This document provides an overview of socioeconomic status (SES) and methods used to determine it. It defines SES and discusses its importance in health research. Major factors that affect SES include education, occupation, and income. Several scales are used to measure SES, including the Modified Kuppuswamy Scale, Modified BG Prasad Classification, and the Standard of Living Index. Appropriate scales depend on whether the setting is urban or rural. The document also provides sample questions to assess SES and limitations of different scales.
Socioeconomic scales and their importancePriyash Jain
Socioeconomic Scales and their Importance
Socioeconomic Scales have an integral role in the healthcare system of India. This presentation explains many SES and their role.
Planning and management
Defined as “continuous ,systematic coordinated planning for the investment of resources of a country in programme aimed at achieving the most economical & social development.
Types of families |NUCLEAR FAMILY|JOINT FAMILY|THREE GENERATION FAMILY |Functions of the family |FAMILY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE |SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS| COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Although there is very less material in web ,I try to make the topic lucid . I also stuck in sampling part but i feel it helpful for readers .
Commends are welcome
The National Health Mission (NHM) encompasses
its two Sub-Missions, the National Rural Health
Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health
Mission (NUHM). The main programmatic
components include Health system strengthening
in rural and urban areas, ReproductiveMaternal-Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health
(RMNCH+A) and Communicable and NonCommunicable Diseases. The NHM envisages
achievement of universal access to equitable,
affordable & quality healthcare services that are
accountable and responsive to people’s needs.
Important maternal and child health parameters to evaluate quality care for the special group. Includes MMR, IMR, SBR, PMR, NMR, PNMR, U5MR. Practical class for UG 4th sem
Socioeconomic scales and their importancePriyash Jain
Socioeconomic Scales and their Importance
Socioeconomic Scales have an integral role in the healthcare system of India. This presentation explains many SES and their role.
Planning and management
Defined as “continuous ,systematic coordinated planning for the investment of resources of a country in programme aimed at achieving the most economical & social development.
Types of families |NUCLEAR FAMILY|JOINT FAMILY|THREE GENERATION FAMILY |Functions of the family |FAMILY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE |SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS| COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Although there is very less material in web ,I try to make the topic lucid . I also stuck in sampling part but i feel it helpful for readers .
Commends are welcome
The National Health Mission (NHM) encompasses
its two Sub-Missions, the National Rural Health
Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health
Mission (NUHM). The main programmatic
components include Health system strengthening
in rural and urban areas, ReproductiveMaternal-Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health
(RMNCH+A) and Communicable and NonCommunicable Diseases. The NHM envisages
achievement of universal access to equitable,
affordable & quality healthcare services that are
accountable and responsive to people’s needs.
Important maternal and child health parameters to evaluate quality care for the special group. Includes MMR, IMR, SBR, PMR, NMR, PNMR, U5MR. Practical class for UG 4th sem
Socioeconomic Status Scale | Nursing Education | Juhin JJuhin J
Socioeconomic status(SES) is a combination of both social and economic variables. It is one of the most important social determinants of health and disease. It influences the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and actual utilization of available health facilities.
Socioeconomic Status Scale | Nursing Education | Juhin JJuhin J
Socioeconomic status(SES) is a combination of both social and economic variables. It is one of the most important social determinants of health and disease. It influences the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and actual utilization of available health facilities.
Do you believe that the value of life is just minting money and to take care of those whom you love. Or did you believe that life is worth living in the schedules made by destiny. Today We are living and counting days which only aim to improve our life and those who matter. While we go to temples and pray for self and live selfishly, their those who don't have sleepers to put on or a grain to live for.
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M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
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This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
the IUA Administrative Board and General Assembly meeting
Socioeconomic status determination
1. Determination of Socio Economic
Status & its implication
By
Dr Madhab Nayak
3rd yr. PG Student
Dept.of Community Medicine
MKCG Medical College
Email:-drmadhab65@gmail.com
2. Outlines of Topics
1.Definition of SES.
2.Need of SES.
3.Major Factors affecting SES.
4.Various Methods Used to determine it.
a.Modified Kuppuswamys scale
b.Modified BG prasads classification
c.Pareek & kulashesthas classification
d.Standard of Living index etc.
5.Where to use which type.
6.Questions Asked on SES.
3. It is defined as the position that an individual
or family occupies with reference to the
prevailing average standards of cultural and
material possessions, income, and
participation in group activity of the
community.
It is an important determinant of health,
morbidity and mortality of the family.
WHAT IS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ?
4. WHY We Need to determine SES of Family?
1. To know the social class of family.
2. Health status can be determined.
3. Help you in Family study .
4. Uses in various Research study.
5.To suggest corrective measures which are socially
acceptable and economically feasible for the family.
6. MAJOR FACTORS affecting SES
A. EDUCATION STATUS:
a. IL (illiterate). A persons above 7 years who can neither
read nor write with understanding in any one language,
should be classified as IL (illiterate).
b. LI-NF (literate non-formal) for those above 7 years who
can read and write with understanding in any one
language but do not have formal schooling.
7. c. Literate:- > 7 years of age and ability to
read, write and understand at least one
language.
d. PS (pre-school) for children under 5 years
of age.
For literate with formal schooling write the
highest education status attained, that is,
the examination
8. B.OCCUPATION
i) Professional:
The highest social status for profession like
medical ( Doctor), engineering, or legal.
ii) Semi- professional:
Next social status is for employment as college
teachers or administrative responsibilities like head
master, officers in Government .Next comes primary
and high school teachers .
9. iii) Clerical, Shop-owner , Farmer :
Traders who maintain petty shops and are
engaged in small trade and business activities.
iv) Skilled workers:
Occupation like tailor, carpenters, mashoner,
washer man, potter, barber, beedi workers etc.
can be included.
v) Unskilled workers:
Those are casual workers and are engaged by
others by wages. Eg. Labourers.
10. c. INCOME
Low income families are just able to meet their
immediate needs and are not able to accumulate
wealth, that could be passed on to future
generations
while affluent families with higher and expandable
income can keep on good health & wealth.
Unemployed adult: > 18 years adult neither involved in
any job nor a student .
11. How SES is MEASURED ?
The position the family occupies with reference to
the prevailing average standards of material
possessions, income, and participation in group
activity of the community is accessed.
In SES scale ,there are many component like
education component occupation component ,income
component etc.
Each component has different level and we will
give number
12. Socioeconomic status has been measured
by following methods/scales:-
Kuppuswami’s scale
BG Prasad scale
Udai Pareek’s Method
Rahudkar scales
Jalota scale
Kulshrestha scale
Shrivastava scale
Bharadwaj scale
Methods Used to Determine SES
13. This scale was proposed by Kuppuswamy in India in 1976
It is the most widely used scale
He prepared a scale based on three variables which contributes
to the socio-economic staus .These are-
Education of Head of Family
Occupation of Head of Family
Income of Family per month
Each component is given a weighted score and then
the total score is summed up and the
individual/family can be classified.
The level of income is updated on the basis
of consumer price index (CPI).
14. Profession or honors
Graduate or postgraduate
7
6
Intermediate or post high school diploma5
High school certificate
Middle school certificate
Primary school certificate
Illiterate
4
3
2
1
16. Family
Income in
1976
Family
Income in
1998
Family Income in
2017
Score
>=2000 >=13500 >=41985 12
1000 - 1999 6750 - 13499 20992 - 41984 10
750 - 999 5050 - 6749 15706 - 20991 6
500 - 749 3375 - 5049 10496 - 15705 4
300 - 499 2025 - 3374 6298 - 10495 3
101 - 299 676 - 2024 2102 - 6297 2
<= 100 <= 675 <=2101 1
C. Family Income per month
It implies that Rs.2000/- of 1976 are equal to
Rs.13500/- of 1998 and Rs.41985/- of 2017
January.
This is due to the rise in inflation since 1976.
Modified Income Values for January 2017:
17. MODIFICATION OF KUPPUSWAMY’S CLASSIFICATION:
The Income variable in the classification is subjected to change with
the changes in the inflation.
So there is need for modification of the income variable so that it will
be used by the public health as per time.
18. Check this webpage first for the current CPI(IW):
www.labourbureaunew.gov.in
Then, enter the CPI(IW) value in the green cell in the tool below.
CPI (IW) means Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers. It will be
some number between 200 to 400 (this is only an indicative range, not
fixed)
Do note that the latest available value of CPI(IW) will usually be for 2 or 3
months prior to the current month.
How to Calculate Modified Income Values online?
Go to Wbsite
http://scaleupdate.weebly.com/
20. This is a realtime update for the Kuppuswamy’s
Socioeconomic Status Scale.
The revised scale is as given by Sharma (2017).
For further details of the scale and revision, see the
following article:
Sharma R. Revised Kuppuswamy’s Socioeconomic
Status Scale: Explained and Updated. Indian Pediatr.
2017;54:867-70. Available
at: www.indianpediatrics.net/oct2017/867.pdf
21. Total SCORE = A+B+C
26-29
16-25
11-15
5-10
Below 5
SOCIAL CLASS
1(upper class)
2(upper middle)
3(lower middle)
4(upper lower)
5(lower)
22. 1. Scale should be updated from time to time to ensure
its constant use. Not constant always.
2. It takes the Occupation and Education of the Head
of the Family into account. But in Indian societies
there will be joint families which will be headed by
grandparents who will be illiterate and unemployed.
3. It does not take the family size into consideration.
Small family with same income as any other large
family will enjoy upward social mobility.
4. Not useful for Rural Area.
Limitations of the Modified Kuppuswamy
Scale:
23. This method takes into consideration of
caste,
occupation,
education,
land holding,
social participation,
family size,
housing,
farm power & material possession.
Each of these component is given weighted
score and by summing up all the components
the SES can be determined and categorized into
several classes.
27. D)Land
No land
Less than 1 acre
1-5 acre
5-10 acre
10-15 acre
15-20 acre
20 and above
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
28. E)Social participation
None
Member of one organization
Member of more than one organization
Office holder in such organization
Wider public leader
0
1
2
3
4
29. F)Family members
Single 1
Joint 2
Extended 3
Size up to 5 2
Any other distribution feature 2
G)House
No house
Kutcha house
Mixed house
Pucca house
Mansion
1
2
3
4
5
33. Its use is only limited to rural population.
It contains too many components that are
difficult to access.
34.
35. Bollam Gnana Prasad Rao (BG Prasad) scale was
first introduced in 1961 and was revised by the
author himself in 1968 and 1970.
In this scale per capita monthly income of an
individual. It is computed as:
Per capita monthly income=total monthly
income of the family/total members of family
USED FOR RURAL AREA
38. One of the main limitation of using per capita
is that it does not actually measure
development.
As per capita income is a mean value. It does
not reflect actual income distribution.
39. Variables Categories
1.Source of drinking tap(own)
Score
3
2
1
0
4
2
0
Water tap shared
hand pump+well
others
pucca
semi-pucca
katcha
2.Type of house
40. 3.Source of lighting electricity 2
kerosene 1
others 0
4.Fuel for cooking LPG 2
kerosene 1
others 0
5.Toilet facility own flush toilet 4
own pit toilet 2
shared toilet 1
no toilet 0
41. 6.ownership of items: fan 2
radio 2
sewing machine 2
television 2
telephone 3
bicycle 2
motor cycle/scooter 3
car 4
tractor 4
42. On the basis of total score households are
divided into three categories as:
Low-if total score is <= 9.
Medium-if total score is > 9 to <= 19.
High-if the score is >19
43. It is an economic benchmark and poverty
threshold used by the government of India to
indicate economic disadvantage and to
identify individuals and households in need of
government assistance and aid.
According to the budget of 2011-12:
Rural –Rs.27 per day
Urban –Rs.33 per day
And as per 2014 budget
Rural Rs.32/day
urban Rs.47/day
44. Urban Area Rural Area Can be used in both
settings
Modified
Kuppuswamy’s
scale
Modified B G
Prasad’ s
classification
Pareekh and
Kulashreshta’s
classification
Standard of living
index
– (parasuraman et
al)
BPL/APL
Where to use which type
Scale?
You Must Remember...
45. Q.What is an Urban Area?
According to the Census of India 2001, an urban area is the
one which fulfils the following criteria:
a)All statutory places with a municipality, corporation,
cantonment board or notified town area
committee, etc. OR
b)A place satisfying the following three criteria
simultaneously:
i.A minimum population of 5,000;
ii.At least 75 per cent of male working population
engaged in non-agricultural pursuits;
iii.and
A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000
per sq. mile)
46. Q. What is a rural area?
According to the Census of India
2001, all those areas which do not
fulfil the criteria for urban area are
grouped as rural areas.
47. MCQs
Modified Kuppuswamy scale include all criteria for
socioeconomic status except: [AIPGME ]
(a) Income of family per month
(b) Education of head of family
(c) Occupation of head
(d) Income of Family Head
Ans.D
48. 2. According to Kuppuswamy’s scale, total score for upper
middle class is
(a) 11-15
(b) 16-25
(c) 26-29
(d) 29-31
Ans.B
49. The Socio-Economic Scale developed for rural setup is
(a)Kuppuswamy
(b) Pareek
(c) Prasad
(d) None of the above
Ans. B
Short note
Modified Kuppuswamy scale
50. MY REFERENCES
1. Suryakantha AH. Community Medicine with Recent
Advances, 3rd edition.
2. Park. K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine,
24rth ed.
3. Sociology: A Global Perspective by Joan Ferrante 7E.
4. RAJVIR BHALWAR Public health textbook WHO – India.
5. Kumar N, Shekhar C, Kumar P, Kundu AS. Kuppuswamy’s
socioeconomic status scale .
51.
52. FOR Any further Doubts
regarding topic
You can mail me :- drmadhab65@gmail.com
Whats up Me:-7008799441
Visit My Slide share Account:-
My Youtube Channel:-
53. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Why does inflation have to be figured in, while calculating the Prasad classification?
Check the original Prasad classification. It would be difficult to reconcile that in the current time, a per capita
monthly income of > Rs.100 should represent the HIGHEST income class. If you choose to use the Prasad
classification, it makes sense to keep the income classes updated by taking inflation into consideration. You
can read more about inflation on the Wikipedia page about it. It defines inflation as a persistent increase in
the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
What is the validity of the revision of Prasad’s social classification?
Validity of the real-time revised scale = Validity of the original scale + Some
The revision has not modified the classification (or the scoring) in any way. It just takes into consideration the
concept of inflation for the income categories. Whatever is the validity of the Prasad’s social classification as a
measure of socioeconomic status, use of the real-time update for the revision will increase the validity by
some extent for certain.
Still, I mean I would trust the revision more, if the validity was established by some reputed name like WHO
etc.
The only ‘update’ in the revision is in the income subscale. This update is linked to the Consumer Price Index
(CPI) figure. And these figures are updated and released by the Government of India monthly. So in a way, that
is quite a robust source for validity!
Why the need for a web-based resource for updating the scale?
As the basic indicator for inflation is released monthly by the Govt. of India, the scale too changes monthly. It
can only be kept relevant through a web-based calculator.
54. There have been print article updates of the Prasad’s social classification. Why can’t
I just use any one of them? Why the need for an additional reference to a web
resource?
If you understood the logic behind the answer to the FAQ1 above, i.e. why the
original income categories cannot be used as it is in the current times, the same logic
extends to the print updates too. As they are fixed in one point in time, they slowly
lose their validity of income classification with time. The only way to take inflation
into account is to take the latest Consumer Price Index (CPI) value into consideration,
which is possible by using a web-based calculator. You can check this articlefor
further explanation.
So, in a nutshell, what is the need for a ‘real-time update’?
- If you have selected the Prasad’s social classification as the tool of choice for
measurement of socioeconomic status in your research work,
- If you agree that there is a need for updating the income category cut-points, that
is, you get the logic for a revision,
- Then by extension of the same logic, there is need for a real-time update.
55. A new value of the CPI is released each month. The data collection in my
study is going to last more than one month. So, which value of the CPI to
use in my research?
The CPI value changes monthly as discussed. It will not be practically
feasible to use different values of the revised scale for different subjects,
for a cross-sectional research study in which the data collection lasts more
than a month. A recommendation can be to use the last available value of
the CPI before printing of the questionnaires, for calculation of the revised
scale for cross-sectional studies. For prospective follow-up studies where
an individual is likely to be followed up at least six months apart, two
different CPI values can be used for the baseline and the follow-up
measurements