Society.ppt
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A society is defined as a shared system of values, beliefs, and attitudes that influence the perceptions and behaviors of its members. Societies form in order to provide mutual support for humans, who are inherently weak alone. The first societies consisted of small groups of 25 gatherer-hunters who banded together nomadically for protection and reduced conflict. As the last ice age ended around 12,000 BCE, tribes migrated to river valleys for food and began domesticating animals, irrigating fields, and developing more permanent settlements, chiefdoms, and early civilizations along the Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Yellow, and Nile Rivers. Throughout history, societies developed class structures and governments, and faced conflicts
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Society
Society is defined as a shared system of values, beliefs, and attitudes that influence perception and behavior among a group. Societies form as mutual support pacts because humans are weak individually but stronger together. The purpose of a society is to reduce friction between people and clearly define boundaries between one society and others. Early human culture consisted of nomadic gatherer-hunter groups of around 25 people that later formed into tribes and began more permanent settlements as cultures developed.
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These materials are made available at this site for the educational purposes of students enrolled at
Anne Arundel Community College. They may be protected by U.S. Copyright law and should not be
reproduced or transmitted electronically. One photocopy or printout may be made of each article for
personal, educational use.
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__MACOSX/books/._.DS_Store
books/Agrarian Societies.pdf
2
Agrarian Societies
The invention of agriculture between about 10,000 to 11,000
years ago was the key technological development that shaped
historical societies, those that most humans lived in until the 19th
century. But it was the later invention of the state in about 3500
BCE that was the key social invention that determined how
historical societies would be organized.
If cultures can be thought of as a set of codes that contain the
knowledge as well as the hopes and fears of humans about their
environment and as a whole set of blueprints for how to build
social systems, then social systems themselves should be seen as
the actual institutions that organize human activity. They never
work as perfectly as the cultural codes demand, but it is from their
successes and failures that cultures receive the information
necessary to modify their codes.
The family is obviously the most ancient social organization,
determined in large part by biological imperatives. Though there
are different types of families, the small group that consists of
several adult male-fathers, several female-mothers, children, and
the elderly grandparents who have survived is the most basic
human social unit that existed long before modern Homo sapiens.
For most humans, there was never much choice. The family was
the only way for people to be able to regularly and easily satisfy
their sexual urges, to procreate, and to have the companionship
most humans crave in order to give their lives meaning. The small
band made up of closely related individuals was the best and most
lasting way to establish the cooperative arrangements between
people without which humans cannot survive. Almost no
individual is able to obtain enough food or security to live long
alone. That is invariably true for small children, and almost as true
for adults.
But the family and the small band made up of a few related
small families do not provide sufficient structure to conduct life in
densely populated agrarian societies (that is, those practicing
agriculture to obtain most of their food). We know from the study
of gatherers and hunters such as the Australian Aborigines that
long before the invention of agriculture, small bands maintained
links with others and wove elaborate bonds of intermarriage,
kinship, and mutual dependence with each other. But such
relations were intensified and put under extreme pressure by the
crowding that resulted from the sedentarization of human
populations. We have already seen that this resulted in a higher
incidence of warfare and the development of rudimentary forms of
stratification, in which a few individuals, primarily males, gained
greater wealth and prestige because of their abilities as warriors,
leaders, or mediators. These were chiefdoms that were the
precursors of states. But chiefs, who at first were really only
te ...
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These materials are made available at this site for the educational purposes of students enrolled at
Anne Arundel Community College. They may be protected by U.S. Copyright law and should not be
reproduced or transmitted electronically. One photocopy or printout may be made of each article for
personal, educational use.
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famous quip about the equality of animals calls.attention to the existence of traditional
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harmful to some or all members of a society and under some circumstances they can .
Stone age
This document provides an overview of geography, history, and the development of early civilizations. It summarizes that [1] geography studies how people interact with their environments, while history uses written evidence to understand the past. [2] The Stone Age occurred before writing and is divided into the Old Stone Age and New Stone Age. [3] During the Old Stone Age, early humans lived nomadic lifestyles as hunter-gatherers and left religious artifacts suggesting spiritual beliefs. The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution led to permanent settlements and domestication of plants and animals. Early civilizations exhibited complex social structures including cities, governments, religions, social classes, and writing systems.
Human Being.pptx
Humans are the most abundant and widespread species of primate characterized by bipedalism and large, complex brains. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, and language. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of cooperating and competing groups from families to political states. Social interactions between humans have established values, social norms, and rituals that bolster human society. Curiosity and the desire to understand and influence the environment have motivated humanity's development of science, philosophy, and other fields of study.
books.DS_Store__MACOSXbooks._.DS_StorebooksAgrarian .docx
books/.DS_Store
__MACOSX/books/._.DS_Store
books/Agrarian Societies.pdf
2
Agrarian Societies
The invention of agriculture between about 10,000 to 11,000
years ago was the key technological development that shaped
historical societies, those that most humans lived in until the 19th
century. But it was the later invention of the state in about 3500
BCE that was the key social invention that determined how
historical societies would be organized.
If cultures can be thought of as a set of codes that contain the
knowledge as well as the hopes and fears of humans about their
environment and as a whole set of blueprints for how to build
social systems, then social systems themselves should be seen as
the actual institutions that organize human activity. They never
work as perfectly as the cultural codes demand, but it is from their
successes and failures that cultures receive the information
necessary to modify their codes.
The family is obviously the most ancient social organization,
determined in large part by biological imperatives. Though there
are different types of families, the small group that consists of
several adult male-fathers, several female-mothers, children, and
the elderly grandparents who have survived is the most basic
human social unit that existed long before modern Homo sapiens.
For most humans, there was never much choice. The family was
the only way for people to be able to regularly and easily satisfy
their sexual urges, to procreate, and to have the companionship
most humans crave in order to give their lives meaning. The small
band made up of closely related individuals was the best and most
lasting way to establish the cooperative arrangements between
people without which humans cannot survive. Almost no
individual is able to obtain enough food or security to live long
alone. That is invariably true for small children, and almost as true
for adults.
But the family and the small band made up of a few related
small families do not provide sufficient structure to conduct life in
densely populated agrarian societies (that is, those practicing
agriculture to obtain most of their food). We know from the study
of gatherers and hunters such as the Australian Aborigines that
long before the invention of agriculture, small bands maintained
links with others and wove elaborate bonds of intermarriage,
kinship, and mutual dependence with each other. But such
relations were intensified and put under extreme pressure by the
crowding that resulted from the sedentarization of human
populations. We have already seen that this resulted in a higher
incidence of warfare and the development of rudimentary forms of
stratification, in which a few individuals, primarily males, gained
greater wealth and prestige because of their abilities as warriors,
leaders, or mediators. These were chiefdoms that were the
precursors of states. But chiefs, who at first were really only
te ...
SocSci 2: Hindu religion
The document summarizes key aspects of Hindu religion and the Vedic age in India between 1500-500 BCE. It describes how the semi-nomadic Aryans entered the Indus River Valley, bringing Indo-European languages. Their society had a caste system dividing people into nobles, commoners, and non-Aryan Dasas. Priests (Brahmins) gained power and influence, with the caste system restricting participation in religion and politics to the top three castes. This disenfranchised many, creating a need for social justice and spiritual fulfillment for all.
World Civilization
The document provides an overview of early human societies from hominids to the emergence of early civilizations. It discusses that hominids evolved dexterity and brainpower starting 2 million years ago. Agricultural innovations began around 10,000 BCE in various regions, leading to permanent settlements and population growth. The first complex civilization emerged in Mesopotamia, with Sumer being the earliest, developing writing, urban centers, and other hallmarks of civilization between 3500-3000 BCE. Sumer established the first city-states and had a theocratic form of government before being conquered by the Akkadian Empire, and then returning to Sumerian rule until being sacked by the Elamites around 2000 BCE.
Origins Of Man Mine
The document summarizes human evolution from 4 million years ago to 10,000 BCE. It describes the major human species: Australopithecus (4-1 million BCE), Homo Erectus (2.5 million-200,000 BCE), Homo Sapiens (200,000-10,000 BCE), Neanderthals (200,000-30,000 BCE), and Cro-Magnon (40,000-10,000 BCE). It discusses their adaptations, tool use, migration patterns, and hunter-gatherer societies. Cave paintings provide insights into Paleolithic culture and spiritual beliefs.
18742829 julian-jaynes
This document discusses Julian Jaynes' theory of the bicameral mind and how it relates to the development of subjective consciousness in China versus Western civilizations. It argues that while Jaynes' theory is based on Western history, Chinese civilization started with a primary society and developed differently, showing evidence of subjective consciousness earlier around 1400 BC. Unlike Western civilizations which started as secondary societies and exhibited bicameral minds, China's two-level system allowed for quasi-primary societies even as a large state, leading down a different evolutionary path for human consciousness.
Prof.dr. halit hami öz sociology-chapter 4-society and social interaction
This document provides an overview of sociological perspectives on the nature of society. It discusses Émile Durkheim's functionalist view that society is greater than the sum of its parts and is held together by a collective conscience and social integration. According to Durkheim, pre-industrial societies had mechanical solidarity based on shared values and kinship, while industrial societies developed organic solidarity based on acceptance of differences and specialized division of labor. The document also briefly mentions Karl Marx's conflict theory perspective that society is defined by class struggles and Max Weber's symbolic interactionist view that society emerges through communication between individuals.
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Society.ppt
- 2. What is a society? a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behavior -- an abstract "mental blueprint" or "mental code." A shared perception of reality Commonly known as “Commonly known as” Common sense “They say” “Everybody knows”
- 3. Why bother with societies and cultures? Humans are weak Societies are mutual support pacts
- 4. Let’s build a society An individual Two people More than two… Or twenty… Or twenty million 1st purpose of a society: reduce friction between people in the society 2nd purpose: separate one society from others
- 5. Early Human Culture Small groups of around 25 Gatherer/hunters Nomadic Limited possessions more permanent settlements Became tribes xenophobia
- 6. End of the Ice Age About 12,000 BCE The high grasslands began to dry out Tribes migrated down into the river valleys looking for food Tigris/Euphrates Indus Yellow Nile
- 7. The first great change
- 9. Irrigation
- 11. Canals
- 12. Fields
- 14. Granary
- 15. Pharaoh
- 16. Pyramid of Zoser
- 17. The Torah
- 24. Jocks vs. Nerds
- 30. Ramses II
- 31. Queen Hatshepsut
- 33. Nazis
- 35. Soviets
- 38. War of the Roses
- 43. Inquisition
- 44. Women’s Suffrage
- 45. Civil Rights
- 46. Timothy McVeigh / John Allen Muhammad / Aileen Wuornos
- 47. James von Brunn; Scott Roeder; Jim David Adkisson