This document summarizes a student paper about promoting childhood immunizations in Texas. It provides background data on recent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases from sources like the CDC. Vaccination rates in Texas are outlined, with 81.5% of children receiving the full DTaP series and 92.7% receiving the MMR vaccine. The document proposes partnering with organizations like the Texas Nurses Association to educate caregivers and advocate for stricter vaccination laws to increase immunization rates and prevent future outbreaks.
Ressler, Bradshaw, Gualtieri and Chui: Communicating The Experience Of Chro...pkressler
Communicating the Experience of Chronic Pain and Illness through Blogging -- formative study exploring blogging behavior and psychosocial benefits of blogging for patients with chronic pain or illness.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Childhood immunization: What can British Columbia do to improve immunizations...Richard Horne
This briefing provides an assessment of various policy options that could be used to improve childhood immunization rates in British Columbia based on a review of immunization coverage strategies utilized in other jurisdictions. The implications of implementing a mandatory immunization law for all school-aged children is analyzed and discussed, among other policy options aimed at increasing childhood immunization rates as part of a strategy to combat preventable diseases. The Province’s existing policy in this area, summarized in the Strategic Framework for Immunization in B.C., has failed to ensure immunization coverage targets for major vaccine-preventable diseases are met.
Ressler, Bradshaw, Gualtieri and Chui: Communicating The Experience Of Chro...pkressler
Communicating the Experience of Chronic Pain and Illness through Blogging -- formative study exploring blogging behavior and psychosocial benefits of blogging for patients with chronic pain or illness.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Childhood immunization: What can British Columbia do to improve immunizations...Richard Horne
This briefing provides an assessment of various policy options that could be used to improve childhood immunization rates in British Columbia based on a review of immunization coverage strategies utilized in other jurisdictions. The implications of implementing a mandatory immunization law for all school-aged children is analyzed and discussed, among other policy options aimed at increasing childhood immunization rates as part of a strategy to combat preventable diseases. The Province’s existing policy in this area, summarized in the Strategic Framework for Immunization in B.C., has failed to ensure immunization coverage targets for major vaccine-preventable diseases are met.
Immunity or Impunity? The Origins of Biopolitics and the Coronavirus Syndemic...Université de Montréal
Immunity or Impunity? The Origins of Biopolitics and the Coronavirus Syndemic. An essay-review of Roberto Esposito’s trilogy Bios – Communitas – Immunitas.
Global Mental Health & Psychiatry Review, Autumn 2021, 2(3): 16-17.
Abstract
This essay-review by a physician-philosopher addresses the origins of the debate over immunity in the coronavirus crisis by examining the terms immunity and community in law and politics through the innovative trilogy of philosopher Roberto Esposito, how they are used in medicine today, and how they can be deployed to construct an affirmative biopolitics, avoiding a narrow medical scientism on one hand and authoritarian political power on the other. With its origin in the obligations of office and the gratitude of the gift, we must preserve the protection of immunity against the predations of impunity.
Key words: Immunity, community, syndemics, affirmative biopolitics, Roberto Esposito
Using Social Media for Breastfeeding Communication in IndonesiaAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Breastfeeding is known to positively affect maternal and child health. Despite the many benefits of breastfeeding, Indonesia‘s breastfeeding rate is still below target. Social media can be a useful communication for development tool to promote breastfeeding in Indonesia. Understanding how social media is used in communicating and promoting breastfeeding can help in tailoring programs to increase the breastfeeding rate. This paper aims to analyze the potential and challenges of social media in breastfeeding communication by examining the functions of social media in breastfeeding communication. The results are social media in breastfeeding communication can be classified into two major functions, namely for informational and social purposes. Informational refers to resource and curation functions, whereas social refers to community, social support and social activism. The social function, especially social support seemed to be the most widely reported function of social media, due to the networked nature of social media. Although challenged with the issue of digital divide and other external factors that affect breastfeeding, social media may be an effective tool in breastfeeding promotion and communication.
Family Matters: The Family as a Resource for the Mental, Social, and Relation...Université de Montréal
Invited Plenary Presentation:
"Family Matters: The Family as a Resource for the Mental, Social, and Relational Well-Being of Youth Migrants, Asylum Seekers, & Other Displaced Populations"
Plenary Session: "The Mental Health and Well-Being of Children from Families Who Are Refugees, IDPs and Migrants"
Co-Chairs: Prof. Helen Herrman (Australia)
Prof. Vincenzo Di Nicola (Canada)
III Congress on Mental Health:
Meeting the Needs of the XXI Century
“Children, Society, and Future”
Moscow, Russian Federation
October 8, 2021
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16311.85920
Factors Influencing Immunization Coverage among Children 12- 23 Months of Age...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
You are the local Director of Public Health in your region where HIV infection is a major public health issue and national leaders do not support drug use or barrier contraception. Describe how you would use your knowledge of public education, individual’s perception of risk and the use of the media, to promote healthy behaviour to limit disease impact, and increase the use and public acceptance of drug therapy.
Reinforce your answer with evidence based interventions as far as possible.
Reaching Health Messages to Women in India: Evidences from District Level Hea...inventionjournals
Change in behavior is a process that depends on many factors. Mass media plays an effective role
in creating awareness and influencing beliefs, attitude and practices. Since it is an effective instrument in
guiding social norms, it is an equally important factor for behavioral change. The main objectives of this paper
are to examine the extent of reach of messages and it also examines the major source of the health messages for
women in select states. For the present study data of District Level Household Survey, 2007-08 (DLHS3) has
been analyzed. In DLHS 3 data was collected from 720,320 households from 34 states and union territories of
India (excluding Nagaland). DLHS 3 interviewed 643,944 married women aged 15-49. For the present study
simple cross tab analyses has been done. To have a better insight into communication of different health
messages, health information index has been calculated. There is a significant rural-urban, caste and religion
differential in reach and accessibility of health messages through mass media. Health professionals and friends/
relatives are the major sources to receive health messages. Electronic media is the third largest source for
health information but it is also influenced by background characteristics like place of residence, education of
women, economic states etc
1. Coalition ProposalVaccination Policy for Infectious Disease P.docxmonicafrancis71118
1. Coalition Proposal
Vaccination Policy for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
Scope of the Problem
Vaccines have done an excellent job at preventing many diseases, some of which can be deadly if not prevented. When bacteria or viruses enter the body, they immediately begin to attack and multiply, which then causes an infection. The immune system will then fight off the infection and establish antibodies, which will help recognize and fight off the same disease in the future. For this very reason, it has been important for children to be vaccinated at an early age so that they may establish those antibodies their bodies need. Vaccines act as the disease so that the body may produce antibodies, but the good thing is that it won’t cause an infection (CDC, 2017).
There are current policies that mandate vaccinations in the U.S., for example, all children are required to be up to date on their vaccines before beginning school. The problem is that there are many loopholes and exceptions to the rule, whether it’s due to religious reasons or other medical issues. Because of this, there are still many children and adults who have yet to be fully compliant with vaccine requirements
Some important statistics to note (Johns Hopkins Medicine):
· CDC estimated 2,700 new cases of hepatitis A in the U.S.
· It is estimated that in 2011, 19,000 new cases of hepatitis B and 17,000 cases of hepatitis C occurred.
· In 2012, nearly 10,000 new cases of tuberculosis were reported.
· Approximately 36,000 people per year die from influenza and pneumonia.
· 50,000 new cases of HIV infection occur annually.
· In 2012, new cases of STD’s were reported, including HPV, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV, and Syphilis.
Who is affected by this problem? Identify.
Children are mainly affected by this problem due to parents’ hesitancy for vaccinations. Although law mandates for children to be vaccinated for school enrollment, parents have the option to use exemptions to avoid having their children vaccinated. Currently, medical exemptions are allowed for medical reasons in all states, and it is estimated that one to three percent of children are excused from vaccinations because of these exemptions. Parents have continued to use reasons to avoid vaccinations, for example, the belief that the decline in vaccine-preventable diseases is due to improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation (Ventola, C. L., 2016).
Health disparities among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites have played a huge role in terms of vaccination coverage. Studies have shown that health insurance has a direct impact on the vaccination coverage in adults, therefore, low-income families who can’t afford health insurance will most likely not get the vaccines they need. With that being said, uninsured prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic blacks (19.5%) and Hispanics (30.1%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (11.1%) (Lu, P., et al, 2015).
What has been written on the issue and policy options?
There ha.
Should individual rights (e.g., parents’ right to decide whether to .docxmanningchassidy
Should individual rights (e.g., parents’ right to decide whether to vaccinate their children) be compromised to control the spread of communicable diseases for the good of society?
discussion. The childcare facility requirements/guidelines are every child must be vaccinated to attend this specific school. He was told a few schools in the community excepted exemptions for vaccinations, however not this school.
The definition of va
ccination is
to administer a injection to help the immune system develop protection from disease (Wikipedia, 2021). Vaccines contain a virus in a weakened, live, or killed state or proteins or toxins from the organism. Vaccines help prevent sickness from infectious disease by stimulating the body's adaptive immunity. When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them (Wikipedia, 2021). The vaccination policy in the United States is a subgroup of the U. S. health policy that deals with immunization against infectious disease.
I feel the individual rights of the parents who made a conscious decision not to vaccinate their child should not be persecuted. The parents' decision should be respected, but when the decision to not vaccinate their child may negatively affect the lives of others, the parents should be held accountable legally and financially. A population that is appropriately vaccinated against highly infectious diseases is a common good to its members' very society. Is it ethical to subject my child to the risk associated with receiving vaccines, and another parent is hesitant or refuses to have their child vaccinated? Is it right for that child to reap the benefits of herd immunity? The "herd immunity" or "community immunity" is fragile for measles. It does not take many unvaccinated individuals to approach the tipping point at which vaccine coverage levels are low, resulting in increased preventable infection levels (Hendrix et al., 2016). Many parents choose not to vaccinate their children, which is globally causing a resurgence in vaccine-preventable diseases. Parents are hesitant to vaccinate because religious beliefs are usually linked to the refusal of all vaccines or personal beliefs. Some parents believe natural immunity is better and more effective than immunity acquired from vaccinations. Safety concerns are the most significant reason parents are hesitant and refusing to vaccinate their children, especially with the known link between vaccines and autism. The desire for additional information causes hesitancy and refusal because parents feel more in-depth information about the vaccines should be accessible to review, enabling them to make better-informed decisions (Akoum, 2019).
In the United States, many safety precautions are required by law to help ensure that the vaccines we receive are reliable and safe. CO ...
Running head FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG1FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG3.docxwlynn1
Running head: FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 1
FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 3
Health Policy, Politics, And Perspectives
Week 6 Assignment 1: Field Experience Log
Name of the Event:
Health Policy/ The Importance of Vaccination for School-Going Children
Sponsors: American Health Association
Rockwood, Tennessee County
Preparation for the Event:
Newspapers and Magazines
Use of Posters
Social Networking Sites
Place, Date, Time, and Length of Event: The event was scheduled to take place in Ridge View Elementary School on the 17th of January 2020 from 9 am to 1 pm.
Topic under Discussion:
The prevention of disease through the use of vaccines and vaccination and fighting misinformation about vaccination.
Names of Participants: American Health Association
Tennessee County Officials
Ridge View Elementary Teachers
Ridge View Elementary Parents
Ridge View Elementary Students
Brief Description of The Event: The event was successful and all parties concurred that there was a huge gap to be filled when it comes to vaccination in schools. The AHA and Tennessee County promised sponsorship for the vaccination runs that would happen once every year. The vaccination policy was discussed and its feasibility report was presented (Levin, 2020). All parties pledged their cooperation and Ridge View Elementary fraternity was very pleased with the developments of the event.
Analysis of the Health Policy Issue and Its Implications for Healthcare:
Vaccination is not only a public health issue but is also a policy issue. In numerous states all over the country, it has become very contentious as there has been a polarization in the views and perceptions that people have on vaccination. One school of thought is that vaccination is harmful, especially to toddlers, as it literally introduces a strain to the body in order to allow it to learn how to fight the disease (Vivion et al., 2020). This view is heavily misguided and has been brought about by constant and misconstrued information that is part of misinformation in the country. Vaccines are the best chance that any individual has, adult or child, to fight a disease or virus that is not only communicable but highly infectious. Needless to say, parties who support this view are heavily opposed to the introduction and implementation of policies that would make vaccination mandatory, not only in schools but also in the local and federal governments. On the other hand, there are those that believe in the effectiveness of vaccination despite the minute risk that vaccination brings. Normally, vaccines are effective more often than they are not. This effectiveness is built on by following the number of vaccinations and doing them at the right time. For instance, if a vaccine is to be administered in 2-5 years of age, then it should be administered within this window. This school of thought believes in the tried and tested effectiveness of vaccines (Schaffner et al., 2020). Consequently, parties who support this view suppo.
Immunity or Impunity? The Origins of Biopolitics and the Coronavirus Syndemic...Université de Montréal
Immunity or Impunity? The Origins of Biopolitics and the Coronavirus Syndemic. An essay-review of Roberto Esposito’s trilogy Bios – Communitas – Immunitas.
Global Mental Health & Psychiatry Review, Autumn 2021, 2(3): 16-17.
Abstract
This essay-review by a physician-philosopher addresses the origins of the debate over immunity in the coronavirus crisis by examining the terms immunity and community in law and politics through the innovative trilogy of philosopher Roberto Esposito, how they are used in medicine today, and how they can be deployed to construct an affirmative biopolitics, avoiding a narrow medical scientism on one hand and authoritarian political power on the other. With its origin in the obligations of office and the gratitude of the gift, we must preserve the protection of immunity against the predations of impunity.
Key words: Immunity, community, syndemics, affirmative biopolitics, Roberto Esposito
Using Social Media for Breastfeeding Communication in IndonesiaAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Breastfeeding is known to positively affect maternal and child health. Despite the many benefits of breastfeeding, Indonesia‘s breastfeeding rate is still below target. Social media can be a useful communication for development tool to promote breastfeeding in Indonesia. Understanding how social media is used in communicating and promoting breastfeeding can help in tailoring programs to increase the breastfeeding rate. This paper aims to analyze the potential and challenges of social media in breastfeeding communication by examining the functions of social media in breastfeeding communication. The results are social media in breastfeeding communication can be classified into two major functions, namely for informational and social purposes. Informational refers to resource and curation functions, whereas social refers to community, social support and social activism. The social function, especially social support seemed to be the most widely reported function of social media, due to the networked nature of social media. Although challenged with the issue of digital divide and other external factors that affect breastfeeding, social media may be an effective tool in breastfeeding promotion and communication.
Family Matters: The Family as a Resource for the Mental, Social, and Relation...Université de Montréal
Invited Plenary Presentation:
"Family Matters: The Family as a Resource for the Mental, Social, and Relational Well-Being of Youth Migrants, Asylum Seekers, & Other Displaced Populations"
Plenary Session: "The Mental Health and Well-Being of Children from Families Who Are Refugees, IDPs and Migrants"
Co-Chairs: Prof. Helen Herrman (Australia)
Prof. Vincenzo Di Nicola (Canada)
III Congress on Mental Health:
Meeting the Needs of the XXI Century
“Children, Society, and Future”
Moscow, Russian Federation
October 8, 2021
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16311.85920
Factors Influencing Immunization Coverage among Children 12- 23 Months of Age...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
You are the local Director of Public Health in your region where HIV infection is a major public health issue and national leaders do not support drug use or barrier contraception. Describe how you would use your knowledge of public education, individual’s perception of risk and the use of the media, to promote healthy behaviour to limit disease impact, and increase the use and public acceptance of drug therapy.
Reinforce your answer with evidence based interventions as far as possible.
Reaching Health Messages to Women in India: Evidences from District Level Hea...inventionjournals
Change in behavior is a process that depends on many factors. Mass media plays an effective role
in creating awareness and influencing beliefs, attitude and practices. Since it is an effective instrument in
guiding social norms, it is an equally important factor for behavioral change. The main objectives of this paper
are to examine the extent of reach of messages and it also examines the major source of the health messages for
women in select states. For the present study data of District Level Household Survey, 2007-08 (DLHS3) has
been analyzed. In DLHS 3 data was collected from 720,320 households from 34 states and union territories of
India (excluding Nagaland). DLHS 3 interviewed 643,944 married women aged 15-49. For the present study
simple cross tab analyses has been done. To have a better insight into communication of different health
messages, health information index has been calculated. There is a significant rural-urban, caste and religion
differential in reach and accessibility of health messages through mass media. Health professionals and friends/
relatives are the major sources to receive health messages. Electronic media is the third largest source for
health information but it is also influenced by background characteristics like place of residence, education of
women, economic states etc
1. Coalition ProposalVaccination Policy for Infectious Disease P.docxmonicafrancis71118
1. Coalition Proposal
Vaccination Policy for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
Scope of the Problem
Vaccines have done an excellent job at preventing many diseases, some of which can be deadly if not prevented. When bacteria or viruses enter the body, they immediately begin to attack and multiply, which then causes an infection. The immune system will then fight off the infection and establish antibodies, which will help recognize and fight off the same disease in the future. For this very reason, it has been important for children to be vaccinated at an early age so that they may establish those antibodies their bodies need. Vaccines act as the disease so that the body may produce antibodies, but the good thing is that it won’t cause an infection (CDC, 2017).
There are current policies that mandate vaccinations in the U.S., for example, all children are required to be up to date on their vaccines before beginning school. The problem is that there are many loopholes and exceptions to the rule, whether it’s due to religious reasons or other medical issues. Because of this, there are still many children and adults who have yet to be fully compliant with vaccine requirements
Some important statistics to note (Johns Hopkins Medicine):
· CDC estimated 2,700 new cases of hepatitis A in the U.S.
· It is estimated that in 2011, 19,000 new cases of hepatitis B and 17,000 cases of hepatitis C occurred.
· In 2012, nearly 10,000 new cases of tuberculosis were reported.
· Approximately 36,000 people per year die from influenza and pneumonia.
· 50,000 new cases of HIV infection occur annually.
· In 2012, new cases of STD’s were reported, including HPV, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV, and Syphilis.
Who is affected by this problem? Identify.
Children are mainly affected by this problem due to parents’ hesitancy for vaccinations. Although law mandates for children to be vaccinated for school enrollment, parents have the option to use exemptions to avoid having their children vaccinated. Currently, medical exemptions are allowed for medical reasons in all states, and it is estimated that one to three percent of children are excused from vaccinations because of these exemptions. Parents have continued to use reasons to avoid vaccinations, for example, the belief that the decline in vaccine-preventable diseases is due to improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation (Ventola, C. L., 2016).
Health disparities among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites have played a huge role in terms of vaccination coverage. Studies have shown that health insurance has a direct impact on the vaccination coverage in adults, therefore, low-income families who can’t afford health insurance will most likely not get the vaccines they need. With that being said, uninsured prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic blacks (19.5%) and Hispanics (30.1%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (11.1%) (Lu, P., et al, 2015).
What has been written on the issue and policy options?
There ha.
Should individual rights (e.g., parents’ right to decide whether to .docxmanningchassidy
Should individual rights (e.g., parents’ right to decide whether to vaccinate their children) be compromised to control the spread of communicable diseases for the good of society?
discussion. The childcare facility requirements/guidelines are every child must be vaccinated to attend this specific school. He was told a few schools in the community excepted exemptions for vaccinations, however not this school.
The definition of va
ccination is
to administer a injection to help the immune system develop protection from disease (Wikipedia, 2021). Vaccines contain a virus in a weakened, live, or killed state or proteins or toxins from the organism. Vaccines help prevent sickness from infectious disease by stimulating the body's adaptive immunity. When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them (Wikipedia, 2021). The vaccination policy in the United States is a subgroup of the U. S. health policy that deals with immunization against infectious disease.
I feel the individual rights of the parents who made a conscious decision not to vaccinate their child should not be persecuted. The parents' decision should be respected, but when the decision to not vaccinate their child may negatively affect the lives of others, the parents should be held accountable legally and financially. A population that is appropriately vaccinated against highly infectious diseases is a common good to its members' very society. Is it ethical to subject my child to the risk associated with receiving vaccines, and another parent is hesitant or refuses to have their child vaccinated? Is it right for that child to reap the benefits of herd immunity? The "herd immunity" or "community immunity" is fragile for measles. It does not take many unvaccinated individuals to approach the tipping point at which vaccine coverage levels are low, resulting in increased preventable infection levels (Hendrix et al., 2016). Many parents choose not to vaccinate their children, which is globally causing a resurgence in vaccine-preventable diseases. Parents are hesitant to vaccinate because religious beliefs are usually linked to the refusal of all vaccines or personal beliefs. Some parents believe natural immunity is better and more effective than immunity acquired from vaccinations. Safety concerns are the most significant reason parents are hesitant and refusing to vaccinate their children, especially with the known link between vaccines and autism. The desire for additional information causes hesitancy and refusal because parents feel more in-depth information about the vaccines should be accessible to review, enabling them to make better-informed decisions (Akoum, 2019).
In the United States, many safety precautions are required by law to help ensure that the vaccines we receive are reliable and safe. CO ...
Running head FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG1FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG3.docxwlynn1
Running head: FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 1
FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 3
Health Policy, Politics, And Perspectives
Week 6 Assignment 1: Field Experience Log
Name of the Event:
Health Policy/ The Importance of Vaccination for School-Going Children
Sponsors: American Health Association
Rockwood, Tennessee County
Preparation for the Event:
Newspapers and Magazines
Use of Posters
Social Networking Sites
Place, Date, Time, and Length of Event: The event was scheduled to take place in Ridge View Elementary School on the 17th of January 2020 from 9 am to 1 pm.
Topic under Discussion:
The prevention of disease through the use of vaccines and vaccination and fighting misinformation about vaccination.
Names of Participants: American Health Association
Tennessee County Officials
Ridge View Elementary Teachers
Ridge View Elementary Parents
Ridge View Elementary Students
Brief Description of The Event: The event was successful and all parties concurred that there was a huge gap to be filled when it comes to vaccination in schools. The AHA and Tennessee County promised sponsorship for the vaccination runs that would happen once every year. The vaccination policy was discussed and its feasibility report was presented (Levin, 2020). All parties pledged their cooperation and Ridge View Elementary fraternity was very pleased with the developments of the event.
Analysis of the Health Policy Issue and Its Implications for Healthcare:
Vaccination is not only a public health issue but is also a policy issue. In numerous states all over the country, it has become very contentious as there has been a polarization in the views and perceptions that people have on vaccination. One school of thought is that vaccination is harmful, especially to toddlers, as it literally introduces a strain to the body in order to allow it to learn how to fight the disease (Vivion et al., 2020). This view is heavily misguided and has been brought about by constant and misconstrued information that is part of misinformation in the country. Vaccines are the best chance that any individual has, adult or child, to fight a disease or virus that is not only communicable but highly infectious. Needless to say, parties who support this view are heavily opposed to the introduction and implementation of policies that would make vaccination mandatory, not only in schools but also in the local and federal governments. On the other hand, there are those that believe in the effectiveness of vaccination despite the minute risk that vaccination brings. Normally, vaccines are effective more often than they are not. This effectiveness is built on by following the number of vaccinations and doing them at the right time. For instance, if a vaccine is to be administered in 2-5 years of age, then it should be administered within this window. This school of thought believes in the tried and tested effectiveness of vaccines (Schaffner et al., 2020). Consequently, parties who support this view suppo.
Running head FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG1FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG3.docxjeanettehully
Running head: FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 1
FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 3
Health Policy, Politics, And Perspectives
Week 6 Assignment 1: Field Experience Log
Name of the Event:
Health Policy/ The Importance of Vaccination for School-Going Children
Sponsors: American Health Association
Rockwood, Tennessee County
Preparation for the Event:
Newspapers and Magazines
Use of Posters
Social Networking Sites
Place, Date, Time, and Length of Event: The event was scheduled to take place in Ridge View Elementary School on the 17th of January 2020 from 9 am to 1 pm.
Topic under Discussion:
The prevention of disease through the use of vaccines and vaccination and fighting misinformation about vaccination.
Names of Participants: American Health Association
Tennessee County Officials
Ridge View Elementary Teachers
Ridge View Elementary Parents
Ridge View Elementary Students
Brief Description of The Event: The event was successful and all parties concurred that there was a huge gap to be filled when it comes to vaccination in schools. The AHA and Tennessee County promised sponsorship for the vaccination runs that would happen once every year. The vaccination policy was discussed and its feasibility report was presented (Levin, 2020). All parties pledged their cooperation and Ridge View Elementary fraternity was very pleased with the developments of the event.
Analysis of the Health Policy Issue and Its Implications for Healthcare:
Vaccination is not only a public health issue but is also a policy issue. In numerous states all over the country, it has become very contentious as there has been a polarization in the views and perceptions that people have on vaccination. One school of thought is that vaccination is harmful, especially to toddlers, as it literally introduces a strain to the body in order to allow it to learn how to fight the disease (Vivion et al., 2020). This view is heavily misguided and has been brought about by constant and misconstrued information that is part of misinformation in the country. Vaccines are the best chance that any individual has, adult or child, to fight a disease or virus that is not only communicable but highly infectious. Needless to say, parties who support this view are heavily opposed to the introduction and implementation of policies that would make vaccination mandatory, not only in schools but also in the local and federal governments. On the other hand, there are those that believe in the effectiveness of vaccination despite the minute risk that vaccination brings. Normally, vaccines are effective more often than they are not. This effectiveness is built on by following the number of vaccinations and doing them at the right time. For instance, if a vaccine is to be administered in 2-5 years of age, then it should be administered within this window. This school of thought believes in the tried and tested effectiveness of vaccines (Schaffner et al., 2020). Consequently, parties who support this view suppo ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioChantellPantoja184
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioCicelyBourqueju
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
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Can you please go over the power point you’ve provided & make sure these 3 corrections required are successfully completed please? If you can add in more cited references please.
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied ...
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION PR...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Abstract: Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions with proven strategies to reach
the vulnerable populations. It is also a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life threatening infectious diseases.
It also prevents illness, disability and deaths from vaccine preventable diseases averting estimated 2-3 million deaths
each year.
Method: A descriptive survey research design was adopted, one hundred 100 nursing mothers were used for the
study. The instruments used for the study was a self-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select the sample for the study. Data collected were analysed using frequency, counts and percentage
table for demographic information.
Result: The findings of the study revealed that behaviour/attitude of healthcare workers and lack of enough
information were determinants of incomplete routine immunization, while life style, religion and belief were not
determinants of incomplete routine immunization. However, level of education, distance to health facility, life style,
religion and belief were jointly determinants of incomplete routine immunization among nursing mothers in Jericho
specialist hospital.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study; it is therefore recommended that State Government and
Philanthropists should assist in building more health care facilities close to the communities for easy accessibility.
Effort should be geared towards public campaign using local dialect to encourage them to complete routine
immunization. In addition, community mobilization should be strengthening especially among nursing mothers to
be fully informed about the merits of completing the routine immunization and to avert childhood morbidity and
mortality in our society.
Ethics and Childhood Vaccination Policy in theUnited StatesBetseyCalderon89
Ethics and Childhood Vaccination Policy in the
United States
Childhood immunization in-
volves a balance between par-
ents’ autonomy in deciding
whether to immunize their chil-
dren and the benefits to public
healthfrommandatingvaccines.
Ethical concerns about pediatric
vaccination span several public
health domains, including those
of policymakers, clinicians, and
other professionals.
In light of ongoing develop-
ments and debates, we discuss
several key ethical issues con-
cerning childhood immunization
in the United States and de-
scribe how they affect policy
development and clinical prac-
tice. We focus on ethical con-
siderations pertaining to herd
immunity as a community good,
vaccine communication, dis-
missal of vaccine-refusing fam-
ilies from practice, and vaccine
mandates.
Clinicians and policymakers
need to consider the nature
and timing of vaccine-related
discussions and invoke delib-
erative approaches to policy-
making. (Am J Public Health.
2016;106:273–278. doi:10.2105/
AJPH.2015.302952)
Kristin S. Hendrix, PhD, Lynne A. Sturm, PhD, Gregory D. Zimet, PhD, and Eric M. Meslin, PhD, FCAHS
Following the December2014 measles outbreak at
a popular amusement park in
California,1,2 which spread to
other states, Canada, and Mex-
ico, there has been increased
attention to US childhood im-
munization practices. A recent
study attributed the outbreak
to underimmunization,3 and
several policymakers have called
for an end to religious and phil-
osophical (i.e., personal-belief)
exemptions altogether, with the
state of California passing legis-
lation removing the option of
personal-belief exemptions.4,5
Political candidates have
expressed various viewpoints on
vaccination.6 In light of these
developments, we discuss several
key ethical issues concerning
childhood immunization in the
United States and describe how
they affect policy development
and clinical practice. There are
a myriad of ethical issues re-
garding such topics as vaccination
development, administration,
communication, and safety
monitoring. We focus on a few
key ethical issues concerning
childhood immunization in the
United States—what we refer to
as a “vaccine ethics” approach—
and describe how such an
approach affects policy develop-
ment and clinical immunization
practice.
VACCINE ATTITUDES
AND BEHAVIORS
In a time of growing hesita-
tion, uncertainty, and opposition
concerning childhood vaccines,
the developed world is witness-
ing a resurgence of vaccine-
preventable illnesses.7–9 Although
the spread of antivaccine and
vaccine-fear sentiments has be-
come common through social
networks, both online and in
person,10,11 a growing body of
research argues that such senti-
ments are multidimensional and
nuanced.12,13
Although sensible public
policy is often consistent with
public sentiment, there are in-
stances in which empirical data
can give conflicting input about
the ethical acceptability of policy.
In vaccine policy, this is espe ...
Running head PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1 .docxtodd581
Running head: PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1
Perceived Benefits and Barriers about the MMR Vaccine among the Parents of a Pediatric
Population in South Florida
Florida International University
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 2
Background
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 4 people
in the United States will be hospitalized and one out of every 1,000 people with measles will
develop brain swelling that could lead to brain damage. Given the possible severity when
obtaining Measles, the CDC recommends to protect children against measles by obtaining a
vaccine that provides enduring insurance against all strains of measles (Measles, 2018). The
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR) is administered in two doses in order to prevent
an individual from obtaining one of those diseases. The first dose was given to children when
they are about 13 months old, which offers 90 to 95% protection against those diseases. The
second dose increases those protection odds to become 99%, which is administered before a
child turns five years old. In order for the vaccine to be immune in our system, we need to
achieve at least 95% of immunity to those diseases (Gardner, 2010).
Side effects of MMR vaccine
There is for all intents and purposes no medication without reactions. Gentle symptoms of MMR
vaccine include the following: fever, mild rash, and swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck.
Moderate reactions include: febrile seizures, brief joint inflammation, and impermanent
thrombocytopenia. Serious side effects of MMR vaccine are amazingly uncommon, but can
include serious allergic responses. Other serious side effects are rare to the point that it is
difficult to recognize whether they are caused by the vaccine, which includes: deafness, long-
term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and lasting brain damage (Mahmić-Kaknjo, 2017).
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 3
Barriers
Obtaining immunization has been viewed as one of the best general wellbeing accomplishments
of the twentieth century for their job in killing smallpox and controlling polio, measles, rubella,
and different irresistible ailments in the United States. Regardless of their adequacy in
forestalling and destroying illness, routine youth vaccine take-up remains problematic. Parent
refusal of immunizations has added to flare-ups of vaccine preventable infections, for example,
measles and pertussis (Maglione, 2014). Late episodes of measles in the United Kingdom and
United States have awoken reestablished worry about vaccination dismissal. The rate of
vaccination take-up has fallen. Individuals' view of vaccine protection and effectiveness has
appeared to be an imperative factor for immunization take-up that, in the meantime, can spread
between people (Medus, 2014).
Research has shown that guardians' frames of mind .
Running head PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1 .docxjeanettehully
Running head: PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1
Perceived Benefits and Barriers about the MMR Vaccine among the Parents of a Pediatric
Population in South Florida
Florida International University
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 2
Background
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 4 people
in the United States will be hospitalized and one out of every 1,000 people with measles will
develop brain swelling that could lead to brain damage. Given the possible severity when
obtaining Measles, the CDC recommends to protect children against measles by obtaining a
vaccine that provides enduring insurance against all strains of measles (Measles, 2018). The
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR) is administered in two doses in order to prevent
an individual from obtaining one of those diseases. The first dose was given to children when
they are about 13 months old, which offers 90 to 95% protection against those diseases. The
second dose increases those protection odds to become 99%, which is administered before a
child turns five years old. In order for the vaccine to be immune in our system, we need to
achieve at least 95% of immunity to those diseases (Gardner, 2010).
Side effects of MMR vaccine
There is for all intents and purposes no medication without reactions. Gentle symptoms of MMR
vaccine include the following: fever, mild rash, and swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck.
Moderate reactions include: febrile seizures, brief joint inflammation, and impermanent
thrombocytopenia. Serious side effects of MMR vaccine are amazingly uncommon, but can
include serious allergic responses. Other serious side effects are rare to the point that it is
difficult to recognize whether they are caused by the vaccine, which includes: deafness, long-
term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and lasting brain damage (Mahmić-Kaknjo, 2017).
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 3
Barriers
Obtaining immunization has been viewed as one of the best general wellbeing accomplishments
of the twentieth century for their job in killing smallpox and controlling polio, measles, rubella,
and different irresistible ailments in the United States. Regardless of their adequacy in
forestalling and destroying illness, routine youth vaccine take-up remains problematic. Parent
refusal of immunizations has added to flare-ups of vaccine preventable infections, for example,
measles and pertussis (Maglione, 2014). Late episodes of measles in the United Kingdom and
United States have awoken reestablished worry about vaccination dismissal. The rate of
vaccination take-up has fallen. Individuals' view of vaccine protection and effectiveness has
appeared to be an imperative factor for immunization take-up that, in the meantime, can spread
between people (Medus, 2014).
Research has shown that guardians' frames of mind ...
Running head PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1 .docxglendar3
Running head: PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1
Perceived Benefits and Barriers about the MMR Vaccine among the Parents of a Pediatric
Population in South Florida
Florida International University
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 2
Background
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 4 people
in the United States will be hospitalized and one out of every 1,000 people with measles will
develop brain swelling that could lead to brain damage. Given the possible severity when
obtaining Measles, the CDC recommends to protect children against measles by obtaining a
vaccine that provides enduring insurance against all strains of measles (Measles, 2018). The
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR) is administered in two doses in order to prevent
an individual from obtaining one of those diseases. The first dose was given to children when
they are about 13 months old, which offers 90 to 95% protection against those diseases. The
second dose increases those protection odds to become 99%, which is administered before a
child turns five years old. In order for the vaccine to be immune in our system, we need to
achieve at least 95% of immunity to those diseases (Gardner, 2010).
Side effects of MMR vaccine
There is for all intents and purposes no medication without reactions. Gentle symptoms of MMR
vaccine include the following: fever, mild rash, and swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck.
Moderate reactions include: febrile seizures, brief joint inflammation, and impermanent
thrombocytopenia. Serious side effects of MMR vaccine are amazingly uncommon, but can
include serious allergic responses. Other serious side effects are rare to the point that it is
difficult to recognize whether they are caused by the vaccine, which includes: deafness, long-
term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and lasting brain damage (Mahmić-Kaknjo, 2017).
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 3
Barriers
Obtaining immunization has been viewed as one of the best general wellbeing accomplishments
of the twentieth century for their job in killing smallpox and controlling polio, measles, rubella,
and different irresistible ailments in the United States. Regardless of their adequacy in
forestalling and destroying illness, routine youth vaccine take-up remains problematic. Parent
refusal of immunizations has added to flare-ups of vaccine preventable infections, for example,
measles and pertussis (Maglione, 2014). Late episodes of measles in the United Kingdom and
United States have awoken reestablished worry about vaccination dismissal. The rate of
vaccination take-up has fallen. Individuals' view of vaccine protection and effectiveness has
appeared to be an imperative factor for immunization take-up that, in the meantime, can spread
between people (Medus, 2014).
Research has shown that guardians' frames of mind .
1. Running head: IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 1
POD Paper
Immunity for the Community
Alpha POD: Jordan Anderson, Amy Berry, Cheyenne Boyd, Casey Brown, Hannah Burress,
Caitlyn Cloy, & Megan Curry
Patty Hanks Shelton School of Nursing
Community and Public Health Nursing
NURS 435/4335
Tammie Coffman, RN, MSN, OCN-C
December 2, 2014
2. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 2
Immunity for the Community
Community Defined
The purpose of childhood immunizations, as well as adult vaccinations, is to protect
people from contracting and spreading vaccine preventable diseases that historically have caused
lethal epidemics across the United States (U.S.) (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014). From January 1,
2014 through May 23, 2014, 288 cases of measles were reported by the states (Gastanaduy et al.,
2014). In addition, a study conducted by the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA)
Pediatrics (2013) found that “72 children received a confirmed diagnosis of pertussis from a total
of 1,522 tested children across the United States,” during a designated time period (Glanz et al.,
p. 1060). JAMA also stated, “The United States is currently experiencing the largest outbreak of
pertussis in 50 years” (p. 1063). Dr. Mark Thoma, of Americablog News (2014), reports data
retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that confirmed 50,000
cases of pertussis in 2013 and approximately 50-60 cases of measles in 2014. In 2012, pertussis
claimed the lives of 20 people, along with measles killing approximately two people in every
1,000 cases (Thoma, 2014). The mentioned sources all relate the increase of these disease
outbreaks to the increased number of under-vaccinated or unvaccinated children and adults in
America.
Measles and pertussis, along with other vaccine preventable diseases, are increasingly
causing the health of Americans to decline, potentially causing deaths. In many cases, the
disease outbreaks are beginning with people traveling into the U.S. from countries where these
diseases are more prevalent and where people are highly under-vaccinated. Once the disease
enters the U.S., it is then contracted by the under-vaccinated, and an outbreak occurs
(Gastanaduy et al., 2014). Since the recent rise in the occurrence of vaccine preventable
3. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 3
diseases, public health officials and nurses have made it their goal to promote the Healthy People
2020 objective calling for “the sustained elimination of indigenous cases of vaccine preventable
diseases” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p. 301). The best way to reach this goal is for the
community to simply get vaccinated. In 2013, the CDC released an article stating that, “In the
U.S., among children born during 1994-2013, vaccinations will prevent 322 million illnesses and
732,000 deaths during their lifetime” (Elam-Evans, Yankey, Singleton, & Kolasa, 2013, p.
741). The same article reported that during 2013, 83.1% of children had received the full doses
of the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine (DTaP), and 91.9% had received the first dose of
the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) (Elam-Evans et al., 2013). Though these
numbers are high, coverage rates may vary at the local level. Often under-vaccinated children
tend to cluster in geographical locations therefore decreasing the effectiveness of community
immunity (Gastanaduy et al., 2014). Community immunity is resistance of a group of people to
an infectious agent based on a high proportion of individual members who are protected with
immunity who therefore provide protection for individuals who are not immunized (Stanhope &
Lancaster, 2014). A decrease in immunization coverage of a group of people (community
immunity) results in an increase in the incidence of disease outbreak. As stated by the CDC in
an article titled “Measles” (2014), “encouraging timely delivery of vaccinations and sustaining
high vaccination coverage in the U.S. is essential to limit the spread of disease” (Gastanaduy et
al., 2014, p. 498).
Nurses and other community health providers are being challenged to create a change
regarding the lack of vaccinations among the community. According to the American Nurses
Association Immunizations website (2014), public health nurses “work to enhance the health of
the community through education and service. They deliver services, conduct disease
4. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 4
surveillance, and provide education, all in support of the public health mission” (para. 1). One
way community nurses can begin to tackle the issue of under-vaccinations is by starting at the
beginning- with children. The immunization process begins at birth and continues on throughout
early childhood with children receiving the recommended immunizations for seventeen diseases,
(Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p. 300) with most of them given by the age of two (ACIP, 2013).
Children are unable to decide and execute the process of getting vaccinated, so the power lies in
the authority of parents or guardians (caregivers). In this situation, nurses often use the health
promotion theory of social support. This theory emphasizes the idea that social support, in this
case the support of parents and guardians, can be “instrumental, informational, emotional, and
appraising” in regards to health promotion (Riverside Community Health Foundation, 2010, p.
1). Therefore, vaccines result in the incorporation of health promoting behaviors. Nurses can
utilize this framework to guide them as they promote the health of the greater community
through the vaccination of children. This can be accomplished by targeting their social support,
the caregivers, in order to prevent the increase in vaccine preventable diseases in America. This
area of need has many opportunities for nurses to practice and promote the health of the
population at risk.
Community as Client
The focus of this project will be placed on the community of Texas and the number of
under-vaccinated school-aged children. Texas law requires children to be vaccinated before
entering school.
Exclusions from compliance are allowable on an individual basis for medical
contraindications, reasons of conscience, including a religious belief, and active duty with
the armed forces of the United States. Children and students in these categories must
5. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 5
submit evidence for exclusion from compliance as specified in the Health and Safety
Code, §161.004(d), Health and Safety Code, §161.0041, Education Code, Chapter 38,
Education Code, Chapter 51, and the Human Resources Code, Chapter 42, Texas
Administrative Code, 25 Tex. Stat. Ann.§§ 97-97.62. (Exclusions from Compliance,
2004/2007)
However, in recent years, rates of refusal among caregivers have increased. According to a
current study, twenty percent of school-aged children did not receive the recommended
immunizations before beginning the school year (Chi, 2014). Since children do not have the
power to make their own health decisions, the lack of immunizations is a likely result of
multifactorial causes including; underinsured Texas families and parents’ deliberate refusal to
follow the recommended vaccination schedule. Currently, there is a rampant amount of
underinsured and uninsured Texas families, which results in parents not being able to afford
vaccines for their children. In other situations, parents ignore vaccine recommendations because
of fear of adverse effects, lack of education on the benefits, and busy schedules that prevent
timely immunizations. The importance of getting vaccinations in childhood is especially
important because of children’s developing immune systems and their increased susceptibility to
preventable diseases.
Unvaccinated children also put unprotected people in their communities at risk. This risk
is especially important for people who cannot be vaccinated, such as “those who are too young to
be vaccinated, those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical reasons, and especially those who
do not develop adequate immunity to the disease from the vaccines” (“Reducing vaccine-
preventable disease,” 2012, p. 40). In order to protect the community at large, it is the public
health nurse’s responsibility to make the community the client. The nurse may then focus on a
6. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 6
smaller group to initiate a health status change. For the purpose of this project, the public health
nurse’s priority clients are children in Texas. While the child may be the ultimate target, the
nurse must also consider the child’s caregivers when planning solutions. By defining this target,
the nurse can begin to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate a course of action to create a
significant health transformation among the community.
Community Health
Children in Texas are becoming victim to declining health as a result of being under-
vaccinated. As vaccination rates drop, once-rare diseases, such as measles, come roaring back
into the community. In 2013, Texas experienced one of the most rampant measles outbreaks
since the 1950’s. In school-aged children alone, there were 3,621 reported cases of which more
than 400 people were hospitalized and five children died (Hannaford, 2014). Trends are shifting
from increased childhood life expectancy as a result of advancements in medicine including
immunizations, to an increase in childhood morbidity and mortality as a result of caregivers’
refusal to immunize. It is evident that there is a need for a solution in hopes to protect the health
of children in Texas and the community of the United States.
Community-oriented nursing practice is defined as “the provision of disease prevention
and health promotion to populations and communities” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p. 16).
This type of nursing practice is applicable when addressing the issue of under-vaccinated Texas
children. In this situation, the nurse can play a major role in creating appropriate nursing
diagnoses and investigating the issue of why caregivers are denying their child immunizations.
When planning outcomes, the nurse can be motivated by the Healthy People 2020 outcome
calling for “awareness of disease and completion of prevention and treatment courses, which are
essential components for reducing infectious disease transmission” (U.S Department of Health
7. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 7
and Human Services, 2014, para. 3). The nurse could also conduct health monitoring and
research to observe trends related to vaccination refusals. Finally, the nurse can implement and
then evaluate the solution to tackle the issue at hand. Ultimately, the nurse’s goal would be to
generate a change that would result in “maintaining the community’s health to create conditions
in which people can be healthy” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p.16).
Partnerships
Our goal is to ensure that more children are vaccinated and that parents are educated
about the risks associated with under-vaccination. In order to successfully meet this goal, there
must be collaboration and allocation among established nursing organizations, guardians,
healthcare providers, and the government.
Immunizing children depends upon initiative from their adult caregivers, many of whom
may be “highly anxious about the safety of immunizations, or anxious about subjecting their
children to painful procedures” (Plumridge, 2009, p. 1188). Effective teaching from certified
registered nurses regarding immunizations can reduce anxiety among parents and ensure that fear
is not a factor in the under-vaccination of children in Texas. Should they need more information,
the child’s healthcare provider can direct caregivers to online resources regarding the importance
of vaccinating their children. Resources may be found through the Texas Health and Human
Services Commission and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. By educating
caregivers, the expected outcome is the increase in children receiving vaccines as a result of
parents agreeing to immunize based on their new knowledge about vaccines.
In addition to correcting caregiver knowledge deficit, we plan to partner with the Texas
Nurses Association (TNA) to propose the enacting of stricter laws regarding refusal of
vaccinations. By partnering with local state representatives, in addition to the TNA, we will help
8. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 8
to ensure that parental refusal of vaccinations are relegated to medical contraindications and
reasons of consequence as deemed appropriate by each child’s primary care physician. These
partnerships are discussed in more detail in further sections. With the cooperation of caregivers,
the Texas Nurses Association, health care providers across the state of Texas, and the state
government, we will work to prevent the recurrence of epidemics of vaccine preventable diseases
as a result of under-vaccination.
Data
As stated in “Community Defined,” there are many statistics verifying the increase in
vaccine preventable diseases. The data gathered for this study was retrieved from the Center for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA)
Pediatrics, and Dr. Mark Thoma of Americablog News. The CDC is a government entity whose
purpose is to “protect lives and improve health through health promotion, disease surveillance,
implementing disease prevention strategies, maintaining health statistics, and providing services”
(Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p. 58). The articles we retrieved from the CDC are primary
sources, meaning the CDC conducted the research and the statistics from these sources are
considered more reliable and credible. The CDC’s article “Measles” (2014) explained the recent
outbreaks of measles primarily in the unvaccinated person and also updated national measles
data. The total 288 cases recorded over a five-month span indicated a need for emphasis on
awareness and the importance of vaccinations in communities. JAMA Pediatrics, a primary
source, (2013) also conducted an ongoing investigation to “examine the association between
under-vaccination and pertussis in children 3-36 months of age” (p. 1060). Between 2004-2010,
seventy-two children tested positive for pertussis out of 1,522 tested. Forty-seven percent of the
pertussis cases were a result of under-vaccination. The study concluded that there was a
9. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 9
significant increased risk for pertussis in under-vaccinated children and that approximately 36%
of the cases could have been prevented with on-time vaccination of the DTaP vaccine (Glanz, et
al., 2013, p. 1062). Finally, Dr. Thoma from Americablog News, a secondary source, (2014)
relays data gathered from the CDC to send a message to the United States regarding the increase
in vaccine preventable diseases. His purpose is to encourage children and adults to get
“vaccinated not only for their own protection, but to prevent the spread of these diseases to those
who may not be able to be vaccinated” (para. 18). Though no academic statistics were found
from the state of Texas, USA Today released an article in August 2013 titled “Texas Measles
Outbreak Linked to Church” which confirmed that Texas has been affected by the recent rise in
vaccine preventable diseases as a result of the unimmunized. In Newark, Texas, twenty-five
people contracted measles from attending a church where the pastor had been critical of the
measles vaccine. People from age four months to forty-four years old were sickened and at least
twelve of the total twenty-five people were not immunized against measles (Szabo,
2013). Altogether, the data found for this study confirms the recent rise in outbreaks of vaccine
preventable diseases and verifies that there is a risk for infection in children particularly. The
data also validates the hypothesis that unvaccinated or under-vaccinated children play a large
role in the spread of infection of vaccine preventable diseases.
Additional data gathered for this study included the vaccination coverage rates for
children in the U.S. and the state of Texas. The CDC publishes a Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report, a primary source, and in August of 2014, the 2013 U.S. national and state
coverage rates were released. Since 1994, the CDC has monitored vaccine coverage rates in
children ages nineteen to thirty-five months with the ultimate goal of reaching and maintaining
high coverage rates in order to prevent the resurgence of vaccine preventable diseases. As stated
10. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 10
in “Community Defined,” national vaccination coverage rates were 83.1% for the full DTaP
series and 91.9% for one dose of MMR. DTaP coverage of 83.1% is below the Healthy People
2020 goal of greater than 90% coverage. Despite the 91.9% coverage rate for the MMR vaccine,
one in twelve children are not receiving their first dose of the MMR vaccine on time, therefore
increasing disease susceptibility across the country (Elam-Evans et al., 2013). More importantly,
for this study, are the statistics involving the community of Texas. The same article from the
CDC posted the coverage rates for all Texas children ages nineteen to thirty-five months, and the
results were 81.5% for DTaP and 92.7% for MMR. Texas exceeds the national coverage
percentage goal for MMR, but falls behind in comparison to the national DTaP coverage rates
(Elam-Evans et al. 2013). Another article posted from the CDC looked specifically at school-
aged children’s (particularly kindergarteners) vaccination coverage and refusal rates. During the
2013-2014 school year, Texas had the third highest amount of immunization refusals for
nonmedical reasons at 5,536 kindergarteners (Seither et al., 2013). This same article stated,
“High exemption levels and suboptimal vaccination coverage leave children vulnerable to
vaccine preventable disease” (Seither et al., 2014, p. 913). This data regarding vaccination and
refusal rates connects the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases with the trends of declining
immunization rates, as well as, increased vaccine exemptions for non-medical reasons.
Altogether, the data collected for this study points to a need for action from community nurses to
create change in light of public health and wellbeing.
Community Nursing Diagnosis
There is an increased risk for infection among school-aged children in the state of Texas.
The risk of vaccine preventable infections among school-aged children is highly related to
knowledge deficits of their caregivers. This is due to guardians’ misinterpretation of
11. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 11
information, unfamiliarity of resources, and the current inadequate laws regulating refusal of
vaccinations. An example showing evidence that a knowledge deficit and risk for infection is
occurring could be an increase in the rate of vaccine preventable disease among children and an
increase in vaccine refusal and exemptions in Texas.
Planning
The purpose of this research project is to decrease the amount of vaccine preventable
diseases by immunizing children before their enrollment in public school. Our intention is to
identify how caregivers’ knowledge deficits and inadequate laws regulating refusal of
vaccinations affect immunization of children in Texas.
The primary goal in planning is to ensure that every child attending public school in the
state of Texas be vaccinated. We created the following objectives to attain this mission: 1)
educate guardians and families on the importance of childhood vaccinations given in a timely
manner according to the Centers for Disease Control standards, 2) provide evidence against
myths that individuals of the community may believe about vaccinations causing other disease
processes, 3) implement required educational classes explaining the importance of vaccinations
to families who refuse immunizations, and 4) provide evidence to guardians, that by getting their
children vaccinated they will have decreased medical expenses in the future.
The second goal to be achieved is to update the existing law that requires all children
attending public schools in the state of Texas to be immunized prior to enrollment. The update
with allow for stricter regulations regarding vaccination refusals. The plan for accomplishing
this goal is stated in the following objectives: 1) contact the Texas Department of Health
Services in Austin to determine health risks due to children not being immunized, 2) partner with
the Texas Nurses Association to collaborate ideas in order to have a stronger platform for
12. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 12
implementation, 3) establish a bill containing the goal intended and the resolution to this
problem, and 4) present the bill to members of the Texas state Congress.
Implementation
Children are a vulnerable population when it comes to vaccinations. Whether children
get vaccinated or not is up to the discretion of their caregivers. This has been identified as an
increasing problem due to the accessibility of refusing vaccinations. Media in recent years has
misled some of the population about the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. This has led to
an increase in under-vaccinated and non-vaccinated children. We believe the best solution is to
require caregivers be educated prior to being able to refuse vaccinations for their child.
Information that would be included would be vaccination safety, the importance of community
immunity, and addressing the autism scare. While there are potential side effects, according to
the website Vaccines.gov (2014), vaccinations are the best defense against serious, preventable,
and contagious disease processes. There are minor side effects that can occur, such as
tenderness, soreness, or redness. Some of the serious side effects, such as permanent brain
damage from the DTaP vaccine, occur in less than one out of a million doses. While on the other
hand, tetanus, one of the diseases DTaP prevents against, causes painful muscle tightness,
lockjaw and death in one out of every ten patients (Vaccines.gov, 2014). Another safety concern
caregivers have is regarding the yearly influenza (or flu) vaccination. Since the flu vaccine is a
weakened or inactive strain, it cannot cause the flu, and the chances of a serious reaction are less
than one in a million. Contracting the flu, on the other hand, is very common. To a healthy
person, the flu is a short lived illness that causes discomfort for a few days to weeks, but to an
immunocompromised person, such as someone very young or elderly, the flu could be deadly.
This is why community immunity through vaccinations is important in preventing disease
13. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 13
outbreaks. If the majority of the general public is vaccinated against a certain disease process,
the risk of outbreak and spread of disease is low. This helps to protect those who are not eligible
for vaccination such as those immunocompromised individuals listed above (Vaccines.gov,
2014). Every person who is not vaccinated increases the risk of disease and epidemic.
According to the CDC, even though measles has been eradicated from the United States, it is still
very important to get the vaccination for personal protection, as well as community immunity.
Outbreaks of measles are continuing to increase as a result of people traveling abroad to regions
with highly under-vaccination populations (Gastanaduy et al., 2014). “For every 1,000 children
who get measles, one or two will die from it” (Thoma, 2014, para. 13). Lastly, the biggest
concern in recent years seems to be the scare that some vaccines cause autism. Many famous
people, such as Jenny McCarthy, host on The View, have spoken out against vaccinations
without proper knowledge about them and their effects. Due to the strength of their public voice,
many people were led to believe poorly conducted studies linking the MMR vaccination to
autism. A study from the Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services (2010)
confirmed, “There is no scientific evidence supporting a causal relationship between childhood
vaccination and disorders such as autism” (p. 18). More recently, after continuous studies, the
CDC website also found there to be no connection with vaccines given during the first two years
of life to autism spectrum disorders. The CDC also indicated their commitment to ensuring the
safety of vaccines and that parents should expect that their child’s vaccines are effective and safe
("Vaccines not associated," 2013). By requiring caregivers to receive and learn this information
regarding the safety and importance of vaccinations, we believe parents will be more apt to
vaccinate their children, resulting in a decrease in the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases.
14. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 14
In order to require caregivers to receive the education regarding vaccines, we need to
push the state of Texas to enact stricter laws regarding the refusal of childhood vaccinations.
The new laws need to still allow for medical and religious refusal of vaccines, but add extra steps
to the process to help deter uncalled for lack of vaccinations in the state. The new law would
ideally require caregivers to consult with their physician or other medical professional to receive
education before being able to refuse vaccinations. This meeting between caregivers and health
care providers should consist of the debunking of vaccine related myths that were stated above
and explaining the information about vaccines and the diseases they prevent. The health care
professional should also explain whom vaccine refusals are geared towards and the population
that is affected when children do not receive vaccinations.
To begin the process of getting a law passed in the state of Texas we must first initiate the
writing of a bill. A bill is typically written by congress members, but can also be written by
lobbying groups. To get this bill written, there are two routes. First, we can plan to launch a
grassroots campaign to communicate to representatives directly, in the hope that they will
spearhead our campaign and write the bill themselves, or secondly, we can get in touch with a
lobbying group to persuade them to write the bill. In the first scenario, we will focus on
contacting local representatives, representatives on the Public Health Committee in the Texas
House of Representatives, and representatives on the Texas Senate Committee on Health and
Human Services (Dewhurst, Straus, & Irvine, n.d.). We plan to contact these officials using the
contact information provided on these two websites: www.house.state.tx.us (Texas House of
Representatives, n.d.), and www.senate.state.tx.us (The Texas state Senate, n.d.). In option two,
we will focus on contacting a lobby group or other organizations of power, like the Texas Nurses
15. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 15
Association, Texas Office for the Prevention of Developmental Disabilities, or the Texas Health
and Human Services Commission, to aid us in writing a bill.
After the bill is written it will be placed in Congress’s hands. A committee will review
the bill and vote to reject or accept the bill before it even hits the floor of Senate and House of
Representatives. We would use both a lobbying strategy and a grassroots campaign to help the
representatives understand the goals and benefits of the bill regarding the regulation of vaccine
refusals. After passing through the committees, the bill will go before a vote where it will have
to be passed in both houses and approved by the governor before it can become a law (Dewhurst,
Straus, Irvine, n.d.). We believe that educating parents and creating stricter laws regarding
vaccination refusals is the most effective way to provide a solution to the issue of the increased
incidence of vaccine preventable diseases as a result of under-vaccinated children.
Evaluation
The main purpose of evaluating this project is to measure the effectiveness of the
research study and our proposed solution. In order to do so, we must commit to doing the
following: 1) continue studying the percentage of children in Texas who have been vaccinated
according to the Center of Disease Control guidelines, 2) appraise coverage rates, 3) determine
the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases in Texas, 4) monitor the effectiveness of caregiver
education, 5) discuss with healthcare providers about the overall benefit of a bill that enforces
mandatory vaccinations for all children prior to attending public school, 6) monitor Texas
vaccine refusal rates, and 7) explain how current vaccinations have eradicated preventable
diseases in children. The predicted effect on the community will be an increase in health and
well-being as a result of an increase in vaccination coverage rates. As the final step of the
nursing process, the evaluation phase is important in reaching the ultimate goal of decreasing the
16. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 16
incidence of vaccine preventable diseases among children in the state of Texas, as well as the
entire population of the United States.
Conclusion
Vaccines are recognized as one of the top ten public health successes of the twentieth
century. Even with medical advances, school-aged children in Texas die every year from
vaccine preventable illnesses or suffer excruciating consequences from their complications. In
order to protect the community, Texas consistently strives to recognize barriers in the
immunization system and proactively implements changes to eliminate those obstacles, such as
misinformation and lack of knowledge. Unvaccinated individuals put themselves and their
population at risk. Registered nurses (RNs) can serve in many roles in the fight against
infectious diseases. Nurses can work within the public health system to heighten the overall
community well-being through education and service. RNs directly administer vaccinations to
clients, perform disease surveillance, and provide education. School nurses, guardians,
stakeholders, and policy makers have made childhood immunizations a priority in Texas. Also,
community collaboration is essential in order to prevent the spread of vaccine-preventable
diseases. The systematic approaches discussed throughout this paper, such as increasing
caregiver education, promoting timely injections, and partnering with various associations is
designed to eliminate deterrents to vaccinations and maximize available resources to the
immunization delivery system in Texas. Ultimately, the projected result would be a decrease in
the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases among children and Americans.
17. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 17
References
Advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) Recommended immunization schedule
for persons aged 0 through 18 years-United states. (2013). American Journal of
Transplantation, 13(4), 1098-1105. doi:10.1111/ajt.12233
American Nurses Association (ANA). (2014). Public health. American Nurses Association
Immunize. Retrieved from
http://www.anaimmunize.org/vaccine/settings/PublicHealthNursing/default.aspx
Chi, D. L. (2014). Caregivers who refuse preventive care for their children: The relationship
between immunization and topical fluoride refusal. American Journal Of Public Health,
104(7), 1327-1333. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301927
Dewhurst, D., Straus, J., & Irvine, D. (n.d.). Guide to Texas legislative information. Retrieved
from http://www.tlc.state.tx.us/lege_ref.htm.
Elam-Evans, L., Yankey, D., Singleton, J., & Kolasa, M. (2013). National, state, and selected
local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months-United States.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
63(64), 741-748. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6336a1.htm
Exclusions from Compliance, 25 Texas Administrative Code § 97.62 (2004 & Suppl. 2007).
Gastanaduy, P., Redd, S., Fiebelkorn, A., Rota, J., Rota, P., Bellini, W., ... Wallace, G. (2014,
June 6). Measles-United States, January 1-May 23, 2014. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(22), 496-499. Retrieved
from http://www.cdc.gov./mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6322a4.htm
18. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 18
Glanz, J. M., Narwaney, K. J., Newcomer, S. R., Daley, M. F., Hambidge, S. J., Rowhani-
Rahbar, A., & ... Weintraub, E. S. (2013). Association between under vaccination with
diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine and risk of pertussis
infection in children 3 to 36 months of age. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(11), 1060-1064.
doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2353
Hannaford, A. (2014, March 6). Worth a shot. Texas Observer. Retrieved from
http://www.texasobserver.org/worth-shot/
McGuinness, T., & Lewis, S. (2010). Update on autism and vaccines. Journal Of Psychosocial
Nursing & Mental Health Services, 48(6), 15-18. doi:10.3928/02793695-20100506-02
Plumridge, E., Goodyear-Smith, F., & Ross, J. (2009). Nurse and parent partnership during
children’s vaccinations: a conversation analysis. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 65(6),
1187-1194. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.04999.x.
Reducing vaccine-preventable diseases in Texas: Strategies to increase vaccine coverage levels.
(2012, September). Texas Department of State Health Services. Retrieved from
https://www.dshs.state.tx.us
Riverside Community Health Foundation. (Cartographer). (2010). Theories and models
frequently used in health promotion. Retrieved from http://www.rchf.org/pdf/theories-
and-models-frquently-used-in-health-promotion.pdf
Seither, R., Masalovich, S., Knighton, C. L., Mellerson, J., Singleton, J. A., & Greby, S. M.
(2014, October 17). Vaccination coverage among children in kindergarten-United States,
2013-14 school year. Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report, 63(14), 913-920. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6341a1.htm
19. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 19
Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2014). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in
the community (8th ed.). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby.
Szabo, L. (2013, August 25). Texas measles outbreak linked to church. USA Today. Retrieved
from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/23/texas-measles-
outbreak/2693945/
Texas House of Representatives. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.house.state.tx.us/committees/committee/?committee=410&session=82
The Texas state Senate: Senate committee on health and human services. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.senate.state.tx.us/75r/senate/commit/c610/c610.htm
Thoma, M. (2014, March 20). Whooping cough and measles are back, thanks to anti-vaccination
truthers. Americablog News. Retrieved from http://americablog.com/2014/03/whooping-
cough-measles-back-thanks-anti-vaccination-truthers.html
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). Immunization and infectious diseases.
Healthy People 2020. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-
objectives/topic/immunization-and-infectious-diseases
Vaccines not associated with risk of autism. (2013). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/Autism/antigens.html
Vaccines.gov. (2014). http://www.vaccines.gov/
20. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 20
RUBRIC
PHSSN
CPH14
Community and Public
Health Nursing
Ms. Murphy & Mrs.
Coffman
Community Assessment Paper
*POD Paper
*Point of Directed Study
Performance
Element
Level A
276-300 pts
Awesome!
Level B
249-275 pts
Right On!
Level C
225-248
pts
Pass
Level D
224 pts and below
Community
Defined
50 points
- As introduction this
section should include
clear, concise
description of why the
health issue being
addressed is of
importance to the
larger community.
Include supporting data
in DATA below.
- Analysis of
community includes
identification of
networks of
interpersonal
relationships, residence
in a common locality,
examples of emotional
solidarity.
- Clear definition of
community includes a
conceptualframework
of approach for nursing
service. Dimensions of
community in terms of
people, place, and
function are clearly
delineated
Evidence that most, but
not all Level A criteria are
addressed
(EXAMPLE: community
is defined but people,
place, and function
dimensions are not
mentioned.
EXAMPLE: Resources
are all medically focused
with no nurse-authored
references
EXAMPLE: group
process is deficient but
group does not seek
facilitation assistance
(from faculty)
Minimal
evidence
that Level
A or B
criteria are
addressed.
- No evidence of community analysis
or specification
- Missing conceptualframeworks and
development of definition of assigned
community
- Lacks evidence of group process
skills
- Inappropriate written presentation
21. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 21
-Provide the defined
geographic location of
chosen population.
-Inclusion of
supporting resources
(other than text) which
focus on community-
oriented nursing
practice
- Clear evidence of
group process in
completing project
- Paper written in
correct APA format
Community as
Client
30 points
- Client is defined as
the community of
interest and as the
target for specific
nursing service
- Healthy change for
community is clearly
delineated.
Major points are outlined
with only minimal support
sketchy overviews, or
incomplete information
Stated but
unclear or
poorly
defined
community
as client
No evidence of identification of
community as client
Community
Health
30 points
- Goal of community-
oriented practice is
defined in terms of
community health
Dimensions of
status,* structure,
and process are
clearly delineated.
*Status includes
physical, social,
emotional
condition, social
parameters;
morbidity and
mortality, etc.
Dimensions are listed but
not fully developed
related to selected
community/population
Major
points are
outlined
but given
only thin
support.
No evidence of community’s overall
health, or status,structural,or process
dimensions
Partnerships
30 points
-Partnerships for
collaboration in
community-oriented
practice are identified,
defined, justified, &
utilized.
Examples of possible
partners include:
schoolnurses,public
health officer, police,
Lions Club president…
- Partnerships are listed
but not discussed in
relationship to a
collaborative approach to
addressing defined
community health deficit.
Minimal
evidence
that Level
A or B
criteria are
addressed.
No evidence of involvement between
health care providers and community
residents/leaders
22. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 22
Data
30 points
- Data sources are
clearly identified and
indicated to be primary
or secondary.
- Relevant information
about the community is
collected, analyzed.
- Themes are noted,
and community health
problems, strengths,
and needs for action
are identified.
-Methodology:
informant interview,
participant observation,
secondary analysis of
data collected
previously by another
entity is described
(Entities might include
national, state,local
data bases.)
-Data sources are listed
but their value or
importance r/t issue not
thoroughly explored.
Minimal
evidence
that Level
A or B
criteria are
addressed.
No evidence of data gathering or
assessment from any source
Community
Nursing
Diagnosis
50 points
- One nursing
diagnosis is established
and addressed
consistently throughout
project
- Diagnosis includes
verbiage of “risk of”,
“among”, and “related
to”
-Includes geographic
location
- Nursing diagnosis does
meet requirements
established for structure
and verbiage.
- Nursing diagnosis is not
the one approved by POD
MASTER.
Minimal
evidence
that Level
A or B
criteria are
addressed.
No evidence of 3-part community
nursing diagnosis
Planning
20 points
- Reflects scope of
problem analysis and
prioritization,
establishing goals and
objectives, and
identification of
intervention activities
- Plan is stated but does
not reflect clear response
to nursing diagnosis.
Minimal
evidence
that Level
A or B
criteria are
addressed.
No evidence of analysis,prioritization,
goals and objectives or planned
intervention activities
Implementation
20 points
All factors influencing
implementation are
addressed (nurse’s
preferred mode of
action, role, nature of
problem, community
readiness to discuss
problem, and
characteristics of the
social change process)
-The ‘what’ of the plan is
stated but the “how” is not
delineated or does not
flow from the stated
nursing diagnosis
-Implementation does not
reflect roles of the C/PHN
- Implementation does not
clearly delineate a
collaboration between
disciplines to address the
community health deficit
No evidence of influencing factors,
defined role of the nurse, or
implementation mechanisms
23. IMMUNITY FOR THE COMMUNITY 23
Evaluation
20 points
References
20 points
(Minimum of 10 references
of which 5 must be articles
from peer-reviewed nursing
journals)
Attach a copy of this rubric
to your final submission for
grading and faculty
comments.
Evidence of discussion
of the appraisal of the
effects of the actual or
proposed activity or
program, which begins
in the planning phase
of community action
_________________
References indicate a
broad exploration of
the topic including
multiple discipline
approaches,examples
of multidisciplinary
responses and
descriptions of details
of collaborative
approaches with
nurses.Nursing
references exceeded
the minimum of 5
articles from peer-
reviewed nursing
journals.
Interdisciplinary
sources may be
included in the 5 peer-
reviewed articles
provided the author is a
NURSE.
Evaluation plan is stated
but does state specifics as
to time, place, and
achievement of expected
outcomes.
______________
References indicate an
overview of the topic
including few multiple
discipline approaches,
with minimal discussion
of interdisciplinary
responses.The minimum
5 peer-reviewed nursing
articles noted.
Minimal
evidence
that Level
A or B
criteria are
addressed.
_________
Minimal
evidence
that Level
A or B
criteria are
addressed.
- No appraisal of the effects of any
organized activity or program
- No evidence that evaluation began in
the planning phase of community
action
___________________________
References do not reflect scholarly
exploration of the topic from nursing
and/ormultidisciplinary approach.
POD (Point of Directed Study) Community Assessment Paper Notes
Here is some additional information about your POD (point of Directed Study) Paper. Your paper should:
1. Be written in APA format, 12- point font, double-spaced, Times New Roman.
2. Contain Approx. 10 pages but no more than 20 including references and appendices.
We stop reading at page 20!
3. Place your data in tables and charts and put it in the appendix. It should be referenced
in the paper in a paragraph that explains the table or chart.
4. Use the tools provided in Chapter 18- Don’t skip over the boxes, charts, and graphs.
They WILL provide examples that will help you develop your paper.
5. Reflect your use of the rubric related to the use of key words, terms and phrases.
6. Identify the problems that you find in your community and then select one problem
to address providing a complete assessment of the problem and describe in detail why
you chose it.
7. Contain at least ten references are required. Five must be from peer reviewed
nursing journals written within the last 5 years. The other five may be from you
your textbook, other textbooks, or websites such as those referenced in your chapter
presentations. No WebMD or Wikipedia please.