community.
Bahan kuliah Pragmatik (Language in Use) dari Prof. Dr. E. Aminudin Aziz, M.A di Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Prof. Aminudin saat ini aktif sebagai pendiri sekaligus ketua Pusat Analisis Linguistik Forensik UPI (PALING FORENSIK UPI)
Language refers to systems of human communication using written or spoken symbols, while a language refers to a variety used by a particular group. There are over 6,900 languages spoken worldwide grouped into over 90 language families. Languages diversified over time as dialects of proto-languages split due to geographical distance. Language enables human communication and is a distinctly human ability to express thoughts, ideas, and information through structured symbolic systems. It plays a crucial role in human interaction, identity, knowledge acquisition, and connecting people and ideas.
Language involves communication, conversation, collaboration and co-creation. It allows for one-way communication where a message is sent as well as two-way communication where both sides feel understood. Language is used for thinking, planning, making decisions and joint activities. Ultimately, language is the primary method for doing things together and is the accumulation of shared meaning and common ground.
This document discusses key concepts related to speech communities in sociolinguistics. It defines a speech community as a group that shares similar language ideas, uses, and norms. The document outlines five key elements for defining a speech community, including a population, area, interaction between members, and a shared sense of identity. It also discusses how an individual's participation within a speech community can be measured using their social network and relationships. Language variation is explained as differing based on factors like socioeconomic status within a speech community.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It aims to answer questions about what language is, how it works, what features are universal across languages, how language varies, how it is learned and changes over time. Linguistics studies language through controlled observations and empirical verification in reference to theories of language. It distinguishes between descriptive and prescriptive approaches, synchronic and diachronic analysis, langue and parole, competence and performance, and functional and formal perspectives.
This document provides an overview of language development and theories of language. It discusses typical stages of language acquisition from birth to age 3. Definitions of key terms like language, communication, speech are presented. The biological, cognitive, and environmental/operant theories of language development are summarized. Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior as operant behavior is outlined, distinguishing it from nonverbal behavior. Examples of verbal versus nonverbal responses are given.
FM 2019 Sociolinguistics A Language Study in Sociocultural Perspectives-7-20.pdfFatchulMuin
A language is not only studied from the internal
viewpoint but also from the external one. Internally, it is studied
based on its internal structures; whereas, externally, it is based
on the linguistic factors in relation to the factors beyond the
language.
A study of internal language structures (or, it is based on
the sub-systems of a language) will result sub-discipline of
linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax
and semantics. It is conducted through theories and procedures
belonging to the discipline of linguistics; it is not related to the
problems beyond the language.
This document provides an introduction to sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of the relationship between language and society, explaining how social factors influence language use. Some key points made include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social variables like context, participants, and function affect language use within a speech community.
- A speech community shares language systems and communication norms. Sociolinguistics studies language variation across different social contexts like situations, events, acts, and styles within a community.
- Social dimensions like social distance, status, and formality also influence language choice and use between participants.
- Bilingualism and code-switching between languages or varieties are examined,
This document discusses language and communication. It defines language as a system used by a cultural group to express thoughts and feelings. The key linguistic elements that make up all languages are discussed, including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The document also explores why language is culture-based, the language environment, communication styles and roles, and cognates - true cognates that share meaning/spelling across languages versus false cognates that appear similar but mean different things. It stresses the importance of understanding cognates in Philippine languages that have been influenced by Spanish and English due to the country's history of colonization.
Macro-sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society on a large scale. It focuses on social factors like the interaction between languages and dialects, the decline of minority languages, and the development of bilingualism within social groups. In particular, macro-sociolinguistics studies issues in developing countries regarding language standardization, planning, development, and communication between ethnic groups. It differs from micro-sociolinguistics, which studies language in relation to society on a smaller scale by examining language use patterns and specific dialects.
This document discusses key concepts in sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of how social factors influence language use and how language impacts society. Some fundamental concepts discussed include speech communities, prestige varieties of language, social networks, internal vs. external language, and how language differs based on social class and aspiration. It also covers concepts like covert prestige, sociolinguistic variables, and deviation from standard language varieties.
The document discusses the use of English in social contexts and the variation in English according to different situations. It begins by looking at registers, which are variations in language use defined by the context. Registers are shaped by the context and purpose of communication. The document then examines varieties of English, which depend on factors like region, social class, occupation, and the medium of communication. Varieties include differences between spoken and written English as well as differences in participation like monologues versus dialogues.
This document discusses language varieties. It begins by explaining that language is central to human communication and reflects aspects of identity and culture. There are different types of language varieties, including dialects, accents, registers, styles, code-switching, and diglossia. Dialects can be regional, based on geography, or social, based on factors like class. Accents refer to phonological distinctions that indicate where a speaker is from. The document then provides examples of regional dialects in Lombok and Bima in Indonesia, showing lexical variations. It also discusses characteristics of Bimanese and Sasaknese accents.
Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It examines how social structures influence language use and how language variations are used to convey social meanings. Sociolinguists collect data on linguistic variations and their social contexts through methods like observation, elicitation, interviews, and statistical analysis of large speech samples. Their goal is to understand the systematic social patterns underlying linguistic variation and language use.
1) Language and culture are intricately interwoven and influence each other. Language both reflects and shapes culture.
2) Culture can be defined as the patterns of behaviors, beliefs, and values that are learned and shared by a group of people. It includes thoughts, communications, languages, practices, and expected behaviors.
3) Teaching culture is important as it provides understanding of different perspectives and improves cultural competence. Techniques for teaching culture include using authentic materials and focusing on cultural themes.
A common language is one of the most important features of a community. Language is a means of communication that conveys culture and traditions. It is a social phenomenon that allows people to interact and cooperate. Language is symbolic, systematic, vocal, non-instinctive, and conventional. It is acquired through social learning rather than innate instincts. A first language is acquired naturally as a child, while additional languages are learned later in life, requiring more effort. Understanding students' language backgrounds is important for effective education.
The work of speech organs necessary for making speech sounds is called articulation. According to
The specific character of articulation, especially according to the presence or absence of the obstruction speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. The most substantial difference between vowels and consonants is that in the articulation of vowels the air passes freely through the mouth cavity, while in making consonants an obstruction is formed in the mouth cavity or in the pharynx and the flow of the air meets a narrowing or complete obstruction. Vowels have no fixed place of articulation, the whole of the speaking apparatus takes part in their formation, while the articulation of consonants can be localized, and an obstruction or a narrowing for each consonant is formed at a definite place of the speaking apparatus. In producing vowels all the organs of speech are tense, while in making consonants, the organs of speech are tense only in the place of obstruction. Voice prevails in vowels while in most consonants noise prevails over voice. Vowels are syllable forming sounds while consonants are not, as a rule.
This document discusses language and applied linguistics. It provides definitions of key linguistic concepts like langue and parole from Saussure and perspectives on language from Chomsky and Halliday. It also defines areas of linguistic study like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics and discourse analysis. The relationship between politics and discourse is discussed in the context of critical discourse analysis.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics examines language variation according to social factors like age, gender, education level, occupation, and social class. Some key findings are:
1) Social dialects vary regionally and according to social class. Working class speakers tend to use features that differ from middle class speakers, marking social status.
2) Social markers like pronunciation patterns (e.g. dropping /r/ sounds) can signify membership in social groups. Features associated with less education often indicate lower class.
3) Basil Bernstein identified "elaborated codes" used by middle/upper classes that emphasize individual expression, and "restricted codes
The document is a 9-page assignment on the topic of language variation submitted for a sociolinguistics course. It defines key concepts in sociolinguistics such as standard language, dialects, registers, and style. It discusses how factors like region, social class, gender, and formality influence language variation. Specific language varieties covered include regional dialects, social dialects, individual dialects, accent, jargon, slang, and styles. Speech accommodation processes like convergence and divergence are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses Chomsky's views on competence and performance, Saussure's distinction between langue and parole, and Hymes' concept of communicative competence. It also covers variation in language, the relationship between language and identity, language and solidarity, and idiolects. Additionally, it summarizes the Whorfian hypothesis, discusses micro and macro-sociolinguistics, compares linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics, and outlines some key methodological issues like data collection techniques and research design. Presentations on specific topics are scheduled for the next session.
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) studies the connection between neurology, language, and behavioral patterns to effect positive change. It posits that people experience the world through subjective sensory representations and can model successful behaviors and mindsets of others. NLP techniques aim to reprogram limiting beliefs and unwanted behaviors through methods like anchoring positive feelings to external stimuli.
Issues in applied linguistics 15 feb (1)SamerYaqoob
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1. Introduction
A language is not only studied from the internal viewpoint but also from the external one.
Internally, it is studied based on its internal structures; whereas, externally, it is based on the
linguistic factors in relation to the factors beyond the language.
A study of internal language structures (or, it is based on the sub-systems of a language)
will result sub-discipline of linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and
semantics. It is conducted through theories and procedures belonging to the discipline of
linguistics; it is not related to the problems beyond the language.
When a study of language in which the linguistic factors are related to the factors beyond
the language, such as language use that is done by its speakers in a certain speech community, it
refers to sociolinguistics. According to Fishman, for instance, socially, the language use
involves “Who speaks, what language, to whom, when and where” Fishman, 1972:244).. When
some aspects of sociology are adopted in studying a language, this means it presents an
interdisciplinary study; and its name represents a combination of sociology and linguistics. In
this relation, some experts call it as sociology of language; and some others call it as
sociolinguistics.
The following discussion involves some terms such as language, linguistics, sociology or
its aspects, and sociolinguistics as well as relationships between language and society
Language
Before starting to discuss a language, sometimes we are necessary to define it. In this relation,
we may make some questions such as: “What is a language?”, or “What do you know about a
language”, or “What is meant by a language?” Someone’s answer may be different from that of
the other. For instance, he says: “Oh, it what we use in communication” or the other says: “It is
made up of sentences that convey meaning”, or perhaps someone else says: “It is a means of
communication”. If those definitions are viewed from the study of language, they are insufficient
ones. Let us examine the following definitions:
A language is system of arbitrary, vocal symbols that permit all people in a given culture,
or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or to interact
(Finocchioro, in Ramelan 1984)
2. A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
(Wardhaugh, in Ramelan, 1984)
A language is arbitrary system of articulated sounds made use of by a group of humans as
a means of carrying on the affairs of their society (Francis, in Ramelan, 1984)
A language is a set of rules enabling speakers to translate information from the outside
world into sound (Gumperz, 1972).
A language is a means of communication that uses speech sounds as a medium (Ramelan,
1984)
Based on the definitions of a language above, we can state some characteristics of
human language, as follows:
Firstly, a language is a system. Since a language is said to be a system, it must be
systematic in nature. The systematicness of a language can be seen from the fact that, take an
example, a sentence is not ordered at random. In this relation, we cannot say “Goes Ali school to
everyday.” English language has its own patterns of ordering some words to be a sentence. The
patterns of ordering show that a language must be systematic.
Secondly, a language is said to be arbitrary. This means that it is firstly created on the
basis of social agreement. In this relation, there is no reasonable explanation, for instance, why a
certain four-footed domestic animal is called dog in English, asu in Javanese, or anjing in
Indonesian. Giving a name of the animal is really based on the agreement among the members of
the social groups. On other words, Javanese, English and Indonesian people made an agreement
to call the animal as asu, dog, and anjing respectively.
Thirdly. a language is social. We all know that a language is socially acquired, learned
and then used. If this statement is related to language acquisition and/or language learning, we
may have an illustration that a new-born child acquires a communicative competence with a
given language in a speech community; in the next step, he learns and uses the language in a
speech community. Thus, a language is not genetically transmitted; but, it is socio-culturally
acquired and/or learned.
Fourthly. a language is spoken. Basically, a language is always spoken. This statement
implies that all people the world over, regardless of their race or ethnic group, always speak a
language. This means that they always have a way of communicating ideas by using sounds that
are produced by their speech organs. Another means of communicating ideas, that is the use of
3. printed or written symbols, which is more prevailing and more often used in daily life. This
means that they are exposed to the written language as found in newspapers, magazines or letters
so that they often confuse written language and the actual language, which is spoken. In this
relation, it can be said that the spoken form of a language is primary, whereas the written form is
secondary. This is to say that the written form of a language is only a representation of what is
actually spoken.
Linguistics
Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. From different viewpoints, as a
science, linguistics can be divided into several branches, among others, descriptive linguistics
and historical/comparative linguistics (if it is based its methodology), synchronic and diachronic
linguistics (if is based on its aspect of time), and phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and
semantics (if it is based on a language as a system).
Sociolinguistics
A term sociolinguistics is a derivational word. Two words that form it are sociology and
linguistics. Sociology refers to a science of society; and linguistics refers to a science of
language. A study of language from the perspective of society may be thought as linguistics plus
sociology. Some investigators have found it to introduce a distinction between sociolinguistics
and sociology of language. Some others regard sociolinguistics is often referred as the sociology
of language.
Sociolinguistics is defined as:
1. The study that is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in
which it is used. In other words, it studies the relationship between language and society.
It explains we people speak differently in different social contexts. It discusses the social
functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. All of the topics
provides a lot of information about the language works, as well as about the social
relationships in a community, and the way people signal aspects of their social identity
through their language (Jenet Holmes, 2001)
2. The study that is concerned with the interaction of language and setting (Carol M.
Eastman, 1975; 113).
3. the study that is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and
society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and of how
languages function in communication ( Ronald Wardhaugh, 1986 : 12)
Socio-cultural Aspects
4. A group of people is required by both community and society. They communicate and
interact between and another. They have a membership consciousness on the basis of the
common goals and their behaviour is ordered and patterned. If they live in a given area, have the
same culture and living styles, and can collectively act in their effort to reach a certain goal, they
will be known as a community.
Not all groups of people occupying certain areas are known as societies; but they are
known as communities such as those who are in local communities, schools, business firms, and
kinship units; and they are only sub-systems of a society. Thus, society is any group of people
being relatively self sufficient, living together in a long period of time, occupying a certain area,
having the same culture, and conducting most of activities in the group.
Parsons (1966: 20) states that a society is in the first instance “politically organized”; it must
have loyalties both to a sense of community and to some “corporate agency” of the kind we
ordinarily consider governmental, and must established a relatively effective normative order
within a territorial area.
A society in which some groups of people are living may show what we call social
stratification. A term social stratification used to refer to any hierarchical ordering of group
within a society (Trudgill, 1983).
A system of social stratification is not always similar to one another; it may be represented
in castes (such as in India); it may be represented in different social classes: high class, middle
class, and lower class (such in United States); and it may be represented in some terms such as:
elite group vs. common people, “kawula vs. gusti” (such as in Indonesia). A society in which its
members are stratified shows social classes followed by social status and role.
Social class may be defined primarily by wealth, or by circumstances of birth, or by
occupation, or by criteria specific to the group under investigation. If wealth is a criterion, this
may be calculated in terms of money, or in terms of how many pigs, sheep, or blankets an
individual or family possesses, or how much land they claim. Social status is often largely
determined by social class membership (Troike and Blackwell, 1982: 87).
A married man automatically has a status as a husband of his wife and as a father of
child(ren); in his office, he may be a director; and in his neighbourhood, he may be a religious
leader. According to Soerjono Soekanto, social role is a dynamic aspect of status ( Soekanto,
1982: 236-237).
5. Thus, the man has three statuses: as a father, a director, and a religious leader. When he
fulfils his duties and responsibilities in accordance with his single status, he plays one role.
Whatever the groups are called, each of them must occupy a position in a social rank or have a
social status. Therefore, a member of a given social rank or social status plays a role in
accordance with his status.
Social relationships among people in society are based on some rules, values, etiquette, etc. In
communication, for instance, people are ordered by rules (of speaking); they are guided by
values (of how to behave in a good manner) than can be conducted through etiquette (of using a
language).
Social Units of Language Use
a. Speech Community
Speech refers a surrogate for forms of language, including writing, song and speech-
derived whistling, drumming, horn calling and the like (Hymes, in Gumperz and Dell Hymes,
eds.,1972: 53). An important concept in the discussion of communication is the speech
community. It refers to a group of people who use the same system of speech signals. Another
definition of the speech community is any human aggregate characterized by means of a shared
body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language
use (John T. Plat and H.K. Plat, 1975: 33).
Troike and Blackweel state that speech community must meet three criteria: (1) it is any group
within a society which has anything significant in common (including religion, ethnicity, race,
age, deafness, sexual orientation, or occupation), (2) it is a physically bounded unit of people
having range of role-opportunities (a politically organized tribe or nation), (3) it is a collection of
similarly situated entities that something in common (such as the Western World, European
Common Market, or the United Nations) (1982:19).
b. Speech Situation
According to Dell Hymes, a speech situation is a situation in which a speech occurs. Within a
community, we may detect many situations associated with (or marked by the absence of)
speech. Such situations will be described as ceremonies, fights, hunts, meals, lovemaking, and
the like (in Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes, eds., 1972: 54).
6. c. Speech Event
According to Dell Hymes, a speech event refers to activities or aspects of activities that are
directly governed by rules or norms for the use of speech. An event may consist of a single
speech act; and it often comprises several speech acts (in Gumperz, John J. and Dell Hymes,
eds., 1972: 56).
d. Speech Act
According Dell Hymes, speech act is the minimal term of the speech event. It represents a level
distinct from the sentence, and cannot be identified with any single portion of other levels of
grammar, nor with segments of any particular size defined in terms of other levels of grammar.
An utterance may have the status of command depending on a conventional formula. When we
ask someone to leave the building, we may say: “Go!” not “Go?” An interrogative
sentence “Can you help me?” may be meant to ask someone to do something; “what time is
it?” may be meant to remind that the listener comes very late (in Gumperz and Dell Hymes, eds.,
1972: 56).
e. Speech Styles
The term style refers to a language variety that is divided based on the criterion of
formality. This criterion tends to subsume subject matter, the audience of discourse, and the
occasion. Based on the criterion, Martin Jose (in Brown, 1982: 192) recognizes the
speech into frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate styles. A frozen (oratorical) style is
used in public speaking before a large audience; wording is carefully planned in advance,
intonation is somewhat exaggerated, and numerous rhetorical devices are appropriate. A formal
(deliberative) style is also used in addressing audiences, usually audiences too large to permit
effective interchange betweens speaker and hearers, though the forms are normally not as
polished as those in a frozen (oratorical) style. A typical university classroom lecture is often
carried out in a formal (deliberative) style. A consultative style is typically a dialogue, though
formal enough that words are chosen with some care. Business transactions, doctor-patient
conversations, and the like are consultative in nature. Casual conversations are between friends
or colleagues or sometimes numbers of a family; in this context words need not be guarded and
social barriers are moderately low. An intimate style is one characterized by complete absence of
social inhibitions. Talk with family, loved ones, and very close friends, where you tend to reveal
your inner self, is usually in an intimate style.
7. Someone may speak very formally or very informally; his choice of the styles is
governed by circumstances. Ceremonial occasions almost require very formal speech; public
lectures are somewhat less formal; casual conversation is quite informal; and conversation
between intimates on matters of little importance may be extremely informal and casual.
We may try to relate the level of formality chosen to a number of factors: (1) the kind of
occasion, (2) the various social, age, and other differences that exist between the participants, (3)
the particular task that is involved, e.g., writing or speaking, and (4) the emotional involvement
of one or more of the participants (Wardhaugh, 1986: 48).
f. Ways of Speaking
A way of speaking refers to how a language speaker uses in accordance with behavior of
communication regulated in his speech community. This means that he has to apply “regulation”
of using his language. That is why Fishman suggests that in using a language someone has to
consider to whom he speaks. Considering the person to whom he speaks, he will determine what
language or its varieties he wants to use to speak. His consideration is not only based on to
whom he speaks, but also on when or where he speaks. The language speaker will consider the
setting of time and place.
In relation to the ways of speaking Dell Hymes states that the point of it is the regulative idea that
the communicative behavior within a community is analyzable in terms of determinate ways of
speaking, that the communicative competence of persons comprises in part a knowledge of
determinate ways of speaking (in Gamperz and Hymes, eds., 1972 : 57).
g. Components of Speech
A language use occurring in a speech community must be in relation to speech situation,
speech event, speech act, and speech styles, as well as components of speech. Those form an
integrated parts in the communicative behavior. Dell Hymes (in Gumperz and Hymes, 1972 : 59-
65) states the speech are in the sixten components, being grouped together under the letters of
the word SPEAKING. SPEAKING here stands for (S)etting, (P)articipants, (E)nds, (A)act
sequence, (K)ey, (I)nstrumentalities, (N)orms, and (G)enres. The further explanation will be
explained later.
Social Functions of Language
8. Forms of sentences of a language generally serve specific function. The sentences are
created, among others, on the basis of purposes. The purposes of creating sentences are (a) to
inform something or someone to the audiences; the sentences created are called statements
(declarative sentences), (b) to question about something or someone; the resultant forms are
interrogative sentences, (c) to ask or command someone to do something; the resultant forms are
imperative sentences, and (d) to show a surprise on someone or something; the resultant forms
are exclamatory sentences.
Traditionally, there are three functions of a language. These three functions of a language
are actually related from one to another. For the sake of discussion, they are discussed in separate
ways. The prime function of a language has been assumed to be cognitive; a language is used to
express ideas, concepts, and thought. The second function is said to be evaluative; a language
has been viewed as a means of conveying attitudes and values. The third function of a language
is referred to be affective; a language is used by its speakers to transmit emotions and feelings.
According to Mary Finocchiaro, there are six functions of a language are; they are as
follows:
1. Personal. The personal function enables the user of a language to express his innermost
thoughts; his emotions such as love, hatred, and sorrow; his needs, desires, or attitudes; and
to clarify or classify ideas in his mind.
2. Interpersonal. The interpersonal function enables him to establish and maintain good social
relations with individuals and groups; to express praise, sympathy, or joy at another’s
success; to inquire about health; to apologize; to invite.
3. Directive. The directive function enables him to control the behaviour of others through
advice, warnings, requests, persuasion, suggestions, orders, or discussion.
4. Referential. The referential function enables him to talk about objects or events in the
immediate setting or environment or in the culture; to discuss the present, the past, and the
future.
5. Metalinguistic. The metalinguistic function enables him to talk about language, for example,
“What does .…….mean?”
9. 6. Imaginative. The imaginative function enables him to use language creatively in rhyming,
composing poetry, writing, or speaking (1989:1-2).
According to Roman Jacobson (in Bell, Roger T. 1976:83), functions of a language are
related to aspects.
ASPECT FUNCTION
Addresser Emotive, expressive, affective
Addressee Conative
Context Referential, cognitive, denotative
Message Poetic
Contact Phatic, interaction management
Code Metalinguistic
Although the model is primarily connected with the nature of literary language, it
provides a means of listing six major language functions by indicating how the shift of focus
from one aspect of the speech event to another determines the function of the language that is
used in it. For example, (a) in relation to emotive function, the addresser aims at the direct
expressions of his attitude to the topic or situation; (b) in relation to conative function, the
speaker focuses on the person(s) addressed, for instance, when he calls the attention of another or
requires them to carry out some action; (c) in relation to context, the participants of a speech act
focus on the object, topic, content of the discourse; (d) in relation to message, the speaker
focuses on the message; (e) in relation to contact, a (certain) language is used for the initiation,
continuation and termination of linguistic encounters; and (f) in relation to code, a language is
used to talk about the language itself.
Factors Influencing Language Use
10. They are four dominant factors influencing someone’s language use in a given speech
community: (a) the participants: who speaks, to whom he speaks, (b) the setting: where does he
speak? (c) the topic discussed, and (d) the function: what and why does he speak?. These factors
(and the other factors) will be discussed in detail in the next chapter (Wardhaugh, 1983). These
four factors can be illustrated as follows:
For instance, there are two persons involving in a speech act. They are called as
participants. They are identified as father and his son. At home (setting), in order to be familiar
between them (function), both father and his son (participants) speak Javanese language to talk
about daily activities (topic); they use Indonesian language in another topic. Both speakers never
Javanese outside their home to each other; they use Banjarese or Indonesian language.
Social Dimensions Influencing Language Use
Starting from the factors above, language use is determined by social dimensions: (a) social
distance scale: how well we know someone, (b) a status scale: high-low status in social life;
superior-subordinate status, and (c) a formality: formal-informal; high-low formality.
Social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behaviour.
The age-grading phenomenon can be used as evidence. In this relation, for instance, young
children speak differently from other children; and children speak differently from mature.
Consequently, there are some varieties of the same language (dialects, styles, speech levels, etc.)
and ways of speaking, choices of words, and rules for conversing. Linguistic structure and/or
behaviour may either influence or determine social structure.
Sociolinguistics studies a language and its varieties, and how they are used in the speech
community in relation to the socio-cultural background of the language use itself.
Conclusion
A language is an important thing in a given community, a speech community. It is not a means
for communication and interaction but also for establishing and maintaining human relationships.
One characteristic of a language is that is social. That is to say that all speech events must be in
relation to the social aspects. A new-born child acquires a language in the social environment
(family as a part of the speech community). A language use also occurs in the speech
community.
11. Based the geographical area, one community may be different from one to another. This results
in the different varieties of language: dialects. These kinds of dialects are known as geographical
or regional dialects. The fact also shows us that the members of a community or speech
community are in the same social hierarchy. Consequently, there are also varieties of the same
language used by the different types of the language users. These kinds of language varieties are
known as social dialects.
Sociolinguistics studies a language and its varieties, and how they are used in the speech
community in relation to the socio-cultural background of the language use itself.