Social-Study-and-Life-Development-Education-Reading-Material-unit-one-to-six (1).pdf

Social Studies and Life Development Skills – Grade 12- Unit One to Unit Six – Reading Material
1
Reading Material with Model Questions and Answer 2080- Collected and Created by Shukra Raj Subedi
PsfO ! M ;fdflhs tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
Concept of Social Studies & Life Skill Education
kf7 !
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cGt/;DaGw
Interrelationship between Social Studies & Life Skill
Education
;fdflhs cWoog (Social Studies)
;fdflhs cWoog ;dfhsf ljleGg kIf;Fu ;DalGwt 1fg k|bfg
ug{] ljifo xf] . ;dfh / dfgj;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfsf af/]df
vf]hL ug{', cWoog ug{', ljZn]if0f ug{' g} ;fdflhs cWoog xf] .
;fdflhs cWoogn] ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ JolQm, kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6«
ljZj / a|df08;Fu ;DalGwt x/]s kIfx¿sf] 1fgsf ;fy
;d:ofx¿sf] klg klxrfg / Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfg ug{ l;sfpF5 .
;fdflhs cWoog ax'cfoflds ljifo xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog
;fdflhs lj1fg / dfgljsLsf ljleGg ljifox¿ h:t}M e"uf]n,
Oltxf;, cy{zf:q, ;dfhzf:q, dfgjzf:q, /fhgLltzf:q,
dgf]lj1fg, wd{, ;+:s[lt, snf h:tf ljifox¿sf] PsLs[t cWoog
xf] . of] ljifosf] d'Vo p2]Zo JolQmnfO{ rl/qjfGf l;h{gfTds
k|hftflGqs Jofjxfl/s / c;n JolQmTjsf] ljsf; u/fO{ /fi6«sf]
c;n gful/ssf] ¿kdf tof/ ug{' xf] . of] ljifo gful/s ;Ifdtf
ljsf; ug{] ljifo xf] .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff (Life Skill & Life
Skill Education)
dflg;sf] hLjgdf cfjZos kg{] l;kx¿ h;n] p;sf] hLjgnfO{
;/n, ;xh / ;kmn agfpg ;xof]u ub{5, To;nfO{
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k elgG5 . dflg;sf nflu Jojxf/ / JolQmTj
ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{] ljleGg k|sf/sf sf}zn (Soft skill) x¿
g} hLjgf]kof]uL l;k x'Gf . hLjg pkof]uL l;k l;sfpg] z}lIfs
k|lqmof g} hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff xf] . of] Ps lgtfGt Jofjxfl/s
lzIff xf]. hLjgf]kof]uL ul/Psf] 5 : lzIffn] dflg;nfO{ jf:tljs
hLjgdf cfOkg{] afwf, cj/f]w / ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg u/L
;kmn tl/sfn] lhpg] l;kx? l;sfpF5 . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff
hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] d'Vo cfwf/ klg xf] .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx? (Life Skill)
ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g (WHO), ;Gf !((( sf cg';f/
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kcGtu{t d'Vo ^ cf]6f If]qx¿ kb{5Gf M
!_ ;~rf/ / cGtj{}olQms l;k
@_ lg0f{o ug{] / ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k
#_ l;h{gfTds / ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k
$_ cfTdhfu?stf / ;dfg'e"lt l;k
%_ b[9tf / ;defj jf cfTdlgoGq0f l;k
^_ pTyfgzLntf / ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] l;k
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifoj:t'x¿
!_ lg0f{o k|lqmof l;k (Decision Making Skill)
@_ ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k (Problem Solving Skill)
#_ ;~rf/ l;k (Communication Skill)
$_ tgfj Joj:yfkg l;k (Stress Management)
%_ cGtj{}olQms l;k / ;DaGw (Interpersonal Skill & Relation)
^_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg l;k (Critical Thinking Skill)
&_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg l;k (Creative Thinking Skill)
*_ ;dfg'e"lt l;k (Empathy Skill)
(_ cfTdaf]w l;k (Self-awareness Skill)
!)_ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg l;k (Emotion Management Skill)
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cGt/;DaGw
(Interrelationship Between Social Studies & Life Skill
Education)
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|i6 kfg{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M
➢ ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff b'j}n] ljBfy{Ldf
cg'zfl;t, rl/qjfGf PjDf sd{lgi7 JolQmTjsf ;fy}
cGt/j}olQms l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpF5Gf .
➢ b'j} ljifon] ljBfy{LnfO{ JolQmut tyf rf:o ;d:ofx¿;Fu
kl/lrt eO{ plrt ;dfwfg vf]Hg l;sfpF5Gf .
➢ b'j} ljifonfO{ Jofjxfl/s ljifo elgG5 . ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{
b}lgs hLjg;Fu cfjZos kg{] l;kx¿ (lg0f{o Ifdtf,
g]t[Tj, ;sf/fTds ;f]r, cGt/j}olQms l;k, ;~rf/,
;d:of ;dfwfg, ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f cflb) sf] ljsf;df
hf]8 lbG5 .
➢ ;fdflhs cWoogsf sltko ljifoj:t'x¿ (tgfj, åGå,
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/, ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf PlKns];gx¿,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, g]t[Tj, lg0f{o cflb) hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf
klg ljifoj:t' ePsfn] oL b'j}sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 .
➢ ;fdflhs cWoogn] ;fdflhs Jojxf/df JolQmsf]
cGt/lqmof s] 5 eGg] ljifosf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L lbG5 eg]
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] ;fdflhs cGt/lqmof s:tf] x'g'k5{
eGg] pkfox¿ l;sfpF5 .
➢ oL b'j} ljifox¿ ;fdflhs zf:qx¿ x'Gf eg] oL b'j}n]
JolQm, ;d"x / ;dfhsf ljljw Jojxf/ / cGt/;DaGwsf]
af/]df ax; / cWoog ub{5Gf .
➢ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf ljljw kIfsf]
ljj]szLn k|of]u ug{] pkfox¿ l;sfpF5 h'g s'/f
;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifo If]qx¿ x'Gf .
➢ ;fdflhs cWoogn] ck]Iff u/]sf l;kx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df
ptfg{ / To;af6 ck]lIft nfe lng lbOg] lzIff g}
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff xf] .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff larsf] leGgtf
(Difference Between Social Studies & Life Skill
Education)
;fdflhs cWoog
➢ ;fdflhs cWoog dfgj hLjgsf] ljljw kIf;Fu ;DalGwt
x'G5 .
➢ o;n] bz{gnfO{ dxTj lbFb}g .
➢ o;n] cg';Gwfg l;ksf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5 .

2
➢ o;df ;fdflhs lj1fg / dfgljsLnufotsf ljifox¿
;dfj]z x'G5Gf . ax'cfoflds ljifo xf] .
➢ of] dfgj / ;dfh;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cWoog
xf] .
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff
➢ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff JolQmsf] ;fy{s hLjgofkgsf kIf;Fu
;DalGwt x'G5 .
➢ o;n] bz{gnfO{ dxQj lbG5 .
➢ o;n] hLjgz}nL / :jf:YonfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .
➢ o;df cGo ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf x'Fb}gGf .
o;df hLjgsf cfjZos l;kx¿ dfq ;dfj]z u/L cWoog
cWofkg ul/G5 .
➢ of] hLjgf]kof]uL l;sfpg] k|lqmof xf] .
clt 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg] k|Zgx?
!= b}lgs hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ b'O{af]6f hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
n]Vg'xf]; .
b}lgs hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ b'O{j6f hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx?
o;k|sf/ 5g M
s= lg0f{o l;k
v= ;+j]u Joj:yfkg l;k
@= hLjg pkof]uL l;k eg]sf] s] xf] < n]Vg'xf]; .
dflg;sf nflu Jojxf/ / JolQmTj ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ ljleGg
k|sf/sf g/d sf}zn -Soft skill) x¿nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k -
Life skill_ elgG5 h'g JolQmsf] Jojxf/df b]lvG5 .
#= hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] s'g} Ps dxTj n]Vg'xf]; .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] Ps dxTj o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
s= hLjgf]kof]uL l;kn] JolQmnfO{ l;h{gzLn, Jofjxfl/s,
g]t[TjbfoL, Ifdtfjfg / cfTdljZjf;L agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
$= ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf ;d]l6Psf ;fdflhs lj1fg /
dfgljsLsf ljifox¿sf] s'g} b'O{ gfd n]Vg'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf ;d]l6Psf ;fdflhs lj1fg /
dfgljsLsf ljifox¿sf] s'g} b'O{ gfd lgDg 5g M
s ;dfhzf:q
v= cy{zf:q
%=;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] k|d'v p2]Zo s] xf]< n]Vg'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] k|d'v p2]Zo JolQmnfO{ rl/qjfg
l;h{gfTds, g}lts, Jofjxfl/s / c;n JolQmTjsf] ljsf; u/fO{
/fi6«sf] c;n gful/ssf] ¿kdf tof/ ug{' xf] .
^= ;fdflhs cWoog eg]sf] s] xf] <
dfgj / p;sf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts tyf
cfly{s jftfj/0f;+usf] cGt/lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog ug{'
;fdflhs cWoog xf] .
&= hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf]; .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;sfpg] k|lqmof g} hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff xf]
h;n] dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;/n, ;xh, l;h{gzLn / dof{lbt
agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
*= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf s'g} b'O{ ;femf
l;kx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf s'g} b'O{ ;femf
l;kx¿ lgDg 5g M
s= ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg l;k
v= l;h{gfTds lrGtg l;d
(= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cGt/;DaGw
Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff b'j}n] ljBfyL{nfO{
cg'zfl;t, rl/qjfg Pjd sd{lgi7 JolQmTj agfpg'sf ;fy}
cGt/j}olQms l;ksf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fVg] x'gfn] oL b'j} lar
cGt/;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .
!)= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffljrsf] s'g} Ps
leGgtf n]Vg'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog dfgj hLjgsf] ljljw kIf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5
eg] hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff JolQmsf] ;fy{s hLjgofkgsf] kIf;+u
dfq ;DalGwt x'G5 .
!!= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffljrsf] s'g} Ps
;dfgtf n]Vg'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff b'j} ljifon]
ljBfyL{nfO{ JolQmut tyf jfXo ;d:ofx¿;Fu kl/lrt u/fO{
plrt ;dfwfg vf]Hg l;sfpF5 .
5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg] k|Zgx?
!=;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffljrsf] leGgtf
5'6ofpg'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffldqsf] leGgtf
lgDgfg';f/ tflnsfjf6 k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
;fdflhs cWoog hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff
;fdflhs cWoog dfgj
hLjgsf] kIf;+u
;DalGwt x'G5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff JolQmsf] ;fy{s
hLjgofkgsf kIf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
o;n] bz{gnfO{ dxQj
lbb}g .
o;n] bz{gnfO{ dxTj lbG5 .
o;n] cg';Gwfg l;ksf]
ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5 .
o;n] hLjgz}nL / :jf:YonfO{ hf]8
lbG5 .
o;df ;fdflhs lj1fg /
dfgljsLnufotsf
ljifox¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g .
of] ax'cfoflds ljifo xf]
.
o;df cGo ;fdflhs lj1fgsf
ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf x'b}gg . hLjgsf
cfjZos l;kx? dfq ;dfj]z u/L
cWoog cWofkg ul/G5 .
of] dfgj /
;dfh;+u;DalGwt
ljleGg kIfx¿sf]
cWoog xf] .
of] hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;sfpg] k|lqmof
xf] .
@= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf s'g} kfFrj6f
;femf p2]Zox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf]; .

3
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffljr Ps csf+df
cGt/;DalGwt ePsf] x'gfn] logLx?ljrsf kfFraf]6f ;femf
p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
s= JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{', ljZn]if0f
ug{' tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vf]hL ug{'
v= jt{dfg ;dodf eO/x]sf :yfgLo tyf ljZj 36gfsf] 1fg
lbO{ ;dofg's"n ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ gofF k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u u/L hLjgz}nLnfO{ ;/n / ;xh agfpg'
u= k|hftflGqs d"NodfGotfsf] 1fg / cfr/0fsf] ljsf; u/L
kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«k|lt lhDd]jf/ aGg] l;ksf] ljsf; ug{',
3= j}olQms tyf cGt/j}olQms l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpb} ;dfhsf
x/]s JolQmnfO{ PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd
agfpg],
ª=JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf df}lns, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, /fhg}lts
d"NodfGotfsf] 1fg lbO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fdf plrt e"ldsf v]Ng' .
#= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cGt/;DaGw
k|i6 kfg{'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|i6 kfg{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M
➢ ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff b'j}n] ljBfy{Ldf
cg'zfl;t, rl/qjfGf PjDf sd{lgi7 JolQmTjsf ;fy}
cGt/j}olQms l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpF5Gf .
➢ b'j} ljifon] ljBfy{LnfO{ JolQmut tyf rf:o ;d:ofx¿;Fu
kl/lrt eO{ plrt ;dfwfg vf]Hg l;sfpF5Gf .
➢ b'j} ljifonfO{ Jofjxfl/s ljifo elgG5 . ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{
b}lgs hLjg;Fu cfjZos kg{] l;kx¿ (lg0f{o Ifdtf, g]t[Tj,
;sf/fTds ;f]r, cGt/j}olQms l;k, ;~rf/, ;d:of ;dfwfg,
ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f cflb) sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5 .
➢ ;fdflhs cWoogsf sltko ljifoj:t'x¿ (tgfj, åGå,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, g]t[Tj, lg0f{o cflb) hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf
klg ljifoj:t' ePsfn] oL b'j}sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] ;fdflhs cGt/lqmof s:tf] x'g'k5{ eGg]
pkfox¿ l;sfpF5 .
➢ oL b'j} ljifox¿ ;fdflhs zf:qx¿ x'Gf eg] oL b'j}n] JolQm,
;d"x / ;dfhsf ljljw Jojxf/ / cGt/;DaGwsf] af/]df
ax; / cWoog ub{5Gf .
ljj]szLn k|of]u ug{] pkfox¿ l;sfpF5 h'g s'/f
;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifo If]qx¿ x'Gf .
$= hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifoj:t'x¿ s] s] x'g
n]Vg'xf]; .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifoj:t'x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
➢ lg0f{o k|lqmof l;k
➢ ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k
➢ ;~rf/ l;k
➢ tgfj Joj:yfkg l;k
➢ cGtj{}olQms l;k / ;DaGw
➢ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg l;k
➢ l;h{gfTds lrGtg l;k
➢ ;dfg'e"lt l;k
➢ cfTdaf]w l;k
➢ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg l;k
%= ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g (WHO), ;Gf !((( sf cg';f/
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kcGtu{t slt cf]6f d'Vo If]qx¿ kb{5Gf <
ltgLx? s]s] x'g < n]Vg'xf]; .
ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g (WHO), ;Gf !((( sf cg';f/
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kcGtu{t d'Vo ^ cf]6f If]qx¿ kb{5Gf . ltgLx?
lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
➢ ;~rf/ / cGtj{}olQms l;k
➢ lg0f{o ug{] / ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k
➢ l;h{gfTds / ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k
➢ cfTdhfu?stf / ;dfg'e"lt l;k
➢ b[9tf / ;defj jf cfTdlgoGq0f l;k
➢ pTyfgzLntf / ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] l;k
^= hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgdf nfu' ug{' kgf{sf
sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh 9+un] cl3 a9fpgsf nflu pkof]uL
l;kx? g} hLjgf]kof]uL l;k x'g . hLjgf]kof]uL l;k aflx/
b]lvg]eGbf klg JolQmsf] Jojxf/df b]lvg] l;kx¿ x'g. o:tf
l;kx? JolQmnfO{ l;h{gzLn, Jofjxfl/s g]t[TjbfoL Ifdtfjfg
/ cfTdljZjf;L agfp5g . hLjgkof]uL l;kdf ljleGg g/d
sf}znx¿ kb{5g . o;df l;h{gfTds, ;dfnf]rgfTds, lg0f{o,
g]t[Tj, ;d:of ;dfwfg, ;xsfo{, ;+j]u Joj:yfkg cflb h:tf
l;kx? kb{5g . hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ JolQmsf] Jojxf/ /
JolQmTj ljsf;df ;xof]uL x'g] x'gfn] lognfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgdf
nfu' u/]/ dgUo nfe lng ;lsG5. hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ cfˆgf]
hLjgdf nfu' ug{'kg]{ sf/0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g M
➢ dfgj / dfgj ;dfh;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfx¿af/] ul/g]
vf]hL, cWoog Pjd ljZn]if0fsf qmddf hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
ckl/xfo{ ePsfn],
➢ hLjgdf cfOkg]{ r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cufl8 a9]df dfgj
hLjg ;kmn x'g ;S5 . o:tf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{
l;sfpg] l;k g} hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ePsf]n],
➢ xfd|f b}lgs / Jofj;flos hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;"rgf
k|ljlw l;k, ljQLo sf/f]af/ l;k, tgfj / åGå Joj:yfkg l;k

4
lg0f{o lgdf{0f l;k cflb l;kx? cfjZos kg]{ h'g hLjgf]kof]uL
l;kdf kg]{ ePsfn],
➢ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;~rf/ l;k, ;fd"lxs sfo{ ug{sf nflu
;d"xsfo{ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k, ;dfhnfO{ ;xL g]t[Tj
k|bfg ug]{ g]t[Tj l;k, JolQm JolQmljr ;DaGw agfO{ cfk;L
;xsfo{af6 cl3 a9gsf nflu cGt/j}olQms l;k JolQmnfO{
cTofjZos ePsfn],
➢ dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cfWoflTds ;d'Gglt ug{sf nflu
cfjZos l;k k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] . log} dflysf kmfObfx¿
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kaf6 k|fKt x'g] x'gfn] s'g} klg JolQmn] ;/n
/ ;kmn hLjgofkgsf nflu cfˆgf] hLjgdf hLjgf]kof]uL
l;knfO{ nfu' ug{'kb{5 .
nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg] k|Zgx?
!=;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffljrdf 3lgi6 ;DaGw
5 eGg] egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k|i6 kfg{'xf]; .
;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffljrdf 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 .
;fdflhs cWoog gful/s ;Ifdtf ljsf; ug{sf nflu ul/g]
;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljleGg ljifox¿sf] PsLs[t cWoog xf] . o;n]
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dfgj / p;sf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf
cfly{s jftfj/0fsf ljleGg ljifoj:t'sf af/]df 1fg lbG5 eg]
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff ;/n / ;xh hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos
dgf];fdflhs tyf cGt/j}olQms l;k k|bfg ug]{ lzIff xf]
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] klg JolQmnfO{ rl/qjfg l;h{gfTds, g}lts,
Jofjxfl/s / c;n JolQmTjsf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 .
t;y{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;}4flGts, Jofjxfl/s tyf l;ko'Qm 1fg lbnfpg]
sfo{df oL b'j} ljifon] plQs} e"ldsf v]Nb5g . ;fdflhs cWoog
ljifosf l;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿ tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{x¿ ubf{ klg
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k xfl;n x'G5g . To; qmddf ;d"xdf sfd ug]{,
Ps csf+df s'/fsfgL ug]{, ;xsfo{ ug]{, ;xof]u ug]{, g]t[Tj ug]{,
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ Pjd l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug]{ k|z:t cj;/ k|fKt
x'G5 . o;n] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg a9fpg'sf ;fy} hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
klg lbO/x]sf x'G5g . ;fdflhs cWoogn] dfgj hLjgsf ljleGg
cfofdx¿sf] 1fg k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffcGtu{t kg]{
l;kx¿nfO{ l;sfpF5 . To:t} u/L hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn]
hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfpFb} ;fdflhs cWogosf
ljifoj:t'sf] klg 1fg lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L ;fdflhs cWoogn]
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf nflu d2t k'/ÞofpF5 / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf]
cWoogaf6 ;fdflhs cWoogsf nflu pkof]uL ljifoj:t'sf]
1fg klg x'G5 . To;}n] oL b'j} ljifoljrdf 3lgi6 ;DaGw /x]sf]
5 eGg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ cem k|i6 kfg lgDg a'Fbfx¿n] ;xof]u
ub{5g M
➢ ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff b'a}n] ljBfyL{df
cg'zfl;t, rl/qjfg Pjd sd{lgi7 JolQmTjsf ;fy}
cGt/j}olQms l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpF5g .
➢ b'j} ljifon] ljBfyL{nfO{ JolQmut tyf afXo ;d:ofx¿;Fu
kl/lrt eO{ plrt ;dfwfg vf]Hg l;sfp5g .
➢ b'j} ljifonfO{ Jofjxfl/s ljifo elgG5 .
➢ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b}lgs hLjg;Fu cfjZos kg]{ l;kx¿
lg0f{o Ifdtf, g]t[Tj, ;sf/fTds ;f]r, cGt/j}olQms l;k,
;~rf/, ;d:of ;dfwfg, ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f cflb_ sf]
ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5 .
➢ ;fdflhs cWoogsf sltko ljifoj:t'x¿ -tgfj, OG›,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, g]t[Tj, lg0f{o cflb_ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf
klg ljifoj:t' ePsfn] oL b'a}sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] ;fdflhs cGt/lqmof s:tf] x'g'k5{
eGg] pkfox¿ l;sfp5 .
➢ oL b'j} ljifox¿ ;fdflhs zf:qx¿ x'g eg] oL b'a}n]
JolQm, ;d"x / ;dfhsf ljljw Jojxf/ / cGt/;DaGwsf]
af/]df ax; / cWoog ub{5g .
ljj]szLn k|of]u ug]{ pkfox¿ l;sfp5 h'g s'/f
;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifo If]qx¿ x'g .
Kff7 @ M hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / :j:y
hLjgz}nLlarsf] cGt/;DaGw Interrelationship Between
Life Skill Education, Life Skill & Healthy Lifestyle
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / :j:y hLjgz}nLlarsf]
cGt/;DaGw
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff Jofks cjwf/0ff xf] . of] l;kdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu dflg;sf] hLjgz}nL :j:y
x'g'kb{5 . :j:y hLjgz}nLsf nflu hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] vfFrf] kb{5
. :j:y hLjgz}nL eGgfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cflTds
¿kdf k"0f{tof :j:y /xg :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;sf/fTds cfr/0f /
Jojxf/nfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf cjnDag ug{' xf] . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn]
JolQmnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] k|of]u ug{ / :j:y hLjgz}nL
cjnDag ug]{ l;k ljsf; ug{ ;xfotf ub{5 . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf
ljifoj:t' hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / of]u, Jofofd, pkrf/ k4lt h:tf
dfgjLo :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g . Pp6f :j:y JolQmn] dfq
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;Sg / l;s]sf s'/f Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf k|of]u ug{
;Sb5 . / hLjgf]kof]uL l;kn] JolQmdf pRr g}ltstf, cfr/0f /
;fdflhs d"Noaf]w u/fpF5 eg] hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] s;/L tL
j:t'x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pkfox¿ l;sfpF5 . zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf :j:y JolQmn] dfq hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff
/ l;knfO{ u|x0f u/L k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5 . To;sf/0f hLjgf]kof]uL
lzIffsf dfWodaf6 hLjgf]kof]uL l;k xfl;n u/L :j:y hLjgz}nL
ofkg ug{ oL tLg} kIfx¿sf] PsLs[t ljsf;df hf]8 lbg h?/L 5 .
k"jL{o lrGtg, k/Dk/f / eO/x]sf] cEof; -Eastern Thought,
Tradition & Current Practice_
k"jL{o lrGtg -Eastern Thought_

5
s'g} klg ljifodf uDeL/ ¿kn] ;f]Rg] tyf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
pkfo lgsfNg ul/g] ljrf/ g} lrGtg xf] . k"jL{o bz{g, wd{, ;+:sf/,
;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltl/jfh, snf cflbdf cfwfl/t lrGtg g} k"jL{o
lrGtg xf] . of] vf;u/L j]bdf cfwfl/t bz{g xf] . o;nfO{ Pl;og
lrGtg k/Dk/fsf ;fy} ;fd"lxstfjfb -Collectivism_ eg]/ klg
ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 k"jL{o bz{gcGtu{t
ef/tjifL{o bz{g, sf]l/ofnL bz{g, hfkfgL bz{g, leotgfdL bz{g
cflb kb{5g . k"jL{o bz{g vf;u/L lxGb' wd{ jf bz{g, af}4 bz{g,
h}g bz{g, ls/fFt bz{g, lzv bz{g, sGkm'l;o; bz{g, tfcf] bz{g
cflbsf] k|efjn] ag]sf] 5 .
o; bz{g k/Dk/fdf dfgj hLjg rl/qnfO{ lgs} dxQj lbOG5 .
dfgjsf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhsLs/0f,
lzIff, snf, l;k cflbsf] k|ToIf k|efj k5{ . k|s[lt;Fu tfbfTDo
/fVg], kof{j/0fd}qL Pjd kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL;fk]If hLjgz}nLnfO{
k"jL{o dfGotfdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 o;n] ;d"x, ;dfh jf
JolQmx¿sf] sfo{df hLjgsf] cy{ vf]Hb5 . k"jL{o bz{gnfO{ cfl:ts
/ gfl:ts u/L b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfl:ts bz{gsf]
d'Vo cfzo j}lbs l;4fGtsf cfwf/df huTnfO{ JofVof tyf
ljZn]if0f ug]{, O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug]{ tyf O{Zj/nfO{ dfGg]
xf] eg] O{Zj/nfO{ gdfGg] bz{g rflxF gfl:ts bz{g xf] .
k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/f -Eastern Thought Tradition_
k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fcGtu{t lgDg bz{g k/Dk/fx¿ /x]sf 5g
s= lrlgofF bz{g k/Dk/f M lrlgofF bz{g k/Dk/fsf ljz]iftfx¿
lgDgfg';f/ 5g
➢ o;nfO{ k'/fgf] bz{g dflgG5 .
➢ lrlgofF bz{g k/Dk/fsf $ cf]6f d'Vo l;4fGtx¿ /x]sf
5g
o :jfoQtfnfO{ OHht ug{'k5{ .
o c¿nfO{ pksf/ ug{'k5{ .
o s;}sf nflu xflgsf/s aGg'x'Fb}g .
o Gofo / g}lts d"Nodf a:g'k5{ .
v= lxGb' j}lbs bz{g k/Dk/f M lxGb' j}lbs bz{g k/Dk/fsf
ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
➢ o; bz{gdf ;Tosf] cjnDag u/, wd{sf] wf/0ff /
kfngf u/ eGg] pkb]z lbOG5 .
➢ wd{sf !) nIf0f x'G5g -w[lt, Ifdf, bd, c:t]o, zf}r,
OlG›o lgu|x, wL, ljBf, ;To / cqmf]w .
➢ dftf, lktf, cfrfo{ -u'?_ cflbnfO{ b]jt'No dfgL ;Ddfg
u/, :jfjnDaL ag, k/f]ksf/ ag, ;a}k|f0fLnfO{ bof u/,
l7s cfxf/sf] dfq vfglkg u/, cfrf/ljrf/ c;n
agfpm eGg] h:tf pkb]z lbOG5 .
➢ wd{, cy{, sfd / df]IfnfO{ dfgj hLjgsf $ cf]6f nIo
dflgPsf] 5 .
u= af}4 bz{g k/Dk/f M af}4 bz{g k/Dk/fsf ljz]iftfx¿
lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
➢ o;df $ cf]6f cfo{ ;To -;+;f/df b'Mv 5, b'Mvsf sf/0f
5g, b'Mvsf] lgjf/0f 5 / b'Mv lgjf/0fsf nflu ci6flËs
dfu{ 5Gf_ x¿ 5g .
➢ o;df * cf]6f c;n dfu{x¿ -;Dos b[li6, ;Dos
;ÍNk, ;Dos jfs, ;Dos sd{, ;Dos hLljsf, ;Dos
k|of;, ;Dos :d[lt / ;Dos ;dflw_ 5g .
➢ o;df % cf]6f k~rzLnsf pkb]zx¿ -k|f0fL lx+;f gug]{,
em'6f] gaf]Ng], rf]/L gug]{, Jolerf/ gug]{ / dBdfg
gug]{_ 5g .
➢ s'g} klg s'/fdf cGwljZjf; gu/L cfkm}Fn] k/LIf0f jf
cg'ej u/]/ dfq ljZjf; ug{'k5{ eGg] pkb]z klg
a'4af6 ldN5 .
k"jL{o lrGtgsf] cEof; -Practice of Eastern Thought_
lxGb' / af}4 k/Dk/fdf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, hLjgf]kof]uL l;k /
:j:y hLjgz}nLnfO{ cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt dfgL cfxf/,
cfrf/ljrf/ / b}lgs Jojxf/df ltgLx¿sf] k|of]udf hf]8
lbOPsf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L o:t} dfGotf h}g, ls/fFt, af]g,
sGkm'l;o;, tfcf] cflb lrGtg k/Dk/fdf klg kfOG5 . vfglkg,
;Ët, cfhLljsf, hLjgz}nL cflbn] dflg;sf] lrGtg /
Jojxf/df k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn] tL ;a} dfgj dof{bfcg';f/sf] x'g'kg]{
dflgPsf] 5 o; k/Dk/fdf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffdf hlxn] klg
plrt hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / :j:y hLjgz}nLnfO{ dxQj lbOPsf]
kfOG5 .
g]kfndf k"jL{o lrGtgsf] dfGotf k|frLgsfnb]lv g} lbOPsf] kfOP
tfklg xfn e"d08nLs/0f, k/;+:s[lts/0f / pkef]Qmfjfbsf]
c;/ o; k/Dk/fnfO{ k/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf cfo'j]{b, of]u, ljkZogf,
zfsfxf/L hLjgz}nLk|lt hgrf;f] xfn;fn}sf jif{x¿df a9bf]
qmddf b]lvG5 .
kfZrfTo lrGtg, k/Dk/f / jt{dfg cEof; -Western
Thought, Tradition & Current Practice_
kfZrfTo lrGtg -Western Thought_ vf;u/L klZrdL b]zx¿df
ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] lrGtgnfO{ g} kfZrfTo lrGtg jf bz{g
elgG5 . kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] d"n ;|f]t k|frLg u|L; -
o"gfg_ xf] . kfZrfTo bz{gn] u|L;, O6nL, a]nfot, k|mfG;,
cd]l/sfnufot klZrdL b]zsf bfz{lgsx¿sf] k|of;af6
k|ltkfbg ePsf] bz{g xf] . o;df ef}ltsjfbL ljrf/sf] k|wfgtf
/x]sf] x'G5 . ;'s/ft, Kn]6f], Pl/:6f]6n, kfOyfuf]/; h:tf
bfz{lgsx¿n] kfZrfTo lrGtg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg
u/]sf 5g .
kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f / jt{dfg cEof; -Western
Thought Tradition and Practice_
kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f / jt{dfg cEof;;Fu ;DalGwt ljljw
kIfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
➢ o;nfO{ JolQmTjjfb -Individualism_ eg]/ klg
ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . =

6
➢ klZrdf ;Eotfdf hLjgsf] cy{ d nfO{ s]G›df /fv]/
a'‰g] ul/G5 .
➢ oxL klZrdL bz{gnfO{ 6]s]/ cfbz{jfb, cWofTdjfb,
ef}ltsjfb, k|s[ltjfb, oyfy{jfb, cl:tTjjfb,
dfgjtfjfb, cfw'lgstfjfb, pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb,
Jojxf/jfb cflb bz{gx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .
kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fdf lqmlZrog wd{sf] klg w]/}
k|efj 5 .
➢ k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] ljgfzsf/L bf]xg /
pkef]QmfjfbnfO{ kfZrfTo ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds kIf
dflgG5 .
➢ cfw'lgs o'udf lj1fg k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; d'VotM
o'/f]k / cd]l/sfd} ePsf] x'gfn] dfgj ;dfhsf nflu
kfZrfTo ;dfhsf] of] of]ubfgsf] k|z+;f ul/G5 . o;
lrGtgdf hLjgof]kof]uL lzIffsf w]/} s'/fx¿
Pl/:6f]6n;Fu ;Da4 b]lvG5g .
➢ lzIffsf b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ klZrdf b]zx¿df cr]n
ax';f+:s[lts, ax'wfld{s, k|ljlwsf] Jofks k|of]u x'g]
Pjd hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
lzIffnfO{ dxQj lbOPsf] kfOG5 .
➢ jt{dfg ;dodf k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] la:tf/}
klZrdf ;dfhdf / kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] lrGtg
k"jL{o ;dfhdf klg eO/x]sf] 5 .
o;/L k"jL{o / klZrdf lrGtg k/Dk/fx¿sf] e]6, cfk;L ;+jfb
/ k|lt:kwf{ jf ;dGjosf] cj:yf jt{dfg ;dodf b]lvG5 . xfn
klZrdf ljZjljBfnox¿df k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/faf/] cg';Gwfg
ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vofdf klg pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .
k"jL{o lrGtg / kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/flarsf] km/s -
Differences between Eastern and Western Thinking
Tradition_
k"jL{o lrGtg kfZrfTo lrGtg
o; lrGtgn] ;d"x jf
JolQmx¿sf] ;f]r / sfo{df
hLjgsf] cy{ vf]Hb5 .
o;df hLjgsf] cy{ ÚdÚ nfO{
s]G›df /fv]/ a'‰g] ul/G5 .
of] a9L Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . of] a9L ;}4flGts x'G5 .
o;n] dflg;sf] cl:tTjsf]
lj/f]w ub{5 eg] O{Zj/sf]
cl:tTjsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 .
o;n] O{Zj/sf] cl:tTjnfO{ |
c:jLsf/ u/L k[YjLdf dfgjLo
cl:tTjsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 .
of] bz{g k/Dk/f PsLs[t
k|0ffnL jf ;Dk"0f{tfdf
cfwfl/t 5 .
of] ljljwtfk"0f{ ljrf/ Pjd
b[li6sf]0fdf 5l/P/ jf 6'qmf
6'qmfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
of] bz{gsf] clGtd ;To
O{Zj/ / k/dfTdf xf] .
o;n] ef}lts hut / oxfF |
/x]sf ultzLn lk08nfO{ ;To
dfGb5 .
o;n] cl:tTjfbL d"No,
;f}Gbo{;DaGwL d"No,
o;sf] hf]8 j}1flgs k|lqmofdf
5 . zfZjt ;Tosf] ;dLkdf
;Tsfo{k|ltsf] d"No,
k/f]ksf/k|ltsf] d"NonfO{
ljz]if hf]8 lbG5 .
k'Ug klZrdfx¿ j}1flgs
k|lqmof cjnDag u5{g .
!= s:tf] hLjgz}nLnfO{ :j:y hLjgz}nL elgG5 <
/f]u / b'a{ntfaf6 d'Qm x'g' dfq geO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,
;fdflhs, cfly{s / cflTds ¿kdf :j:y ePsf] hLjgz}nLnfO{
:j:y hLjgz}nL elgG5 .
@=:j:y hLjgz}nL sfod /fVg] s'g} Ps pkfo pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
:j:y hLjgz}nL sfod /fVg ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fvL b}lgs of]u,
Wofg / Jofofd ug{'kb{5 .
#= cfl:ts bz{gsf] d'Vo cfzo s] xf] <
cfl:ts bz{gsf] d'Vo cf;o j}lbs l;4fGtsf cfwf/df hutnfO{
JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{, O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug]{ tyf
O{Zj/nfO{ dfGg] xf] .
$=kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
a]nfot, k|mfG;, cd]l/sfnufot klZrdL b]zsf bfz{lgsx¿sf]
k|of;af6 k|ltkfbg ePsf] lrGtg k|0ffnL h;df ef}ltsjfbL
ljrf/sf] k|wfgtf /x]sf] x'G5 To;nfO{ kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f
elgG5 .
%=lrGtg eg]sf] s] xf] <
s'g} klg ljifodf uDeL/ ¿kn] ;f]Rg] tyf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu pkfo lgsfNg ul/g] ljrf/ g} lrGtg xf] .
^= k"jL{o lrGtg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
k"jL{o bz{g, wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltl/jfh, snf
cflbdf cfwfl/t lrGtg g} k"jL{o lrGtg xf] .
&= k"jL{o lrGtg vf;u/L s]af6 a9L k|efljt 5 <
k"jL{o lrGtg vf;u/L lxGb' wd{, af}4 wd{, h}g wd{, ls/ft wd{,
lzv wd{sf ;fy} sGkm'l;o; bz{g, tfcf] bz{g, sf]l/ofnL bz{g,
hfkfgL bz{g cflbaf6 a9L k|efljt 5 .
*= kfZrfTo lrGtgsf] d"n ;|f]t sxfF xf] <
kfZrfTo lrGtgsf] d"n ;|f]t k|frLg lu|; -o"gfg_ xf] .
(= kfZrfTo lrGtg vf;u/L s]af6 a9L k|efljt 5 <
kfZrfTo lrGtg vf;u/L lqmlZrog wd{af6 a9L k|efljt 5 .
!)= :j:y hLjgz}nLsf] cy{ Ps jfSodf :ki6 kfg{'xf]; .
:j:y hLjgz}nL eGgfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cflTds
¿kdf k"0f{tof :j:y /xg :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;sf/fTds cfr/0f /
Jojxf/nfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf cjnDag ug{' xf] .
!= hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fcg';f/ cfˆgf]
hLjgdf s;/L nfu' ug{'ePsf] 5 < pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{'xf]; .
j]bdf cfwfl/t cg]sf} ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ;lDd>0faf6 cfhsf]
:j?kdf cfOk'u]sf] lxGb' wd{ Pjd bz{g, af}4 wd{ Pjd bz{g,
h}g wd{ Pjd bz{g, ls/ft wd{ Pjd bz{g, lzv, sGkm'l;o;
bz{g, tfcf] wd{ Pjd bz{g cflbsf] k|efjn] k"jL{o lrGtg ag]sf]

7
5 . k"jL{o k/Dk/fcg';f/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ d}n] d]/f] hLjgdf
lgDglnlvt Ús'/fadf]lhd nfu' u/]sf] 5 M
➢ k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf cfl:ts bz{g klg kfOG5 .
hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ cfl:ts bz{gcg';f/
;dfwfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5' .
➢ af}4 bz{gsf] rf/ cfo{ ;ToM cf7 c;n dfu{x¿ /
k~rzLnsf] pkb]z kfngf u/L dWodfuL{ x'g] k|of; u5{' .
➢ cfxf/, cfrf/ljrf/ / b}lgs Jojxf/, g}lts hLjg;DaGwL
rrf{ k"jL{o k/Dk/fdf kfOG5 h'g d kfngf u5{' .
➢ of]u bz{gcg';f/ of]u tyf Wofgsf] cEof; u/]/ d}n]
zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo nfe u/]sf] 5' .
➢ jfbljjfb, jQm[Tj, 5nkmn, ;+jfb, ;To / Gofosf] kIfdf
cfjfh p7fpg, xTof, lx+;f, rf]/L h:tf sfo{ gug+,
w"d|kfg, dBkfg, nfu' kbfy{ h:tf s'ntdf gkm:g] h'g
;fdflhs, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s :jf:Yosf nflu ljrf/ /
1fg k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf kfOG5, To;}nfO{ kfngf u/]/
;'vL / :j:y hLjg aflr/x]sf] 5' .
ctM k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf ePsf c;n ljrf/x¿nfO{ d}n]
cfˆgf] hLjgdf nfu' ul//x]sf] 5' .
@= hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fcg';f/ cfˆgf]
hLjgdf s;/L nfu' ug{'ePsf] 5 < pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{'xf]; .
lu|;sf bfz{lgsx¿ ;f]qm]6;, Kn]6f] / Pl/:6f]6nsf ljrf/,
lqml:rog dtsf] k|efjn] kfZrfTo lrGtgsf] hu v8f ePsf] 5
. kfZrfTo k/Dk/fcg';f/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ d}n] d]/f]
hLjgdf lgDglnlvt Ús'/fadf]lhd nfu' u/]sf] 5' M
➢ kfZrfTo lrGtg ts{zf:q, gLltzf:q, /fhgLltzf:q,
snf, bz{gsf ljleGg zfvfx¿ / k|s[lt lj1fgsf ag]sf]
zfvfx¿sf ;fy} snfTds cleJolQm, cfnf]rgfTds
ljZn]if0f / j}1flgs vf]htkm{ pGd'v /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g
d]/f] cWoogsf nflu pkof]uL ag]sf 5g .
➢ kfZrfTo k/Dk/faf6 dfgjtfafb, dfgj clwsf/, Go"g
pkef]ujfbL b[li6sf]0f h:tf s'/fx¿ kfngf ug]{ u/]sf] 5'
.
➢ kfZrfTo bz{gn] cjnDag u/]sf] cfudg ts{zf:qnfO{
hLjgdf nfu' u/]sf] 5' .
➢ kfZrfTo bz{gn] ef}ltstf, j}1flgs vf]h h:tf s'/fx¿df
hf]8 lbG5 . cfh xfdLx¿n] ef}ltstfdf hlt klg s'/fx¿
k|fKt ul//x]sf 5f}+ Tof] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pbon] ;Dej
ePsf] xf] .
➢ d cfkm" ;r]t eP/ oL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;xL k|of]u ul//x]sf]
5 .
ctM kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fdf ePsf c;n ljrf/x¿nfO{ d}n]
cfˆgf] hLjgdf nfu' ul//x]sf] 5' .
#= k"jL{o bz{gsf ;sf/fTds kIfx? pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
k"jL{o bz{g eg]sf] wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltl/jfh,
snf cflbdf cfwfl/t bz{g xf] . o;nfO{ Pl;og lrGtg k/Dk/f
klg elgG5 . of] vf;u/L a]bdf cfwfl/t bz{g xf] . o; bz{gn]
;dfh ;d'x jf JolQmx¿sf] sfo{df hLjgsf] cy{ vf]Hb5 . k"jL{o
bz{gsf ;sf/fTds kIfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
➢ k"jL{o bz{g ;dfh ;d"x / JolQmx¿sf] sfo{df hLjgsf]
cy{ vf]Hb5 .
➢ k"jL{o bz{gn] JolQmTj ljsf;nfO{ dxTj lbO{ ;fd"lxstf,
;dGjo / ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5
➢ k|s[lt;Fu tfbfTy /fVg], kof{j/0fd}qL Pjd kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnL ;fk]If hLjgz}nLnfO{ k"jL{o bz{gdf k|fyldstf
lbPsf] kfOG5 .
➢ o; bz{ng] dfgjsf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt,
;fdflhsLs/0f, lzIff, snf, l;k cflbsf] k|ToIf k|efj
kfg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
➢ o; bz{gn] dfgj tyf cGo hLjhGt'nfO{ dfq} geO{
k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿nfO{ klg O{Zj/sf cjtf/sf ¿kdf
;Ddfg u/L ;a}sf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
➢ of] a9L Jofjxfl/s bz{g xf] / o;sf] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u
ug{ ;s]df ;kmn hLjg lhpgsf] nflu dxt ub{5 .
$= k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf]; .
k"jL{o bz{g, wd{, ;:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltl/jfh, snf
cflbdf cfwfl/t lrGtg g} k"jL{o lrGtg xf] . of] vf;u/L a]bdf
cfwfl/t bz{g xf] . o;nfO{ Pl;og lrGtg k/Dk/f klg elgG5
. o;nfO{ ;fd"lxstfafb -Collectivism_ eg]/ klg ljZn]if0f
ul/G5 . ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 k"jL{o bz{gcGtu{t ef/tjifL{o
bz{g, sf]l/ofnL bz{g, hfkfgL bz{g, leotgfdL bz{g cflb
kb{5g . k"jL{o bz{g vf;u/L lxGb' wd{ jf bz{g, af}4 bz{g, h}g
bz{g, ls/f+t bz{g, lzj bz{g, sGkm'l;o; bz{g, tfcf] bz{g
cflbsf] k|efjn] ag]sf] 5 . o; bz{g k/Dk/fdf dfgj hLjg
rl/qnfO{ lgs} dxTj lbOG5 . dfgjsf] lgdf{0fdf wd{, ;+:sf/,
;+:s[lt, ;fdflhsLs/0f, lzIff, snf, l;k cflbsf] k|ToIf k|efj
k5{ . k|s[lt;+u tfbfTDo /fVg], kof{j/0fd}qL Pjd kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnL;fk]If hLjgz}nLnfO{ k"jL{o dfGotfdf k|fyldstf lbPsf]
kfOG5 . o;n] ;d"x, ;dfh jf JolQmx¿sf] sfo{df hLjgsf] cy{
vf]Hb5 . k"jL{o lrGtgn] xfdLnfO{ ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf / g}lts
rl/qsf] lgdf{0fdf af6f] b]vfPsf] 5 / xfdLn] o;nfO{ kfng u/]/
cfk;L k|]d, ;Ddfg / :jfut h:tf ;+:sf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{
cfPsf 5f}+ .
%=k"jL{o lrGtgsf] jt{dfg ;dodf cEof; s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 <
a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf]; .
k"jL{o bz{g jf lrGtg ljz]ifu/L Pl;of dxfb]zdf ljsl;t
ePsf] lrGtg xf] . o;df ljZjsf] k"jL{ e" efudf cEof; eO/x]sf
ljleGg wd{, bz{g tyf k/Dk/fx¿sf] ljz]iftf emlNsG5 . k"jL{o
lrGtgnfO{ xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf xfdLn] k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}+
h;n] xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u
k'ofPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] k"jL{o lrGtgsf] jt{dfg ;dodf

8
eO/x]sf] cEof;sf] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf a'Fbfx¿n] k|i6
kfb{5g M
➢ k"jL{o lrGtgn] xfdLnfO{ ;fd"lxstfdf ldn]/ a:g / afFRg
l;sfPsf] 5 h;sf] cEof;n] ljljwtfdf Pstf Nofpg
;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
➢ o;n] ljZj zflGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 h;n] lx+;fsf]
af6f] TofuL cfk;L d]nldnfk ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .
➢ o;n] xfdLnfO{ of]u / Wofgsf] cEof; ug{ l;sfPsf] 5
h;n] xfdLnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / cflTds ¿kdf :j:y
agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .
➢ o;n] /fd|f] sfo{ jf ;Tsfo{ u/] cfˆgf] enf] x'g] jf wd{
sdfpg ;lsG5 eGg] wf/0ff /fVb5 h;n] dflg;nfO{ ;w}
;Tsd{ ug{ pT;flxt ub{5 .
➢ o;n] dflg; / k|s[ltljrsf] ;DaGw Psbd} 3lgi6 5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 h;n] k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;+/If0f /
;+jw{g ug{ xfdLnfO{ l;sfPsf] 5 .
^=kfZrfTo bz{g jf lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] af/]df ;+If]kdf j0f{g
ug{'xf]; .
vf;u/L klZrdL b]zx¿df ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] lrGtgnfO{
g} kfZrfTo lrGtg jf bz{g elgG5 . kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf]
d"n ;|f]t k|frLg u|L; -o'gfg_ xf] . klZrd]nL bz{g eGgfn] u|L;,
O6nL, a]nfot, k|mfG;, cd]l/sf nufot klZrdL b]zsf
bfz{lgsx¿sf] k|of;af6 k|ltkfbg ePsf] dflgG5 . ;'s/ft,
Kn]6f], Pl/:6f]6n, kfOyfuf]/; h:tf bfz{lgsx¿n] kfZrfTo
lrGtg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg u/]sf lyP . o;nfO{
JolQmTjjfb -Individualism_ eg]/ klg ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
klZrdf ;Eotfdf hLjgsf] cy{ d nfO{ s]G›df /fv]/ a'‰g]
ul/G5 . oxL klZrdL bz{gnfO{ 6]s]/ cfbz{jfb, cWofTdjfb,
ef}ltsjfb, k|s[ltjfb, oyfy{jfb, cl:tTjjfb, dfgjtfjfb,
cfw'lgstfafb pQ/cfw'lgsjfb, Jojxf/jfb cflb bz{gx¿sf]
ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fdf lqmlZrog
wd{sf] klg w]/} k|efj 5 . cfw'lgs o'udf lj1fg k|ljlwdf ePsf]
ljsf; d'VotM o'/f]k / cd]l/sfd} ePsf] x'gfn] dfgj ;dfhsf
nflu kfZrfTo ;dfhsf] of] of]ubfgsf] k|z+;f ul/G5 . xfn
klZrddf ljZjljBfnox¿df k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/faf/]
cg';Gwfg ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vofdf klg pQ/f]Q/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .
o; lrGtgdf hLjgof]kof]uL lzIffsf w]/} s'/fx¿ Pl/:6f]6n;Fu
;Da4 b]lvG5g . lzIffsf b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ klZrdf b]zx¿df
cr]n ax';f+:s[lts, ax'ljwfld{s, k|ljlwsf] Jofks k|of]u x'g]
Pjd hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lzIffnfO{ dxTj
lbOPsf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] lj:tf/
klZrdf ;dfhdf / kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] lrGtg k"jL{o
;dfhdf klg eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L k"jL{o / klZrdf lrGtg
k/Dk/fx¿sf] e]6, cfk;L ;+jfb / k|lt:kwf{ jf ;dGjosf] cj:yf
jt{dfg ;dodf b]lvG5 .
nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg] k|Zgx?
!=k"jL{o bz{g / g]kfnL ;dfhlarsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
k"jL{o bz{g, wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltl/jfh, snf
cflbdf cfwfl/t lrGtg g} k"jL{o lrGtg xf] . k"jL{o bz{g
vf;u/L lxGb' wd{ jf bz{g, af}4 bz{g, h}g bz{g, ls/ft bz{g,
lzv bz{g, sGkm'l;o; bz{g, tfcf] bz{g cflbsf] k|efjn] ag]sf]
5. dfgj hLjgsf] ljleGg g}lts / cfWoflTds kIf;Fu hf]l8Psf]
k"jL{o bz{g / g]kfnL ;dfhljrsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf]
5 .
➢ g]kfn Ps ax'wfld{s d'n's xf] . g]kfndf vf;u/L lxGb' /
af}4 wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 h'g k"jL{o
bz{gdf cfwfl/t wd{x¿ x'g . o;n] ubf{ k"jL{o bz{g;Fu
wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;DaGw /x]sf] kfOG5 .
➢ g]kfn k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} Ps wfld{s tkf]e"ldsf] ¿kdf
:yflkt ePsfn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] a9L
k|efj /x]sf] kfOG5 .
➢ g]kfndf k"jL{o k/Dk/fcg';f/ g} k"hfkf7 ug]{, wd{sd{ ug]{,
;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿ ug]{, O{Zj/Lo zlQmnfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg] h:tf sfo{x¿ xfn;Dd klg hLjGt g} 5g . o;nfO{
x]bf{ k"jL{o bz{gjf6 ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, snf cflb g]kfnL
;dfhn] cEof; ul//x]sf] 5 .
➢ g]kfndf lxGb' / af}4 bz{gnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/
;f]xLcg';f/ g} rf8kj{ dgfpg], of]u tyf Wofg ug]{,
;Tosf] cjnDag ug]{ / af}4 k/Dk/fcg'?k ljleGg
lqmofsnfkx¿ ul/G5g .
➢ :jfjnDaL aGg], k/f]ksf/ ug]{, ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ bof ug]{,
pko'Qm cfxf/sf] dfq vfglkg ug]{ h:tf k"jL{o bz{gsf
dfGotfx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhdf cEof; eO/x]sf 5g .
➢ To;}u/L g]kfnL ;dfhdf k"jL{o bz{gcg';f/sf ;+:sf/
dfgj d"NodfGotf, rfnrng Pjd ;fdflhs dfGotf /
;DaGwdf k|efj /x]sf] 5 .
➢ g]kfnL ;dfhaf6 k"jL{o bz{g k/Dk/fsf] lj:tf/ ePsf]
dfGg ;lsG5 lsgeg] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /rgf
ePsf ljleGg j]b, pkj]b, u|Gy / wfld{s dfGotf g} kl5
uP/ k"jL{o bz{g ag]sf] xf] . ljleGg sfnv08df hlGdPsf
Clifd'lgx¿sf] ljrf/ / l;4fGtsf] ;dli6ut :j?k g}
k"jL{o bz{g xf] .
oL pNn]lvt ;du| tYox¿nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ k"jL{o bz{gsf]
ljsf;df g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ct'ngLo e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgsf ljleGg cfofdx¿df k"jL{o bz{gsf]
e"ldsf /x]sf 5 . t;y{ j}l4s / wfld{s lrGtgdf cfwfl/t k"jL{o
bz{g / g]kfnL ;dfhljrsf] ;DaGw 3lgi6 /x]sf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
@= hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / :j:y
hLjgz}nLljrsf] cGt/;DaGwaf/] rrf{ ug{'xf]; .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;sfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff
elgG5 . JolQmsf] hLjgz}nL :j:y agfpg hLjgf]kof]uL l;k /

9
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . hLjgnfO{ ;/n,
;xh / ;fy{s agfpg geO{ gx'g] l;kx? hLjgf]kof]uL l;k x'g
eg] To;nfO{ dfgj hLjgdf s;/L nfu' ug]{ jf cEof; ug]{ egL
1fg k|bfg ug]{ lzIff hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff xf]. olb JolQmdf plrt
hLjgf]kof]uL l;k tyf lzIff 5 eg] p;n] cfˆgf] hLjgz}nL klg
kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5 / p;df :j:y hLjgz}nLsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
:j:y tj/n] hLjg ;~rfng ug{ klg lglZrt hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . To;n] :j:y
hLjgz}nLsf nflu hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn]
7'nf] e"ldsf v]Nb5 . s'g} klg ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;Eo,
Ifdtfjfg / :j:y JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5. b}lgs hLjgsf
;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ / ;dfhdf b]vfk/]sf gofF gofF
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ JolQmdf hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿sf]
cfjZostf kb{5. hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] g} To:tf l;kx¿
;DaGwdf 1fg k|bfg u/L JolQmnfO{ s;/L ;/n, ;xh, ;an
tyf :j:y hLjgofkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f l;sfpF5 . To;}u/L
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] dflg;nfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf
;fdflhs ¿kdf :j:y /xg / :j:y hLjgz}nL ckgfpg
cfjZos kg]{ afgL Jojxf/ / cfr/0fsf] Jofjxfl/s 1fg k|bfg
ub{5 . To;}n] xfdL eGg ;S5f} ls hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff /
hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ;DaGw kSs} klg :j:y hLjgz}nL;Fu
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ cem k|i6 kfg{ lgDgfg';f/sf a'Fbfx¿
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5
➢ s'g} klg JolQm ;fdflhs ¿kdf :j:y /xg p;nfO{
cGt/j}olQms l;ksf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;n] :j:y
hLjgz}nL lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 .
➢ hLjgf]kof]uL l;kcGtu{t tgfj Joj:yfkg l;kn] dfgl;s
:jf:Yodf ;xof]u u/L :j:yM hLjgofkgdf plrt e"ldsf
v]Nb5 .
➢ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg l;kn] :j:y hLjgsf nflu
cfjZos d"NodfGotfx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ / To;nfO{
Jojxf/df nfu' ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
➢ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg l;kn] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf gsf/fTds ;+j]usf]
klxrfg u/L plrt tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u u/L
;sf/fTds :jf:Yo lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'ofp5 .
➢ l;h{gfTds lrGtg l;kn] JolQmnfO{ gofF tl/sfn] ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ pTk|]l/t u/L :j:y hLjgz}nLdf plrt
e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
➢ cfTdd"NofÍg l;kg] JolQmsf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿ klxrfg u/L
;xL dfu{df lx+8g l;sfp+ sfo{bIftfdf ;'wf/ u/L :j:y
hLjgz}nLdf ljz]if e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
To;sf/0f hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / :j:y
hLjgz}nLljrsf] cGt/;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .
PsfO @M hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf ¿kdf l8lh6n l;kx¿ tyf
;fdfGo cg';Gwfg l;kx¿
Digital Skills & General Research Skills as Life Skills
kf7 ! cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro Introduction to Research
cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ff Concept of Research
cg';Gwfg cË|]hL zAb Research sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f xf] . h'g
cË|]hL zAbx¿ Re / Search ldn]/ ag]sf] xf] . Re sf] cy{ k'gM
jf km]l/ / Search sf] cy{ uxg vf]h eGg] xf] . To;}n] zflAbs
¿kn] x]bf{ cg';Gwfg eGgfn] eO/x]sf] 36gf jf ljifoj:t'sf] k'gM
cWoog u/L gofF 1fg lgdf{0f ug{' xf] . ;fdfGotof s'g} klg
36gf, j:t' jf JolQm cflbsf] af/]df j}1flgs tl/sfn] vf]h u/L
To; 36gfsf] sf/0f / k|efj kQf nufpg] sfo{nfO{ g} cg';Gwfg
elgG5 . o;df eO/x]sf] 1fgsf] k/LIf0f / gjLg 1fg k|fKt ug{
Jojl:yt vf]h ug]{ jf k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 . s'g} 36gf,
If]q, :yfg, d'2f, jf ljifoj:t'df s]lG›t /x]/ tYofÍ ;Íng,
Joj:yfkg / ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg] sfo{ o;df x'G5 .
cg';Gwfgsf p2]Zox¿ Objectives of Research
➢ s'g} klg 36gf jf ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[t cWoog / ljZn]if0f
ug{' .
➢ gofF gofF 1fg Pjd tYox¿ kQf nufpg' .
➢ s'g} klg 36gfsf] sf/0f klxrfg ug{' .
➢ eO/x]sf] l;4fGtx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{' .
➢ ljut / jt{dfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ eljiosf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{' .
➢ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ kQf nufpg' cflb .
;fdflhs cg';Gwfgsf] kmfObf÷pkof]lutf Advantages
/Utility of Social Research
➢ ;fdflhs 36gf, ;fdflhs k|lqmof, ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk
tyf cGo ;fdflhs ljifoj:t'x¿sf] af/]df 1fg lbG5 .
➢ 1fgsf] bfo/f j[l4 ub{5 .
➢ ;fdflhs lgoGq0f, k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f / ;fdflhs sNof0fdf
;xof]u k'ofpF5 .
➢ ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
➢ ;dfh pkof]uL / ?lrsf j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
➢ ;dfhsf] ;du| ljsf;df of]ubfg lbG5 .
;fdflhs cg';Gwfg Social Research
;dfh, ;fdflhs 36gf tyf cGo ;fdflhs ljifoj:t'x¿;Fu
;DalGwt cg';Gwfg ;fdflhs cg';Gwfg xf] . ;fdflhs
36gfx¿nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tQjx¿sf] sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw a'‰gsf
nflu ul/g] cg';Gwfg g} ;fdflhs cg';Gwfg xf] .
;fdflhs cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/x¿ Types of Social Research
!= cfwf/e"t tyf ljz'4 cg';Gwfg Basic and Pure Research
M of] o:tf] cg';Gwfg xf] h'g s'g} ljz]if 36gf, cWoog jf
k|s[ltsf] lgodsf] a'emfOdf ;'wf/ ug{ s]lG›t x'G5 .
@= Jofjxfl/s cg';Gwfg Applied Research M of] o:tf]
cg';Gwfg xf] h;n] eO/x]sf] ;d:ofx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfg
vf]H5 .

10
#= lqmofTds cg';Gwfg Action Research M of] o:tf] cg';Gwfg
xf] h;n] s'g} klg sfo{ ug]{ qmddf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vf]H5 .
$= cGj]if0ffTds cg';Gwfg Exploratory Research M of] o:tf]
cg';Gwfg ljlw xf] h;n] ljutdf uxg tl/sfn] cWoog ug{
g;s]sf cg';Gwfg k|Zgx¿sf] cGj]if0f ub{5 .
%= d"NofÍgfTds cg';Gwfg Evaluative Research M of] o:tf]
cg';Gwfg ljlw xf] h;n] s'g} klg ljifo jf 36gfsf] d"NofÍg
u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
^= j0f{gfTds cg';Gwfg -Descriptive Research_M of] o:tf]
cg';Gwfg ljlw xf] h'g s'g} klg hg;Îof jf cWoog ul/Psf
36gfsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] j0f{g ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
&= kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfg -Quantitative Research_ M of]
o:tf] cg';Gwfg ljlw xf] h'g tYofÍsf] ;Íng / ljZn]if0fsf]
kl/0ffddf s]lG›t x'G5 .
*= u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg -Qualitative Research_ M of] o:tf]
cg';Gwfg ljlw xf] h;n] s'g} klg 36gf jf ljifosf] u'0ffTds
kIfsf] ulx/f] cWoog ub{5 .
;fdflhs cWoogsf ljlwx¿ -Methods of Social Studies_
!= 5nkmn ljlw -Discussion Method_ M o; ljlwdf lzIfs
ljBfyL{ jf ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{lar ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg u/L Ps
lgisif{df k'luG5 . klxn] cWoog ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df
gofF cjwf/0ff agfpg, k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ cflbsf nflu of] ljlw
plrt x'G5 . o; ljlwn] cGo hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljsf; ug{ klg
;xof]u ub{5 .
@= k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw -Question Answer Method_ M o; ljlwdf
cWoog ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ tyf
cjwf/0ffx¿ :ki6 kfg{ lzIfs ljBfyL{lar tyf ljBfyL{
ljBfyL{lar k|Zg ;f]Wg] / pQ/ lbg] ul/G5 . o; ljlwn]
ljBfyL{x¿sf] a'emfOsf] ulx/fO gfKg ;xof]u ub{5 .
#= cjnf]sg ljlw -Observation Method_ M s'g} 36gf, :yfg
jf Jojxf/nfO{ x]/]/ l;Sg] ljlw cjnf]sg ljlw xf] . o;n]
k|of]ufTds 1fg k|fKt ug{, 36gf ljZn]if0f ug{, Jojxf/ l;Sg
;xof]u ub{5 .
$= cGtjf{tf{ ljlw -Interview Method_ M ljBfyL{x¿n] lzIfs
afx]s cGo hfgsf/ JolQm;Fu k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf
;Íng ug]{ tl/sf xf] . of] ljlwn] cWoogsf nflu tYofÍ ;Íng
ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
%= ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw -Problem Solving Method_ M of]
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ;d:of lbP/ To;sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg nufpg]
ljlw xf] . o;df klxrfg, sf/0fx¿ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf]
vf]hL ul/G5 . o;n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] 1fgsf] k|of]u u/fpF5 .
^= If]qe|d0f ljlw -Field Trip Method_ M s'g} ef}uf]lns,
P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, cf}Bf]lus jf ko{6sLo If]qdf uP/
To;;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ ljlwnfO{ If]qe|d0f ljlw elgG5 . k9]sf
ljifoj:t'nfO{ jf:tljs hLjgdf x]/]/ a'‰g ;lhnf] Pjd
clj:d/0fLo agfpg o; ljlwn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
&= kl/of]hgf ljlw -Project Method_ M cfkm} sfd u/]/ g} l;Sg]
ljlw kl/of]hgf sfo{ xf] . o; ljlwdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfssf]
;xof]udf s'g} lglZrt zLif{sdf lglZrt ;doleq /x]/ cWoog
u/L ;"rgf ;Íng, ljZn]if0f tyf lgisif{ lgsfNg k|f]T;fxg
ul/G5 .
*=k|bz{g ljlw -Demonstration Method_ M s'g} ljz]if ;d'bfo
jf hfltsf] klx/g, ;ËLt g[To h:tf ;f+:s[lts 9fFrf a'emfpg
lzIfsn] cfkm} ;f] j:t' jf 36gfnfO{ k|bz{g ug]{ ljlw xf] .
(= 36gf jf dfdnf cWoog ljlw -Case Study Method_
M;fdflhs PsfOx¿ h:t}M JolQm kl/jf/, ;d'bfo jf ;+:yfsf]
ljut, jt{dfg / eljionfO{ Wofg lbO{ ljleGg kIfx¿df ul/g]
;"Io cWoog xf] . o;af6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs JolQmTj,
p;sf] hLjgL, n]v / o:t} cGo;|f]tx¿sf] ;DaGwdf 36gf
cWoog ug{ nufO{ cg';Gwfg l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 .
tYofÍ / ;"rgfsf] kl/ro -Introduction to Data and
Information_
s= tYofÍ -Data_M tYofÍ eGgfn] ck|zf]lwt tYo -
Unprocessed fact_ eGg] a'leG5 . o;nfO{ sRrf tYo -Raw
fact_ klg elgG5 . of] ;"rgfsf] PsfO xf] . o;s} ;du|tfaf6
;"rgf lgdf{0f ul/G5 . of] s'g} tYo jf zAb, jfSo, lrq, ;Í]tsf]
ljj/0f xf] . of] kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds u/L @ k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
➢ kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ -Quantitative Data_M s'g} kl/df0f,
/sd jf bfo/f a'emfpg] tYofÍ xf] . o;nfO{ ;Îofdf JoQm
ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M % s]=hL= tf}n, !)) ?lkofF cflb .
➢ u'0ffTds tYofÍ -Qualitative Data_M o;n] s'g} JolQm,
j:t', 36gf cflbsf u'0fx¿ jf ljz]iftfx¿ b;f{pF5 .
o;nfO{ ;Îofdf JoQm ug{ ;lsFb}g . h:t}M cUnf], xf]rf],
sfnf], uf/f], c;n, v/fa cflb .
v= ;"rgf -Information_ M ;"rgf eGgfn] k|zf]lwt tYo -
Processed fact_ eGg] a'lemG5 . of] tYofÍx¿sf] ljZn]if0faf6
k|fKt 1fg xf] . of] tYofÍx¿sf] PsLs[t Pjd Jojl:yt ¿k xf]
. tYofÍ / ;"rgf cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g . k|zf]lwt tYofÍaf6 g}
;"rgf lgdf{0f x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] cfwf/e"t PsfO g} tYofªÍ xf] .
tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]kl5 ;"rgf lgdf{0f x'G5 .
tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿ -Sources of Data_
tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿ @ k|sf/sf 5g M
!= k|fylds ;|f]t -Primary Source_ M s'g} JolQm, ;‹;+:yf jf
lgsfosf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfdf pTkfbg ul/Psf] tYofÍ k|fylds
;|f]t xf] . o:tf] ;|f]taf6 k|fKt tYofÍx¿ First hand
Information df cfwfl/t x'G5g . o:tf] ;|f]taf6 jf:tljs
tYofÍ k|fKt x'G5 . ;j]{If0f, cGtjf{tf{, If]qe|d0f, cjnf]sg
cflbaf6 ;Íng ul/Psf tYofÍ k|fylds ;|f]t x'g . k|fylds
;|f]taf6 tYofÍ ;Íng ubf{ a9L ;do, kl/>d / vr{ nfU5 .
@= låtLo ;|f]t -Secondary Source_ M cg';Gwfgstf{ afx]s
cGo s'g} JolQm, ;‹;+:yf jf lgsfosf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfdf
lnOPsf] tYofÍ g} låtLo ;|f]t xf] . o:tf tYofÍx¿ First hand
Information df cfwfl/t x'Fb}gg . o:tf tYofÍ k|sflzt jf

11
ck|sflzt b'j} x'g ;S5g . hgu0fgf, k':ts, kqklqsf, OG6/g]6
tyf cGo ;~rf/ dfWod cflb tYofÍsf låtLo ;|f]tx¿ x'g .
kf7 @ ;fdflhs cWoogdf ;x;DaGw tyf sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwsf]
cjwf/0ff Concept of Co–relation & Causal Relationship
in Social Studies
;x;DaGw -Co–relation_
cg';Gwfgdf b'O{ r/x¿ -Variables_ larsf] gftf jf ;DaGwnfO{
;x;DaGw elgG5 . b'O{eGbf a9L r/x¿sf] gftfnfO{ rflxF cf+lzs
;x;DaGw elgG5 . o;df Pp6f ljifosf] kl/0ffdn] csf]{
ljifodf s:tf] c;/ u5{ eGg] s'/f b]vfOG5 . h:t} M jiff{ nfUof]
eg] /]gsf]6sf] dfu a95 . hf8f] nfUof] eg] Gofof] sk8fsf] dfu
a95 . udL{ nfu]kl5 kftnf sk8fsf] dfu a95 . o;df Pp6f
r/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] csf]{ r/nfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . t;y{
oxfF b'O{ /flz jf r/ larsf] c;/ g} ;x;DaGw xf] . ;x;DaGwsf]
gftf hf]836fp;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . o;df Pp6osf] kl/0ffdn]
csf]{sf] d"No 36fpF5 jf a9fpF5 tyf Ppo kIfsf] dxQj a9bf
csf]{ kIfsf] dxQj 365 jf a95 .
r/ -Variable_
r/ eg]sf] ljifo xf] . cg';Gwfgstf{n] dfkg ug{ rfx]sf] s'g}
JolQm, j:t', :yfg, cj:yf jf k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo g} r/
xf] . h:t}M pd]/, lnË, wd{, efiff, cfDbfgL, vr{ cflbnfO{ r/
elgG5 .
r/sf k|sf/ -Types of Variable_
s= lge{/ jf cfl>t r/ -Dependent Variable_ M Pp6f r/df
kl/jt{g cfpFbf csf]{df klg kl/jt{g cfpg] r/nfO{ lge{/ jf
cfl>t r/ elgG5 . of] :jtGq r/df kl/jt{g cfpFbf kl/jt{g
x'g] r/ xf] .
v= :jtGq r/ -Independent Variable_ M of] o:tf]= r/ xf]
h;df cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] c¿ lge{/ r/x¿df kl/jt{g cfpF5 .
c¿ s'g} r/x¿df kl/jt{g cfpFbf klg kl/jt{g gx'g] jf k|efj
k/]g eg] To:tf] r/ g} :jtGq r/ xf] .
;x;DaGwsf k|sf/ -Types of Co–relation_
!= ;sf/fTds jf wgfTds ;x;DaGw -Positive Co– relation_
M Pp6f ljifoIf]q jf r/sf] j[l4 x'Fbf csf]{ ljifo If]qsf] klg j[l4
x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ;x;DaGw elgG5 . o;df Pp6f
ljifo jf r/sf] pGgltdf csf]{sf] klg pGglt clg Pp6fsf]
cjgltdf csf]{sf] klg cjglt x'G5 . h:t}M hf8f] a9bf Gofgf]
sk8fsf] dfu a9g' .
@= gsf/fTds jf C0ffTds ;x;DaGw -Negative Co–relation_
M Pp6f ljifoIf]q jf r/sf] j[l4 x'Fbf csf]{ ljifo If]q jf r/df
lu/fj6 x'g' jf 36g'nfO{ gsf/fTds ;x;DaGw elgG5 . o;df
b'O{cf]6f ljifo –jf r/x¿lardf Pscsf{sf] lbzf leGg x'G5 .
h:t} M udL{ a9]kl5 Gofgf] sk8fsf] dfu] 36g' .
#= z"Go ;x;DaGw -Zero Co–relation_ M Pp6f ljifoIf]q jf
r/sf] kl/jt{g cfpFbf csf]{ ljifo If]qdf s'g} c;/ ub}{g eg]
To;nfO{ z"Go ;x;DaGw elgG5 . o;df ljifo If]q jf r/x¿
Ps csf{df ;DalGwt x'Fb}g . h:t}M hf8f] jf udL{ a9f]; t/
vfBfGgsf] d"Nodf s'g} kl/jt{g b]lvGg .
$=sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw -Causal Relationship_ M s'g} sfd /
To;sf] kl/0ffd Pscsf{df ;DalGwt 5g eg] To;nfO{ sfo{sf/0f
;DaGw elgG5 . b'O{ ljifodf Psn] csf]{nfO{ kf/]sf] k|efj jf
Pp6f ljifodf kl/jt{g cfpg csf]{ s;/L sf/0f aGg ;S5 eg]/
ul/g] cWoog g} sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw xf] .
➢ h:t}M k|fljlws lzIffsf] ljsf; -sf/0f_ /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 -
sfo{_ .
➢ To;}n] k|fljlws lzIff tyf /f]huf/lar sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw
5 .
➢ To:t}, w"d|kfgdf j[l4 -sf/0f_ SofG;/ x'g' -sfo{_ .
➢ To;}n] w"d|kfg tyf SofG;/lar sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw 5 .
o;df s'g} sf/0fn] ubf{ ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd lgl:sof] eg]
;sf/fTds sfo{sf/0f -k|fljlws lzIffn] /f]huf/Ldf j[l4_ /
gsf/fTds kl/0ffd lgl:sof] eg] gsf/fTds sfo{sf/0f -
w"d|kfgn] SofG;/sf] j[l4_ elgG5 . To:t} sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwnfO{
ljZn]if0f u/]/ x]/]df, s'g} sfdsf] k|efj ;DalGwt If]qdf l;w}
b]lvPdf k|ToIf k|efj -k|fljlws lzIffn] /f]huf/Ldf j[l4_ jf
sfo{sf/0fsf] k|ToIf k|efj elgG5 eg] s'g} sfdsf] k|efj
;DalGwt If]qdf 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] k/]df ck|ToIf k|efj -k|fljlws
lzIffn] /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 u/]kl5 /f]huf/ k|fKt JolQm / p;sf]
kl/jf/sf] hLjgz}nLdf kl/jt{g cfpg'_ jf sfo{sf/0fsf] ck|ToIf
k|efj elgG5 .
;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwdf ;dfgtf -Similarities on
Co–relation and Causal Relationship_
➢ ;x;DaGw / sfo{s/0f b'j}n] r/x¿;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5g .
➢ b'j} ;fdflhs cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'G5g .
➢ b'j}n] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf w]/} r/x¿;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] cWog
ub{5g .
;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwdf leGgtf -Differences on Co–
relation and Causal Relationship_
;x;DaGw sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw
;x;DaGwn] s'g} Pp6f 36gf
csf]{ s'g s'g 36gf;Fu
;DaGw /fV5 eGg] s'/fsf]
JofVof u5{ .
sfo{sf/0fn] s'g} Pp6f 36gf
jf r/n] csf]{ 36gf jf
r/nfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{ eGg]
s'/fsf] JofVof ub{5 .
;x;DaGwn] ljz]ifu/L
r/x¿larsf] kl/df0ffTds
;DaGwnfO{ b]vfpF5 .
sfo{sf/0fn] u'0ffTds
;DaGwnfO{ b]vfpF5 .
;x;DaGwn] 36gfsf] ;txL
cWoog ub{5 .
sfo{sf/0fn] 36gfsf] ulx/f]
cWoog ub{5 .
kf7 # cWoog k|:tfjgfsf] ;+/rgf Structure of Research
Proposal
k|:tfjgf -Proposal_

12
s'g} ljifo jf 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf
nflu s], sxfF, s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z u/L k"j{of]hgf
tof/ kfl/Psf] k"j{of]hgfsf] vfsfnfO{ cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgf
elgG5 . of] cg';Gwfg ubf{ cWoogk"j{ tof/ ul/g] lnlvt of]hgf
xf] . cg';Gwfg ug{'k"j{ cg';Gwfgstf{ cfkm"n] s'g ljifoj:t'sf
af/]df cWoog ug]{, s'g p2]Zon] cWoog ug]{, cWoog ubf{
tYofÍ ;Íng s;/L ug]{, s:tf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{
h:tf s'/fx¿df :ki6 x'g'kb{5 .
cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgfsf] cfjZostf
➢ cfkm"n] cWoog ug{ nfu]sf] ljifoj:t'df Wofg s]lG›t ug{,
➢ p2]Zo cg'¿k cWoog sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg, tYofÍ ;Íng
ug{ ;lhnf] agfpg,
➢ cWoogaf6 ;f]r]cg';f/sf] lgisif{ jf 1fg k|fKt ug{,
➢ lglZrt ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ .
cg';Gwfg jf cWoog k|:tfjgfsf] ;+/rgf -Structure of
Research/ Study Proposal_
s= kl/ro M o;df cWoog ug{ nfu]sf] ljifoj:t'sf] tyf If]qsf]
5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ul/G5 .
v= ;d:ofsf] syg M o;df cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ nfu]sf]
zLif{s lsg / s] sf/0fn] 5flgPsf] xf],
To;sf] :ki6Ls/0f lbg'sf ;fy} pQm zLif{s ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf
b]lvg'sf sf/0f;lxt k|i6 kfg{ hdsf]{ ul/G5 .
u= p2]Zo M o;df cWoogsf ljlzi6 p2]Zox¿ pNn]v ul/G5 .
3=;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg M o;df cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfkm"n]
cWoog ug{'k"j{ ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'df s– s;n] cWoog
ul/;s]sf] 5, To;sf] cWoog u/L pQm ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;f/ k|:t't
ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .
ª=cWoog ljlw M o;df cWoog ug{ nfu]sf] ljifoj:t'sf]
cg';Gwfg ljlw, tYofÍsf] ;|f]t, gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlw, tYofÍ
;Íngsf] ;fwg, tYofÍ ;Íng ljlw, tYofÍsf] JofVof tyf
ljZn]if0f h:tf s'/fx¿sf] pNn]v ul/G5 .
r=k|ltj]bg n]vg / k|af]wLs/0f M o;df cg';Gwfg kZrft Pp6f
cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/g] s'/f / pQm k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df
n]vx¿ tof/ u/L ljleGg :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
:t/sf cgnfOg tyf 5fkf dfWoddf k|sfzg ul/g] s'/fx¿sf]
pNn]v ul/G5 .
5== ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M o;df cWoog cg';Gwfg tof/ ubf{ k|of]u
ul/Psf ;|f]tx¿ pNn]v ul/G5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/ kfbf{
j0ff{g'qmd cg';f/ APA jf MLA dWo] s'g} Ps ljlwsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .
kf7 $ n]vgsfo{df c?sf] n]v /rgfsf] k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{
g}lts kIf Consideration of Ethical Aspect in Writing
Article
cg';Gwfg g}ltstf -Research Ethics_=
cg';Gwfg sfo{ ubf{ cg';Gwfgstf{n] ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;"rgf,
tYofÍ jf l;4fGtnfO{ k|of]u ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L
c¿sf k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿ -rfx] Tof] n]v, k':ts jf OG6/g]6
cflb_ nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] efu jf c+z agfpFbf
lglZrt g}lts ;jfnx¿df ;r]t x'g'k5{ . cg';Gwfgdf c¿sf]
;fdu|Laf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf ljleGg ;Gbe{x¿df
:ki6;Fu ;|f]t pNn]v ug{'k5{ cGoyf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]gcg';f/
sf/afxLsf] efuLbf/ x'g'kb{5 . o;}nfO{
cg';Gwfg g}ltstf elgG5 .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/÷af}l4s ;DklQ -Copyright_
af}l4s ;DklQ eGgfn] ;flxTo, snf, 1fg lj1fg / cGo If]qdf
df}lns Pjd af}l4s ¿kn] k|:t't ul/Psf /rgfx¿ -h:t}M
k':ts, l;4fGt, n]v, zf]wkq, k|ltj]bg, gf6s, rnlrq, ;ËLt,
lrq, cfls{6]Sr/n l8hfOg, d"lt{snf, sfi7snf, sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd
cflb_ eGg] a'lemG5 . af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ k|ltlnlk clwsf/åf/f
;+/lIft ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ Pp6f sfg'gL Joj:yf
xf] h;n] s'g} klg af}l4s ;DklQsf] s[ltsf/ jf /rgfsf/nfO{
cfˆgf] s[lt jf l;h{gfsf] k|of]u jf k'gM k|of]usf] Joj:yf ug]{
ljz]if clwsf/ lbG5 . olb s;}n] af}l4s rf]/L uof]{ eg] To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]gcg';f/ ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . t;y{ af}l4s ;DklQ rf]/]df jf lagf cg'dlt
k|of]u u/]df jf k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f u/]df k|rlnt
sfg'gadf]lhd sf/afxL ul/G5 .
af}l4s rf]/L -Plagiarism_
c¿sf n]v, /rgf, tyf l;h{gf Ohfht jf cg'dltlagf cfˆgf]
agfpF5 jf cfˆgf] egL bfaL u/L k|of]u u5{ eg] To;nfO{ af}l4s
rf]/L elgG5 . af}l4s rf]/L eg]sf] Pp6f sk6k"0f{ sfo{ xf] hxfF
s;}n] c¿sf] sfd -/]vfx¿, kf7x¿, cg'R5]bx¿, lrqx¿ cflb_
sf] gSsn u5{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] bfaL u5{ . o:tf rf]/L
ug]{x¿ pgLx¿n] k|of]u u/]sf] ;fdu|Lsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ub}{gg .
o:tf] sfo{ af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] pNn‹g xf] .
hfgfhfg ul/g] cGhfgdf ul/g]
c¿sf] sfdnfO{ cfˆgf] egL
k|sflzt ug{'
nfk/afxL tl/sfaf6k'gn]{vg
ug{'
cGo JolQmsf] n]v /rgf
;fg{'
cg'ko'Qm tl/sfaf6p4/0f ug{'
ahf/af6 n]v /rgf lsg]/
ljBfno jf ljZjljBfnodf
a'emfpg'
cgfjZos ¿kdf p4/0f ug{'
k':ts, n]v /rgf tyf
ljB'tLo ;|f]taf6 lagf
p4/0f ;fg{'
cfkm}+n] k|sflzt u/]sf] n]v
/rgfaf6 lagf p4/0f ;"rgf
pNn]v ug{'
OG6/g]6af6 lagf p4/0f
;fg{'
k|ltlnlk clwsf/af/] hfgsf/L
gx'g'

13
af}l4s rf]/L;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfg -Legal Provision related
to Plagiarism_
➢ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @% df af}l4s ;DklQnufot cGo
;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{, Jofj;flos nfe
k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
➢ g]kfndf k]6]G6, l8hfOg / 6«]8dfs{ P]g @)@@ tyf k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ P]g @)%( n] af}l4s ;DklQ rf]/LnfO{ lgodg
u/]sf 5g .
➢ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g @)%( sf] bkmf @& cg';f/ M olb
cg'ko'Qm tl/sfn] o:tf] s;'/ u/]df s;'/sf] dfqfcg';f/
?= !),))) b]lv ?= !,)),))) ;Dd hl/afgf jf 5
dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
➢ olb ;f]xL sfo{ bf];|f] k6sb]lv k6Ss} lkR5] u/]df ?=
@),))) b]lv ?= @,)),))) ;Dd hl/afgf jf Ps jif{
s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
c¿sf] n]v/rgf k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ -
Consideration while using Other’s Writing_
➢ pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;|f]t pNn]v ug]{
➢ k|'kml/l8ª ug]{
➢ p4/0f ug]{
➢ k'gn]{vg ug]{
➢ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL n]Vg]
➢ pko'Qm p4/0f 9fFrf k|of]u ug]{
c¿sf] n]v/rgf k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ yk s'/fx¿
➢ c¿n] tof/ u/]sf jf n]v]sf s'g} klg ;fdu|LnfO{ h:tfsf]
t:t} cfˆgf] gfddf k|sfzg ug{ gx'g],
➢ s;}sf] klg n]v/rgfsf] cf+lzs v08 lems]/ cfˆgf] agfO{
k|sfzg ug{ gx'g],
➢ c¿sf n]v/rgfsf] efiff jf efj s]xL kl/jt{g u/L cfˆgf]
agfpg gx'g],
➢ ljB'tLo pks/0f k|of]u u/L c¿sf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|ltlnlk
lgsfNg gkfOg],
➢ csf{sf] n]v/rgf cg';Gwfg sfo{df k|of]u ubf{ n]vs /
;|f]t clgjfo{ pNn]v ug]{,
➢ cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;"rLdf
pNn]v ug]{,
➢ c¿sf] n]v/rgfnfO{ cg';Gwfg sfo{ ubf{ ;Íif]kLs/0f u/]/
tyf d'Vo efjnfO{ k|of]u ug{ kfOg] t/ To;df klg
n]vssf] gfd clgjfo{ pNn]v ug{'kg]{,
➢ c¿sf n]v/rgf k|of]u ubf{ ;DalGwt JolQm;Fu cg'dlt
lnP/ gfd pNn]v u/L k|of]u ug]{ .
c¿sf] n]v/rgfsf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf -Ways of using Other’s
Writing_
➢ c¿sf] n]v/rgf k|of]u ubf{ s;sf] n]v/rgf xf] /
➢ ;f] sxfFaf6 lnOPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
➢ n]vssf] gfd, lnOPsf] 7fpF, k|sfzg ldlt cflb pNn]v
ug]{ h;nfO{ p4/0f sfo{ elgG5 .
➢ xfn cg';Gwfgdf b'O{ k|d'v k|rlnt p4/0f ljlwx¿sf] -
APA : American Psychological Association and MLA:
Modern Language Association_ k|of]u ug{'k5{ .
➢ APA df p4[t ;fdu|Lsf] k5fl8 sf]i7sdf n]vssf] clGtd
gfd / k':ts jf n]vsf] k|sfzg ldlt n]lvG5 . h:t}M -
zdf{, lj=;+= @)^)_, -km'ofn, ;g @)@)_
➢ MLA df p4[t ;fdu|Lsf] k5fl8 n]vssf] clGtd gfd
tyf p4[t ;fdu|L -jfSo tyf cg'R5]b_ /x]sf] ;|f]tsf] k[i7
gDa/ /flvG5 . h:t}M -zdf{, !!@_, - km'ofn, !)_
➢ p4/0fdf oL b'j} ljlwdf k|of]u ePsf ;|f]tx¿ ;Gbe{
;fdu|Ldf pNn]v ug{'kb{5 .
;Gbe{;"rLsf] pbfx/0f -APA_ M
➢ n]vssf] clGtd gfd, klxnf] gfd -k|sfzg ldlt_, k':ts
jf n]vsf] zLif{s, k|sfzs -of] tl/sf k|of]u ug]{_
➢ ltldlN;gf, ;'/]z -lj=;+= @)&(_, ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff–sIff !@, cl:dtf k':ts k|sfzs tyf
ljt/s k|f= ln=M k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}F .
kf7 % ;fdflhs cWoogsf nflu ;d:of lgdf{0f / cWoog ljlw
rog Formulation of Problem & Selection of Method of
Study for Social Studies
;d:of lgdf{0f -Problem Formulation_
;fdflhs cWoogcGtu{t ;dfhsf] s'g} klg kIf;Fu -JolQm,
kl/jf/, ;dfh, ljZj cflb_ ;DalGwt ;d:ofnfO{ cWoogsf]
zLif{s agfO;s]kl5 To;nfO{ cg';Gwfg ;d:ofsf ¿kdf :ki6
JoQm ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;d:ofnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf JoQm ug{'nfO{
;d:ofsf] syg elgG5 . cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo zLif{s;Fu kl/lrt
x'g' g} ;d:of lgdf{0f xf] t;y{ s'g} klg ;fdflhs ;d:of, 36gf
jf cWoog ug{ cfjZos / pko'Qm s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] klxrfg
ug]{ sfo{ g} ;d:of klxrfg xf] . :ki6 ¿kdf eGbf cg';Gwfg
;d:of ;fdfGo ;}4flGts jf Jofjxfl/s ;Gbe{df JofKt ;d:of
jf sl7gfO xf] h;nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] dfWodaf6 ;d:ofsf] nIo
/flvPsf] x'G5 .
➢ ;d:ofsf ljifox¿ M dfgj a]rlavg, nfu'kbfy{ ;]jg,
n}lËs e]befj, hftLo e]befj, k|b"if0fsf] c;/,
jftfj/0fLo pi0ftf, a]/f]huf/L, ul/aL, dlxnf lzIff /
;dfhdf o;sf] c;/ cflb .
➢ ;d:of lgdf{0fsf ;|f]tx¿ M ;fdflhs kl/j]z jf
;d:ofx¿, ;fdflhs 36gf, jftfj/0fLo cj:yf,
P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf, dgf]j}1flgs If]q cflb .
;d:of lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
➢ cfˆgf] ?lrnfO{ Vofn ug]{,
➢ cfˆgf] cWoog, cfly{s IfdtfnfO{ Vofn ug]{,

14
➢ /fli6«o cv08tf, ;fdflhs PstfnfO{ c;/ kg]{ vfnsf]
ljifout ;d:of rog gug]{,
➢ cfkm"n] cWoog u/]/ k|fKt u/]sf] lgisif{ c¿sf nflu klg
sfd nfUg] cyf{t pknlAwd"ns x'g'kg]{,
➢ c¿n] cWoog cg';Gwfg gu/]sf] jf c¿sf nflu
cWoogsf] ;|f]t aGg] gofF ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf}6 ug]{,
➢ dxQjk"0f{ cfjZostf jf d'2fnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{ vfnsf]
;d:of rog ug]{,
➢ ;do ;fGble{s ;d:of lgdf{0f ug]{, pkof]lutfnfO{ Wofg
lbg],
➢ k|fylds tyf låtLo ;|f]taf6 ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]
;d:of rogdf Wofg lbg],
➢ lglZrt ;do ;Ldfdf ;lsg] vfnsf] ;d:of 5gf}6 ug]{ .
cWoog ljlw -Method of Study_
cWoog sfo{ s;/L ;DkGg ug]{ eGg] ljifonfO{ cWoog ljlw
elgG5 . of] cg';Gwfgsf] ;fwg xf] h;n] cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{
nIodf k'/Þofpg ;xof]u ub{5 . cg';Gwfg sfo{df
cg';Gwfgstf{n] cg';Gwfgsf] ljifosf cfwf/df pko'Qm ljlwsf]
5gf]6 ug{'kb{5 . pko'Qm cWoog ljlwsf] 5gf]6n] cWoogsf]
lgisif{sf] ljZj;gLotf / k|efjsfl/tfdf cy{ /fVb5 . To;}n]
cg';Gwfgdf cWoog ljlwsf] dxQjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .
cWoog ljlw jf k4lt d'VotM # k|sf/sf x'G5g M
➢ kl/df0ffTds k4ltM k|fKtfÍ, tf}n, pd]/ cflb ;Îofdf
;"rgfx¿ ;Íng x'g] / ljZn]if0f ubf{ tYofÍzf:qLo
ljlwx¿ k|of]u ul/g] cg';Gwfg ljlw g} kl/df0ffTds k2lt
xf] .
➢ u'0ffTds k4ltM dflg;sf efjgf, ljrf/, Jojxf/ h:tf
s'/fx¿sf ;"rgfx¿ ;Îofdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsFb}g . o:tf
;"rgfx¿ k|fKt ug{ k|of]u ul/g] cg';Gwfg ljlw u'0ffTds
k4lt xf] .
➢ ldl>t k4lt M kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds b'j} ljlw k|of]u ul/G5
eg] To:tf] cg';Gwfg ljlwnfO{ ldl>t k4lt elgG5 .
;fdflhs cWoog cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'g] cWoog ljlwx¿
d'Votof ;j]{If0f ljlw, cGtjf{tf{ ljlw / If]q cjnf]sg ljlw x'g .
s= ;j]{If0f ljlw -Survey Method_ M o;nfO{ dt ;j]{If0f ljlw
klg elgG5 . kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfg -Quantitative
Research_ df ;a}eGbf k|rlnt ljlw ;j]{If0f xf] . 7'nf] hg;Îof
cWoog ug{'k/]df o;sf] k|j[lQ tyf ljz]iftf JofVof ug{'k/]df
o; ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o; ljlwdf k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f u/]/,
k|ZgfjnL x'nfs, ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k7fP/, cGtjf{tf{
lng] h:tf sfo{ u/L tYofÍ ;Íng ug]{ ul/G5 . 5f]6f] cjlwdf
sfd k"/f ug{, sd hgzlQmaf6 sfd ug{, yf]/} vr{df sfd
;DkGg ug{ of] ljlw k|of]u ul/g] ePsfn] o;sf] dxQj b]lvG5
. h:t}M ;d'bfodf s'g s'g k];fdf slt dflg;x¿ ;+nUg 5g
eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg ;j]{If0f ljlw k|of]u x'G5 .
v= cGtjf{tf{ ljlw -Interview Method_ M b'O{ JolQmlar k|ToIf
s'/f u/L ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ cGtjf{tf{ elgG5 . o;df
pQ/bftfnfO{ k|ToIf e]6]/ jf kmf]g tyf lel8of] sndfkm{t
k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwG5 / p;sf] pQ/af6 cfjZos ;"rgf 8fo/Ldf
l6lkG5 . o;df pQ/bftfsf] ;xdlt lnP/ cl8of] jf lel8of]
/]s8{ u/]/ kl5 cfjZos ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 . h:t}M dflg;x¿
cfˆgf] k];fdf slt v'zL 5g eGg] kQf nufpg of] ljlw k|of]u
x'G5 .
cGtjf{tf{sf k|sf/x¿ M
➢ ;+/lrt cGtjf{tf{ M o; cGtjf{tf{df klxn] g} tof/ kf/]sf
k|Zgx¿ ;f]wL cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ul/G5 . of]
kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ ;Íngsf nflu pko'Qm 5 .
➢ cw{;+/lrt cGtjf{tf{ M o;df s]xL d'Vo If]qx¿;Fu
;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ jf ;f];DaGwL l6kf]6 klxn] g} tof/ u/L
cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf cGtjf{tf{sf/n] yk k|Zgx¿ u/]/
;"rgf ;Íng ul/G5 . of] u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg -
Qualitative Research_ df a9L k|of]u ul/G5 .
➢ c;+/lrt cGtjf{tf{ M o;df cGtjf{tf{sf/n] cfkm"n]
cfjZos 7fg]sf k|Zgx¿ u/]/ ;"rgf ;Íng ul/G5 .
o;sf nflu cg';Gwfgstf{ cfkm} cGtjf{tf{sf/ x'g'k5{ . of]
klg u'0ffTds tYofÍ ;Íngsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .
u= If]q cjnf]sg ljlw -Field Observation Method_ M s'g}
JolQm, ;+:yf jf k|lqmofnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd x]/]/ tYofÍ ;Íng
ug]{ ljlwnfO{ cjnf]sg ljlw elgG5 . cjnf]sgstf{ cfkm}
cWoog If]qdf pkl:yt eP/ hfgsf/L lng] sfo{nfO{ If]q
cjnf]sg elgG5 . of] ljlw ;/n / ;xh x'gfsf ;fy} o;af6
k|fKt tYofÍ ljZj;gLo x'G5 . sltko ;d:ofx¿ h;nfO{
cGtjf{tf{af6 a'eg ;lsFb}g, To:t} /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgdf ;'gfpg
/ b]vfpg ;lsFb}g, :ynut e|d0faf6 dfq To:tf ;d:ofx¿sf]
jf:tljstfnfO{ a'eg ;lsG5 eg] To:tf] a]nfdf ;"rgf k|fKt ug{
of] ljlw k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t}M s'g} JolQmsf] Jojxf/ jf s'g} :yfg
jf ;+:yfsf] cj:yf tyf ultljlwaf/] tYofÍ ;Íng ug{
cjnf]sg ljlw k|of]u ul/G5 .
kf7 ^ ;fdflhs tYofÍ / ;"rgf ;Íngsf ljlw / ;fwgx?
Methods & Tools of Social Data & Information Collection
;fdflhs tYofÍ -Social Data_ M cfly{s, hg;flÎos,
JolQmut, kfl/jfl/s, eflifs, wfld{s, k];fut cflb;Fu ;DalGwt
s'/fx¿ ;fdflhs tYofÍx¿ x'g . ;fdflhs tYofÍ kl/df0ffTds
-kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL, vr{, hg;Îof, pd]/ cflb_ / u'0ffTds -
cfly{s cj:yf– wgL jf ul/a, ljrf/, wd{, k/Dk/f cflb_ b'j}
k|sf/sf x'G5g .
;fdflhs tYofÍ ;Íng ljlw -Social Data Collection
Method_ M tYofÍ ;Íng sfo{ cg';Gwfgsf] k|d'v lx:;f xf] /
of] Ps dxQjk"0f{ r/0f klg xf] . cg';Gwfgsf k|Zgx¿sf]
;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;fGble{s ljlzi6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ Ps
Jojl:yt k|lqmof tYofÍ ;Íng xf] . tYofÍ ;Íng ug{'k"j{ s:tf],

15
s;/L, s;n] / slxn] tYofÍ ;Íng ug]{ xf] ;f] s'/f lglZrt
ug{'k5{ . oL s'/fx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lglZrt ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .
;fdflhs tYofÍ ;Íngsf ;fwg -Tools of Social Data_ M
;fdflhs tYofÍ ;Íng ug{ k|of]u ul/g] k|ZgfjnL, cjnf]sg,
cGtjf{tf{ h:tf pks/0fx¿nfO{ tYofÍ ;Íngsf ;fwgx¿
elgG5 .
s= k|ZgfjnL -Questionnaire_
➢ of] kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ ;Íngdf k|of]u ul/g] ljlw ;fwg
xf] .
➢ ;fdflhs cg';Gwfgsf qmddf tof/ kfl/Psf] ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;"rLa4 k|Zgx¿nfO{ pQ/bftf;dIf k'/ÞofO{
cfjZos ;"rgfsf] ;Íng ul/g] tl/sfnfO{ k|ZgfjnL
elgG5 .
➢ k|ZgfjnL k|of]u u/L w]/} JolQmx¿af6 sd ;do / ;|f]t
tyf ;fwg k|of]u u/L tYofÍ ;Íng ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn]
o;nfO{ ;a}eGbf k|rlnt tYofÍ ;Íng ;fwg dflgG5 .
➢ of] df}lvs, lnlvt jf Od]ndfkm{t pQ/bftf;Fu ;f]wL pQ/
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
➢ k|ZgfjnL k|Zgx¿n] el/Psf] x'G5 .
➢ of] n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] dflg;x¿df k|of]u ul/g] ;fwg xf] .
➢ o;df k|Zgx¿ bf]xf]/f] cy{ gnfUg] tyf pQ/bftfsf]
JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs efjgfdf rf]6 gkg]{ u/L ;/n
efiffdf tof/ ug{'k5{ .
v= cGtjf{tf{ -Interview_
➢ nlIft k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ k|fKt ug{ pQ/bftf /
cGtjf{tf{sf/lar bf]xf]/f] Jojl:yt jftf{nfk g} cGtjf{tf{
xf] .
➢ of] Pp6f cGtsl{|/ofTds k|lqmof xf] .
➢ o;af6 u'0ffTds tYofÍ ;Íng ug{ ;lsG5 .
➢ cGtjf{tf{ Ps}rf]6L Pp6} p2]Zosf nflu y]. JolQmx¿;Fu
ug{ ;lsG5 .
➢ o;df l6kf]6, clen]v, 6]k /]s8{/sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
u= cjnf]sg -Observation_
➢ ;fdflhs cg';Gwfgdf cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;fdflhs
36gfsf af/]df sfo{sf/0f k|efj a'eg, ljleGg
ljifoj:t'x¿sf] ;DaGwnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ :jod
cg';Gwfgstf{ sfo{If]qdf uP/ lg/LIf0f ul/g] ljlwnfO{
cjnf]sg elgG5 .
➢ o;af6 36gfsf] jf:tljs / k|ToIf cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5
.
➢ cjnf]sg ug]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] l6kf]6 jf
kmf/d tof/ u/]/ cjnf]sg dfu{bz{g tof/ ul/G5 .
3= ?h';"rL -Check list_
➢ o;df cfjZos ;"rgfx¿af/] xf] jf xf]Og tyf 5 jf 5}g
tyf cGo ljleGg ljsNkx¿ klxn] g} tof/ u/]/ cjnf]sg
ul/G5 .
låtLo tYofÍ ;Íng -Secondary Data Collection_ M c¿
s;}n] klxn] ;Íng u/]sf k|sflzt tyf ck|sflzt
tYofÍx¿nfO{ låtLo tYofÍ elgG5 h;n] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u
k'ofpg ;S5g . h:t}M k':ts, kqklqsf, k|ltj]bg, OG6/g]6df
/x]sf ;"rgfnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
tYofÍ Joj:yfkgdf l8lh6n ;fwgsf] k|of]u -Use of Digital
Tool in Data Management_ M tYofÍ ;Íngb]lv
e08f/0f;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofnfO{ tYofÍ Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
tYofÍ Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u ul/g] l8lh6n ;fwgx¿ u'un kmd{,
;fdflhs ;~hfn tyf lel8of] ;Dd]ng cg'k|of]u x'g .
s= u'un kmd{ -Google Form_
➢ of] cgnfOg ;j]{If0fdf k|of]u u'un sDkgLn] ljsf; u/]sf]
Ps k|f]u|fd xf] .
➢ lhd]n PsfpG6 ePsf ;a}n] lgMz'Ns k|of]u ug{ kfOG5 .
➢ of] k|f]u|fd 8]S;6k, Nofk6k, :df6{ kmf]g,
cfOKof8nufotsf ;a} l8lh6n l8efO;df rnfpg
;lsG5 .
➢ o;df k|ZgfjnL tof/ u/L Od]n jf cGo ;~rf/
;fwgdfkm{t pQ/bftf;dIf k7fOG5 . pQ/bftfn] pQm
kmd{ e/]/ Submit ug{'k5{ . To;kl5 ;f] k|ZgfjnL :jtM
cWoogstf{sf] Gmail df e08f/0f x'g k'U5 . o;/L cfPsf
hjfkmx¿ :jtM Google Spreadsheet df entry x'G5g t/
o;sf nflu l8lh6n l8efO; / OG6/g]6sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 .
➢ u'un kmd{ forms.google.com, Google Drive, Google
Sheet cflbaf6 lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
v= ;fdflhs ;~hfn -Social Network_
➢ xfn ;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{ ;fdflhs tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf
;Íngsf] ;|f]t dflgG5 .
➢ Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google, Instagram,
Snapshot, Pinter set, Viber, Whatsapp, Imo
Messenger, Tiktok cflb ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf
dfWodx¿ x'g . o:tf ldl8ofdf cfPsf] nfOs, ;]o/,
sd]G6, Eo'h cflbsf cfwf/df s;}sf] sfdnfO{ d"NofÍg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
u=lel8of] ;Dd]ng cg'k|of]u -Video Conferencing
Application_
➢ vf]h cg';Gwfgdf cGtjf{tf{ lng / nlIft ;d"xdf 5nkmn
ug{ o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
➢ o;cGtu{t cfhsn ZOOM, Microsoft Teams, Google
Meet, Cisco Webex cflb k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g .
➢ tYofÍ ;Íngb]lv e08f/0f;Dd o:tf l8lh6n ;fwgsf]
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

16
kf7 & tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / k|:t'tLs/0f Analysis
& Presentation of Data & Information
cg';Gwfg jf vf]hsf qmddf k|fKt ul/Psf ;a} ;"rgf tyf
tYofÍx¿ ;a} cg';Gwfgdf sfd nfUb}gg . k|fKt ul/Psf
;"rgfnfO{ ;j{k|yd tof/L ul/G5, To;kl5 k|zf]wg ul/G5 .
k|zf]wg kl5 e08f/0f ul/G5 . cGTodf nlIft ;d"xnfO{
tYofÍaf/] hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu ljleGg tl/sfn] k|:t'tLs/0f
ul/G5 .
tYofÍ tof/L -Data Preparation_ M tYofÍsf] tof/L ubf{
;j{k|yd tYofÍnfO{ ;Dkfbg u/L z'4 agfpg] sfd ul/G5 .
o;df ;"rgf tyf tYofÍdf cfPsf uNtL sdhf]/LnfO{ x6fOG5
. o;df cgfjZos tyf q'l6o'Qm tYofÍnfO{ x6fP/ ljleGg
;|f]taf6 k|fKt tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfnfO{ tflnsf, ;"rL cflbdf
k|:t't u/L tYofÍ k|zf]wgsf nflu tof/ kfl/G5 . tYofÍsf]
tof/Ldf kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ k|ljli6 ug{, ljleGg tYofÍzf:qLo
ljZn]if0f ug{ ljleGg ;ˆ6j]o/x¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 t/ oL
tYofÍnfO{ Microsoft Excel df klg k|lji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
tYofÍ k|zf]wg -Data Processing_ M o; r/0fdf kl/df0ffTds
tYofÍ 5 eg] dWos -Mean_, dlWosf -Median_, /Lt -Mode_,
:t/Lo leGgtf -Standard Deviation_ nufotsf ljleGg
tYofÍzf:qLo ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . o;sf nflu Microsoft Excel
sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . z u'0ffTds tYofÍ 5 eg] tYofÍaf6 ljleGg
zAb jf jfSof+zsf] af/Daf/tf u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
tYofÍ ljZn]if0f -Data Analysis_ M o; r/0fdf k|zf]wg u/]/
cfPsf glthfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L To;sf] cy{ lgsfNg] sfo{
ul/G5 . tYofÍsf] glthf, ltgLx¿sf] cy{ / cg';Gwfg
k|Zgx¿;Fu ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{
lgsflng] x'gfn] Wofg lbP/ tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{ . o;af6
k|fKt lgisif{s} cfwf/df ljleGg of]hgf lgdf{0fnfO{ sfo{¿k
lbOG5 .
tYofÍ e08f/0f -Data Storage_ M tYofÍsf] tof/L, k|zf]wg /
ljZn]if0f h:tf sfo{x¿ ;lsPkl5 tYofÍnfO{ e08f/0f ul/G5 .
cg';Gwfgsf ljifodf k|Zg p7]df jf kl5 cfjZos k/]df k|of]u
ug{sf nflu tYofÍnfO{ sDKo'6/df e08f/0f u/]/ /fVg'k5{ .
glthf k|af]wLs/0f -Result Dissemination_ M cg';Gwfgstf{n]
cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{ ljleGg nlIft ;d"xnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpgsf
nflu ljleGg dfWodaf6 glthfsf] k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ glthf
k|af]lws/0f elgG5 . glthf k|af]wLs/0f sfo{ ubf{ nlIft ;d"xsf]
z}lIfs :t/cg';f/ pko'Qm k|sf/sf tYofÍ jf ;"rgf pko'Qm
efiffdf k|:t'tLs/0f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . glthf k|af]wLs/0f n]v n]v]/,
lstfa agfP/, 6]lnlehg jf ;fdflhs ;~hfn k|of]u u/]/
k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
tYofÍsf] k|:t'tLs/0f -Presentation of Data_ M tYofÍsf]
k|:t'tLs/0f @ tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 M zflAbs / lrqfTds
k|:t'tLs/0f .
s= zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0f -Verbal presentation_ M
➢ cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ zAb, jfSo tyf
cg'R5]bdf ul/g], k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0f
elgG5 .
➢ k|fKt hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ JofVof ug{, k'li6 ug{, lgisif{
lgsfNg o;af6 ;lsg] x'gfn] of] ljlw a9L k|rlnt /x]sf]
5 .
➢ o;df u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds b'j} vfnsf tYo /
hfgsf/LnfO{ ;d]6g ;lsg] ePklg 7'nf tYofÍnfO{ o;df
k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ sl7g x'G5 .
zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
➢ cg';Gwfgstf{n] cfˆgf] efjgf tyf kIfw/tf b]vfpg] zAb
tyf efiff k|of]u gug]{,
➢ nlIft kf7sn] ;lhnf];Fu a'‰g ;Sg] efiff k|of]u ug]{,
➢ tYofÍ k|ltzt / ;Îof k|:t't ubf{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/]/
k|:t't ug]{,
➢ w]/} nfdf] JofVof tyf j0f{geGbf klg ;se/ ;l6s JofVof
ug]{,
➢ jfSo tyf jfSof+z 5f]6f] agfpg],
➢ kl/df0fjfrL -w]/}, yf]/}, clnslt====_ zAbx¿sf] ;6o
;Îof tyf k|ltzt k|of]u ug]{,
➢ bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg], ;flxlTos kbfjnLn] kf7sx¿nfO{
låljwfdf kfg{ ;S5 t;y{ ;/n cy{ cfpg] jfSo tyf
jfSof+z k|of]u ug]{ .
v= lrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0f -Pictorial presentation_
➢ cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ jf ;"rgfnfO{ lrq - :tDe,
j[Q, /]vflrq_, rf6{, u|fkm cflb b[Zo dfWoddf ul/g]
k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ lrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0f elgG5 .
➢ sd :yfg / ;dodf hfgsf/L k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]=kf7s
tyf bz{snfO{ a'eg ;lhnf] x'g] x'gfn] o;nfO{ a9L dxQj
lbOPsf] kfOG5 .
➢ xfn cfP/ kl/df0ffTds dfq geO{ u'0ffTds k|:t'ltnfO{
;d]t lrqfTds k|:t'lt ug]{ rng a9]sf] 5 .
➢ oBlk lrqfTds k|:t'lt dfq oy]i6 gx'g] x'gfn] df}lvs
tyf lnlvt JofVof klg ;Fu} cfjZos x'G5 .
c= rf6{ -Chart_M o;leq ljleGg k|sf/sf lrqfTds k|:t'ltx¿
kb{5g . h:t}M ˆnf]rf6{, ;Ë7g rf6{, j[Qlrq, j[Iflrq, gS;f,
e]glrq cflb .
!= ˆnf]rf6{ -Flow chart_ M s'g} k|lqmofnfO{ lrqdf b]vfpg, Ps
r/0faf6 csf]{ r/0fdf hfg'kg]{ ePdf o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;df lrq / zAbsf] ;+of]hg u/]/ b]vfpg] ul/G5 .
@= ;Ë7gfTds rf6{ -Organizational chart_ M s'g} ;/sf/L
tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;Ë7gfTds 9fFrf b]vfpg o:tf] rf6{
lgdf{0f ul/G5 / o;df ;Ë7gfTds ;b:ox¿sf] txut :t/
b]vfOG5 .
#= j[Qlrq jf kfOrf6{ -Pie chart_ M kl/df0ffTds tYofÍsf]
ljt/0fnfO{ j[Qlrqdf b]vfOG5 . o;df s'g} tYofÍsf]

17
s'nof]unfO{ !)) k|ltzt dfg]/ o;sf] ljt/0fnfO{ k|ltztdf
nluG5, pQm k|ltztnfO{ Pp6o j[Qdf ljleGg efux¿df
ljefhg u/]/ ljleGg ;Í]t tyf /Ë nufO{ b]vfOG5 .
cf = u|fkm -Graph_ M o;df kl/df0ffTds tYofÍnfO{ b]vfOg]
ePsfn] o;df /]vfsf] nDafO jf prfO u|fkmsf] If]qkmnn] ;d]t
tYofÍsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u5{g . o;cGtu{t ljleGg
k|sf/sf lrqfTds k|:t'ltx¿ kb{5g . h:t}M :tDe lrq /]vflrq,
lx:6f]u|fd, :Sof6/ Kn6, ;do/]vf cflb .
! = :tDelrq -Bar diagram_ M o;df tYofÍx¿nfO{ :tDe jf
vDafx¿df b]vfOG5 . o;df tYofÍsf] dfg t'ngf ug{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 / km/s kQf nufpg klg ;lsG5 .
@= /]vflrq -Line graph_ M o;df /]vfsf] prfOsf] cfwf/df
tYofÍsf] dfg k|ltlglwTj u/fOG5 . o;df km/s km/s tYofÍ
;d"xlar t'ngf ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
O= tflnsf -Table_ M 7'nf kl/df0ffTds tYofÍnfO{ zflAbs
¿kdf k|:t't ubf{ a'eg sl7g x'g] x'gfn] o:tf tYofÍnfO{
tflnsfdf k|:t'lt ul/G5 .
lrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
➢ lrqfTds k|:t'lt -rf6{, u|fkm, tflnsf cflb_ zflAbs ¿kdf
JofVof ug{'k"j{ k|:t't ug]{,
➢ zflAbs ¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] jfSo tyf cg'R5]b s'g
rf6{, u|fkm jf tflnsfdf k|:t't u/]sf] ;f] pNn]v ug]{,
➢ lrqfTds k|:t'ltdf k|of]u ul/Psf cIf/, cÍ, lrq a'lemg]
tyf plrt cfsf/ / /Ësf] k|of]u ug]{,
➢ st}af6 rf6{, u|fkm lnOPsf] xf] eg] ;f]sf] ;|f]t pNn]v ug]{,
➢ x/]s lrqsf] zLif{s / ;Í]t pNn]v ug]{ .
kf7 * tYofÍ k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0fdf dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]nsf] k|of]u
Use of Microsoft Excel in Data Processing & Analysis
sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ -Computer Software_ M sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/n]
kl/df0ffTds tyf u'0ffTds b'j} k|sf/sf tYofªx¿ k|zf]wg /
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g . u'0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg tyf
ljZn]if0fsf nflu ATLAS.ti, Nvivo, Quirkos, MAXQDA cflb
;ˆ6j]o/x¿ k|of]u ul/G5g . kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg tyf
ljZn]if0fsf nflu SPSS, Stata, CSPro, RStudio cflb
;ˆ6j]o/x¿ k|of]u ul/G5g .
dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]nsf] kl/ro -Introduction to MS–Excel_ M
of] Ps Spreadsheet df cfwfl/t ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] h;nfO{
Windows, macOS, Android & iOS h:tf Operating System sf
nflu dfOqmf];ˆ6 sDkgLn] ljsf; u/]sf] xf] . o;nfO{
kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;sf] Ps Sheet df !^,#*$ cf]6f Columns / !),$*,%&^
cf]6f Rows x'G5g . o;df Column / Row ldNg] sf]7fnfO{
Cell elgG5 .
dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf dWos lgsfNg] tl/sf -Ways to
Calculate Mean in MS–Excel_ M dWos eGgfn] tYofÍsf]
cf};t dfg xf] . dWos lgsfNg] ;"q -Ex/n_ xf] hxfF x=value
-tYo_ / nÖNumber of Value -tYosf] ;Îof_ . dfOqmf];ˆ6
PS;]ndf tYofÍnfO{ k|lji6 -Entry_ u/]kl5 M
➢ cfjZos ePsf] Cell df lSns ug]{ / a/fa/ lrXg -=_
6fOk ug]{,
➢ To;kl5 AVERAGE 6fOk u/L ;fgf] sf]i7 ;'¿ u/L
tYofÍ ePsf Cell x¿ Select ug]{ / sf]i7 aGb ug]{ . -
cyf{t Formula Bar df uP/ More Functions leq uO{
Statistical df hfg] / AVERAGE df lSns ug]{_
➢ ca Enter Key lyRg] To;kl5 tYofÍsf] dWos b]lvG5 .
dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf dlWosf lgsfNg] tl/sf -Ways to
Calculate Median in MS–Excel_ M dlWosf eGgfn] kl/df0fsf
cfwf/df qmddf ldnfPsf] tYofÍnfO{ l7s b'O{ efudf ljefhg
ug]{ tYo xf] . dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf tYofÍnfO{ k|lji6 -Entry_
u/]kl5 M
6fOk ug]{,
➢ To;kl5 MEDIAN 6fOk u/L ;fgf] sf]i7 ;'¿ u/L
tYofÍ ePsf Cell x¿ Select ug]{ / sf]i7 aGb ug]{ . -
cyf{t Formula Bar df uP/ More Functions leq uO{
Statistical df hfg] / MEDIAN df lSns ug]{_
➢ ca Enter Key lyg] To;kl5 tYofÍsf] dlWosf b]lvG5 .
dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf l/t lgsfNg] tl/sf -Ways to Calculate
Mode in MS–Excel_ M l/t egsf] tYofÍleq ;a}eGbf a9L
bf]xf]l/Psf] jf ;a}eGbf a9L af/Daf/tf ePsf] tYo xf] . o;nfO{
ax'ns klg elgG5 . dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf tYofÍnfO{ k|lji6 -
Entry_ u/]kl5 M
➢ cfjZos ePsf] Cell df lSns ug]{ / a/fa/ lrXg -++=_
6fOk ug]{,
➢ To;kl5 Mode 6fOk u/L ;fgf] sf]i7 ;'¿ u/L tYofÍ
ePsf Cell x¿ Select ug]{ / sf]i7 aGb ug]{ . -cyf{t
Formula Bar df uP/ More Functions leq uO{
Statistical df hfg] / Mode df lSns ug]{_
➢ ca Enter Key lyRg] To;kl5 tYofÍsf] l/t b]lvG5 .
dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf :t/Lo leGgtf lgsfNg] tl/sf -Ways to
Calculate Standard Deviation in MS–Excel_ M
tYofÍsf] ;]6leq tYox¿ dWosaf6 slt 6f9f jf glhs 5g
eGg] dfkg ug]{ ;"rsfÍnfO{ g} :t/Lo leGgtf elgG5 . ;"q k|of]u
u/L o;sf] u0fgf ug{ w]/} ;do / ul0ftLo bIftf rflxg] ePsfn]
xfn cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/sf] k|of]u u/L o;sf]
u0fgf ub{5g . dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf tYofÍnfO{ k|lji6 -Entry_
u/]kl5 M
6fOk ug]{,
➢ To;kl5 STDEV 6fOk u/L ;fgf] sf]i7 ;'¿ u/L tYofÍ
ePsf Cell x¿ Select ug]{ / sf]i7 aGb ug]{ . -cyf{t

18
Formula Bar df uP/ More Functions leq uO{
Statistical df hfg] / STDEV df lSns ug]{_
➢ ca Enter Key lyRg] To;kl5 tYofÍsf] :t/Lo leGgtf
b]lvG5 .
kf7 ( zflAbs hfgsf/LnfO{ k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf Method of
Presentation of Verbal Information
5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;"rL -Abbreviation_ M cg';Gwfgsf] k|:tfjgf,
k|ltj]bg tyf n]v /rgfdf zAbfjnLx¿ k6s k6s bf]xf]l/G5g
eg] ltgLx¿sf] 5f]6f] ¿k k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . 5f]6f] ¿k k|of]u
ubf{ n]vsf] nDafO 5f]6f] x'G5 . kf7sx¿nfO{ n]v /rgfsf]
ljifoj:t' a'eg ;lhnf] x'G5 . klxnf] k6s k|of]u ubf{ k"/f ¿k
/ To;sf] k5fl8 sf]i7sdf 5f]6f] ¿k /fVg], h:t}M nf]s ;]jf
cfof]u -nf];]cf_, kf7oqmd ljsf; s]G› -kfljs]_ cflb . To;kl5
k"/f ¿k geO{ 5f]6f] ¿k dfq k|of]u ul/G5 .
k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf M
➢ nfdf] vfnsf n]v/rgfnfO{ 5f]6f] ¿ksf] 5'§} ;"rL /fVg],
➢ tflnsfx¿ / lrqx¿sf ;"rL cg';Gwfgdf 5g eg]
oLeGbf k5fl8 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;"rL / 5}gg eg] ljifo;"rL
kl5 /fVg] .
➢ j0ff{g'qmddf, 5f]6f] ¿k ;Fu;Fu} k"/f ¿kdf pNn]v ug]{,
➢ cË|]hL tyf g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf 5f]6f] ¿k k|of]u u/]sf] 5
eg] Pp6f efiffsf] ;"rL agfO;s]kl5 csf]{sf] agfpg] .
h:t}M
IOM – Institute of Medicine
WHO – World Health Organization
lqljlj – lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
/fkaf] – /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{
k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] ;"rL -List of Technical/Key Words_ M
o;nfO{ Glossary klg elgG5 . cWoog k|:tfjgfdf k|of]u
ul/Psf k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] kl/efiff pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf M
➢ k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] ;"rLnfO{ ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]qmgleq
cyjf 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;"rLeGbf k5fl8 cyjf ;Gbe{;"rLeGbf
k5fl8 /fVg],
➢ zAb /fv]/ To;sf] k5fl8 kl/efiff /fVg] . h:t} M
✓ ;fd'bflos ljBfno M g]kfndf ;/sf/L ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{
u/L :yfkgf ePsf ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfno
elgG5 .
✓ k|wfgfWofks M ljBfnosf] k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg ug{
tf]lsPsf] k|d'v JolQmnfO{ k|wfgfWofks elgG5 .
kfbl6Kk0fL tyf cGTo l6Kk0fL -Footnote & Endnote_
s= kfbl6Kk0fL M s'g} ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg jf k|ltlnlk
clwsf/;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg k[i7sf] tn -Bottom of the Page_
lbOg] ljj/0fnfO{ kfbl6Kk0fL elgG5 .
k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf M
➢ d"nkf7df ePsf zAbsf] k5fl8 Superscript df cÍ jf
;Í]t lbOG5 eg] ToxL cÍ jf ;Í]t k[i7sf] tn :jtM a:5
/ To;sf] k5fl8 cfjZos ljj/0f n]Vg] .
➢ h'g k[i7df kfbl6Kk0fL ul/Psf] zAb 5, To;sf] ljj/0f
ToxL k[i7df lbg] .
v= cGTo l6Kk0fL M ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg n]v/rgf jf
k|:tfjgf jf k|ltj]bgsf] cGtdf lbOg] ljj/0fnfO{ cGTo l6Kk0fL
elgG5 .
k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf M
➢ d"nkf7df ePsf zAbsf] k5fl8 Superscript df /f]dg cÍ
-i, ii, iii_ lbg] / ToxL /f]dg cÍ n]v/rgfsf] ;Gbe{;"rL
kl5 n]vL To;sf] k5fl8 cfjZos ljj/0f n]Vg] .
!= hLjg pkof]uL l;k eg]sf] s] xf] <
dflg;sf nflu Jojxf/ / JolQmTj ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ ljleGg
k|sf/sf g/d sf}zn -Soft skill_ x¿nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k -
Life skill_ elgG5 h'g JolQmsf] Jojxf/df b]lvG5 .
@= ;"rgf ;Íngsf nflu u'un ;e]{ kmd{sf] k|of]u s;/L ug{
;lsG5 < s'g} Ps tl/sf pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
u'un kmd{df k|ZgfjnL tof/ u/]/ Od]n, d];]Gh/, efOj/
cflbdfkm{t pQ/bftf ;dIf k7fpg] / pQ/bftfn] kmd{ vf]n]/
e/]kl5 k]; ug]{ clg pQm k|ZgfjnL :jtM cWoogstf{sf]
lhd]ndf e08f/0f =x'G5 . o;/L ;"rgf ;Íngsf nflu u'un ;e]{
kmd{sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] s'g} Ps dxQj n]Vg'xf]; .
hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] Ps dxQj o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .
s= hLjgf]kof]uL l;kn] JolQmnfO{ l;h{gzLn, Jofjxfl/s,
g]t[TjbfoL, Ifdtfjfg / cfTdljZjf;L jgfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
$= ˆnf] rf6{sf] k|of]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < s'g} Ps tl/sf
pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
s'g} k|lqmofnfO{ lrqdf b]vfpg ˆnf] rf6{ k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df
lrq / zAbsf] ;+of]hgjf6 k|lqmofnfO{ :ki6 b]vfOG5 . ˆnf] rf6{
agfpg Microsoft Word sf] Insert Menu df uP/ Smart Art
af6 pko'Qm Template 5gf]6 u/L k|lqmof ldnfP/ 6fOk u/L
tof/ ug]{ clg ;a} lrqx¿nfO{ Select u/L Group ul/G5 .
%= k|fylds tyf låtLo tYofÍlarsf] s'g} Ps leGgtf n]Vg'xf]; .
k|fylds tYofÍ cg';Gwfgstf{ cWoog ug]{ JolQm jf ;d"x
cfkm}n] ;Íng u/]sf] x'G5 eg] låtLo tYofÍ cg';Gwfgstf{,
cWoog ug]{ JolQm jf ;d"xn] cfkm}n] ;Íng gu/L cGo JolQm
jf ;+:yfn] klxn] g} ;Íng u/]sf] x'G5 .
^= cg';Gwfg eg]sf] s] xf] <
s'g} klg 36gf, j:t' jf JolQm cflbsf] af/]df j}1flgs tl/sfn]
vf]h u/L To; 36gfsf] sf/0f / k|efj kQf nufpg] sfo{ g}
cg';Gwfg xf] .

19
&= ;fdflhs cWoog ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg
ljlwx¿dWo] s'g} b'O{ ljlwx¿ s]–s] x'g <
;fdflhs cWoog ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg ljlwx¿dWo]
s'g} b'O{ ljlw lgDg 5g M
s= 5nkmn ljlw
v= k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw
*= tYofÍ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
tYofÍ eGgfn] ck|zf]lwt tYo, zAb, jfSo, lrq, ljj/0f cflb
eGg] a'lemG5 .
(=;"rgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
;"rgf eg]sf] k|zf]lwt tYo, zAb, jfSo, lrq, ljj/0f cflb xf] .
!)= tYofÍsf k|sf/x¿ s] s] x'g <
tYofÍsf k|sf/x¿ lgDg 5g M
s= kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ
v= u'0ffTds tYofÍ
!!= ;x;DaGwnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf]; .
cg';Gwfgdf b'O{ r/x¿larsf] gftf jf ;DaGwnfO{ g} ;x;DaGw
elgG5 .
!@=r/sf k|sf/x¿ n]Vg'xf]; .
r/sf b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g . tL x'g M
s= lge{/ jf cfl>t r/
v=:jtGq r/
!#= :jtGq r/ / lge{/ r/sf PsPscf]6f pbfx/0f lbg'xf]; .
æjiff{ x'Fbf wfg pTkfbg x'g'æ o; pbfx/0fdf jiff+ x'g' :jtGq r/
xf] eg] wfg pTkfbg x'g' lge{/ r/ xf] .
!$= sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s'g} sfd / To;sf] kl/0ffd Ps csf{df ;DalGwt overline
87 eg] To;nfO{ sfo{sf/0f ;DjGw elgG5 .
!%= ;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwlar Ps leGgtf
5'6ofpg'xf]; .
;x;DaGwn] s'g} Pp6f 36gf csf]{ s'g s'g 36gf;Fu ;DaGw
/fV5 eGg] s'/fsf] JofVof u5{ eg] sfo{sf/0fn] s'g} Pp6f 36gf
jf r/n] csf]{ 36gf jf r/nfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/fsf]
JofVof ub{5 .
!^= cWoog k|:tfjgf eg]sf] s] xf] < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf]; .
cg';Gwfgstf{n] s'g} ljifo jf 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog sfo{
;DkGg ug{sf nflu s], sxfF, s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z
u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] k"j{of]hgfsf] vfsfnfO{ cWoog k|:tfjgf
elgG5 .
!&= cWoog k|:tfjgfsf cËx¿dWo] s'g} b'O{ cËx¿ s] s] x'g <
cWoog k|:tfjgfsf cËx¿dWo] s'g} b'O{ cËx¿ lgDg 5g M
s= kl/ro
v= k'j{;flxTosf] ;ldIff
!*= cWoog k|:tfjgfsf] cWoog ljlwcGtu{t s] s] s'/f n]Vg'k5{ <
cWoog k|:tfjgfsf] cWoog ljlwcGtu{t cWoog ug{ nfu]sf]
ljifoj:t'sf] cg';Gwfg ljlw, tYofÍsf] ;|f]t, gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlw,
tYofÍ ;Íngsf] ;fwg cflb s'/fx¿ n]Vg'k5{ .
!(= cWoog k|:tfjgfdf ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg lsg ul/G5 <
cWoog k|:tfjgfdf ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'sf] sf/0f
cg';Gwfg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿sf] cWoog u/L
cfˆgf] / c¿sf] cg';Gwfgljrsf] cGt/ kQf nufpg'sf ;fy}
cfˆgf] cWoognfO{ cem a9L ljZj;gLo agfpg' xf] .
@)= n]v /rgf tof/ ubf{ tkfO{+ s'g g}lts kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg'x'G5
< s'g} b'O{ kIfx? pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
n]v /rgf tof/ ubf{ d lgDg b'O{ g}lts kIfnfO{ Wofg lbG5'
s c¿sf] af}l4s ;DklQ k|of]u ubf{ pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;|f]t pNn]v
u5{' .
v= cfˆtf] n]v, /rgf, k|:tfjgf jf k|ltj]bgsf] cGTodf ;Gbe{
;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL tof/ kf5{' .
@!= af}l4s rf]/L eg]sf] s] xf] <
s;}n] c¿sf n]v, /rgf, tyf l;h{gf Ohfht jf cg'dltljgf
cfˆgf] agfpF5 jf cfˆgf] egL bfaL u/L k|of]u u5{ eg] To;nfO{
af}l4s rf]/L elgG5 .
@@= k|ltlnlk clwsf/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ Pp6f sfg'gL Joj:yf xf] h;n] s'g} klg jf}l4s
;DklQsf] s[ltsf/ jf /rgfsf/nfO{ cfˆgf] s[lt jf l;h{gfsf]
k|of]u jf k'gM k|of]usf] Joj:yf ug]{ ljz]if clwsf/ lbG5 .
@#= dflg;x¿n] af}l4s rf]/L ug{'sf s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ s] s]
xf]nfg <
dflg;x¿n] jf}l4s rf]/L ug{'sf s'g} b'O{ sf/0fx¿ lgDg 5g .
s k|ltlnlk clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfk|lt hfgsf/ gx'g' .
v ldlxg]t gu/Lsg} 5f]6f] ;dod} cfkm"nfO{ af}l4s JolQmsf]
¿kdf :yflkt ug{sf nflu .
@$= ;fdflhs cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u ul/g] s'g} b'O{cf]6f ljlw
pNn]v ug'xf]; .
;fdflhs cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u ul/g] s'g} b'O{cf]6f ljlwx¿
lgDgfg';f/ 5g M
s= ;j]{If0f ljlw
v= cGtjf{tf{ ljlw
@%= ;d:of klxrfg eg]sf] s] xf] <
s'g} klg ;fdflhs ;d:of, 36gf jf cWoog ug{ cfjZos /
pko'Qm s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] klxrfg u/+ sfo{ g} ;d:of klxrfg
xf] .
@^ kl/df0ffTds cWoog ljlw eg]sf] s:tf] ljlw xf] <
k|fKtfÍ, tf}n, pd]/ cflb ;Îofdf ;"rgfx¿ ;Íng x'g] /
ljZn]if0f ubf{ tYofÍ zf:qLo ljlwx? k|of]u ul/g] cg';Gwfg
ljlw g} kl/df0ffTds cWoog ljlw xf] .
@&= If]q cjnf]sg lalw eg]sf] s] xf] <
s'g} JolQm, ;+:yf jf k|lqmofnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd x]/]/ tYofÍ
;Íng ug]{ ljlwnfO{ If]q cjnf]sg ljlw elgG5 .
@*= tkfO{ :yfgLo ;Dkbf :ynsf] cWoog e|d0fdf hfFb} x'g'x'G5
. To; ;Dkbfsf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ ;f]Wgsf nflu b'O{
k|Zgx¿ tof/ ug{'xf]; .

20
d :yfgLo ;Dkbf :ynsf] cWoog e|d0fdf uPsf] v08df To;
;Dkbfsf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ d}n] lgDg b'O{ k|Zgx¿
;f]W5' M
s= o; :yfgsf] gfds/0f s;/L ePsf] xf] <
v= o; :ynsf ljz]iftfx¿ s] s] x'g <
@(= ;fdflhs tYofÍ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
cfly{s, hg;flÎos, JolQmut, kfl/jfl/s, eflifs, wfld{s,
k];fut cflb kIf;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿nfO{ g} ;fdflhs tYofÍ
eg]/ a'lemG5 .
#)= tYofÍ ;Íng ljlw eg]sf] s] xf] <
cg';Gwfg k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;fGble{s ljlzi6
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ Ps Jojl:yt k|lqmof g} tYofÍ ;Íng ljlw
xf] .
#!= tYofÍ ;Íngsf ;fwgnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf]; .
;fdflhs tYofÍ ;Íng ug{ k|of]u ul/g] k|ZgfjnL, cjnf]sg,
cGtjf{tf{ h:tf pks/0fnfO{ tYofÍ ;Íngsf ;fwg elgG5 .
#@= k|ZgfjnL lsg ;a}eGbf k|rlnt ;fwg xf] <
k|ZgfjnL k|of]u u/L w]/} JolQmx¿jf6 sd ;do / ;|f]t tyf
;fwg k|of]u u/L tYofÍ ;Íng ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] o;nfO{
;a}eGbf k|rlnt tYofÍ ;Íng ;fwg dflgG5 .
##=cGtjf{tf{ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf]; .
nlIft k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ k|fKt ug{ pQ/bftf / cGtjf{tf{ljrsf]
bf]xf]/f] Jojl:yt jftf{nfk g} cGtjf{tf{ xf] .
#$= tYofÍ Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
tYofÍ ;Íngb]lv e08f/0f;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofnfO{ tYofÍ
Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
#%=tYofÍ tof/L eg]sf] s] xf] <
cg';Gwfgstf{n] cWoog If]qaf6 ;Íng u/]sf tYofÍdf /x]sf
cgfjZos tyf q'l6o'Qm tYofÍ x6fpg], zÍf:kb tYofÍnfO{
k'gMk'li6 ug]{ / tYofÍnfO{ tflnsf ;"rL tyf ;"rLdf k|:t't u/L
tYofÍ k|zf]wgsf nflu tof/ kfg]{ sfo{nfO{ tYofÍ tof/L elgG5
.
#^= glthf k|af]wLs/0f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
cg';Gwfgstf{n] cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{ ljleGg nlIft ;d"xnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpgsf nflu ljleGg dfWodaf6 glthfsf] k|;f/0f
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ glthf k|af]wLs/0f elgG5 .
#&= cg';Gwfgdf tYofÍ k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ b'O{ tl/sfx¿ s] s]
x'g <
cg';Gwfgdf tYofÍ k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ b'O{ tl/sfx¿ lgDg 5g M
s= zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0f
v= lrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0f
#*= zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ zAb, jfSo tyf cg'R5]bdf
ul/g] k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ g} zflAbs k|:t'tLs/0f elgG5 .
#(= lrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf]; .
cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ jf ;"rgfnfO{ lrq -:tDelrq,
j[Qlrq, /]vflrq_, rf6{, u|fkm cflb b[Zo dfWoddf ul/g]
k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ g} lrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0f elgG5 .
$)=kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] s'g} b'O{
;ˆ6j]o/sf] gfd n]Vg'xf]; .
kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] s'g} b'O{ ;ˆ6j]o/
lgDg 5g M
s= SPSS
V.= Stata
$!= u'0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] s'g} b'O{
;ˆ6j]o/sf] gfd n]Vg'xf]; .
u'0ffTds tYofÍ k|zf]wg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] s'g} b'O{ ;ˆ6j]o/ lgDg
5g M
s= ATLAS.ti
v Nvivo
$@= dWos eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
dWos eg]sf] tYofÍsf] cf};t dfg xf] .
$#= :t/Lo leGgtf s]nfO{ elgG5 <
tYofÍsf] ;]6leq tYox¿ dWosaf6 slt 6f9f jf glhs 5g
eg]/ dfkg ug]{ ;"rsfÍnfO{ g} :t/Lo leGgtf elgG5 .
$$= kfbl6Kk0fL eg]sf] s] xf] <
s'g} ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg jf k|ltlnlk clwsf/;DaGwL
hfgsf/L lbg k[i7sf] tn lbOg] ljj/0fnfO{ kfblbKk0fL elgG5 .
$%= zflAbs hfgsf/L k|:t't ug]{ s'g} b'O{ tl/sfsf] ;"rL tof/
kfg{'xf]; .
zflAbs hfgsf/L k|:t't ug]{ s'g} b'O{ tl/sfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 M
s= 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;"rL
h:t}M /fkjf] Ö /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{
v= k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] ;"rL
h:t}M k|wfgfWofks Ö ljBfnosf] k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg ug{
tf]lsPsf] k|d'v JolQmnfO{ k|wfgfWofks elgG5 .
$^= cGTo l6Kk0fL eGgfn] Rightarrow a'lemG5 <
ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg n]v /rgf jf k|:tfjgf jf
k|ltj]bgsf] cGTodf lbOg] ljj/0fnfO{ cGTo l6Kk0fL elgG5 .
$&= 5f]6f] ?ksf] ;"rL tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'g} Ps tl/sf
n]Vg'xf]; .
5f]6f] ?ksf] k|of]u ubf{ klxnf] k6s k"/f ?k / To;sf] k5fl8
sf]i7sdf 5f]6f] ?k /fVg'kb{5 . h:t}M nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -nf];]cf_
$*=kfbl6Kk0fL / cGTo l6Kk0fLlarsf] Ps Ps leGgtf
5'6ofpg'xf]; .
kfbl6Kk0fL s'g} ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg jf k|ltlnlk
clwsf/;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg k[i7sf] tn lbOg] hfgsf/L xf] eg]
cGTo l6Kk0fL ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg n]v/rgf jf
k|ltj]bgsf] cGTodf lbOg] ljj/0f xf] .

21
!= n]vg sfo{df ;+nUg /xg] cfˆgf gft]bf/nfO{ c¿sf n]v
/rgf k|of]u ubf{ s'g s'g g}lts kIfx¿df Wofg lbg ;Nnfx
lbg'x'G5 < s'g} kfFrcf]6f Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
n]vg sfo{df ;+nUg x'Fbf c¿sf n]v /rgf k|of]u ubf{ g}lts
kIfdf Wofg glbPdf Tof] af}l4s rf]/L -Plagairism_ x'g hfG5
. k':ts, k6syf, OG6/g]6sf ;fdu|L, ;flxTo, snf, cg';Gwfg
cflb hxfFaf6 ;fdu|L lnP/ ;|f]t pNn]v gu/]df af}l4s rf]/L x'g
hfG5 . af}l4s rf]/LnfO{ ef}lts j:t' rf]/LeGbf klg g/fd|f] rf]/L
dflgG5 . o;nfO{ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g @)%( n] /rlotfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ ;'/lIft u/]sf] 5 . af}l4s rf]/L u/]df sfg'gadf]lhd
b08gLo dflgg]5 . t;y{ n]vg sfo{df ;+nUg /xg] cfˆgf
gft]bf/nfO{ d lgDglnlvt g}lts kIfdf Wofg lbg ;Nnfx lbG5'
M
➢ h'g n]v, lstfa, n]vs, OG6/g]6 ;fdu|L, k|sfzgaf6
cfkm"n] ;"rgf jf tYofÍ lnPsf] xf] ;f]sf] pko'Qm tl/sfn]
;|f]t pNn]v ug]{,
➢ s;}sf] k':ts, cg';Gwfg ;fdu|L, k6syf, cg'R5]b cflbsf]
c+z h:tfsf] t:t} /fVg' k/]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ p4/0f
lrXg -æ========æ_ /fvL pko'Qm ;|f]t pNn]v ug]{,
➢ cfˆgf] n]v, k|:tfjgf jf k|ltjb]gsf] cGTodf ;Gbe{
;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL pNn]v ug]{,
➢ cfkm"n] tof/ u/]sf] k|:tfjgf k|ltjb]g jf n]v cfˆgf] u'?
jf cGo hfgsf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ k9g lbP/ pgLx¿sf]
;'emfj cg';f/ ;RofP/ dfq ljBfnodf a'emfpg],
➢ c¿sf n]v /rgfdf ePsf s'/fnfO{ cfˆg} zAbdf k'gn]{vg
u/]sf] eP tfklg o:tf] s'/fsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ug{ geNg] .
@= hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgdf nfu' ug{' kgf{sf
sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh 9Ën] cl3 a9fpgsf nflu pkof]uL
l;kx¿ g} hLjgf]kof]uL l;k x'g . hLjgf]kof]uL l;k aflx/
b]lvg]eGbf klg JolQmsf] Jojxf/df b]lvg] l;kx¿ x'g . o:tf
l;kx¿n] JolQmnfO{ l;h{gzLn, Jofjxfl/s, g]t[TjbfoL,
Ifdtfjfg / cfTdljZjf;L agfpF5g . hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf
ljleGg g/d sf}znx¿ kb{5g . o;df l;h{gfTds,
;dfnf]rgfTds, lg0f{o, g]t[Tj, ;d:of ;dfwfg, ;xsfo{, ;+j]u
Joj:yfkg cflb h:tf l;kx¿ kb{5g . hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿
JolQmsf] Jojxf/ / JolQmTj ljsf;df ;xof]uL x'g] x'gfn] lognfO{
cfˆgf] hLjgdf nfu' u/]/ dgUo nfe lng ;lsG5 . hLjgf]kof]uL
l;knfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgdf nfu' ug{'kg]{ sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g M
➢ dfgj / dfgj ;dfh;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfx¿af/]
ul/g] vf]hL, cWoog Pjd ljZn]if0fsf qmddf hLjgf]kof]uL
l;k ckl/xfo{ ePsfn],
➢ hLjgdf cfOkg]{ r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cufl8 a9]df
dfgj hLjg ;kmn x'g ;S5 . o:tf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf
ug{ l;sfpg] l;k g} hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ePsf]n],
➢ xfd|f b}lgs / Jofj;flos hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;"rgf
k|ljlw l;k, ljQLo sf/f]af/ l;k, tgfj / OG› Joj:yfkg
l;k, lg0f{o lgdf{0f l;k cflb l;kx¿ cfjZos kg]{ h'g
hLjgf]kof]uL l;kdf kg]{ ePsfn],
➢ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;~rf/ l;k, ;fd"lxs sfo{ ug{sf
nflu ;d"xsfo{ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k, ;dfhnfO{ ;xL
g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ g]t[Tj l;k, JolQm JolQmljr ;DaGw jgfO{
cfk;L ;xsfo{af6 cl3 a9gsf nflu cGt/j}olQms l;k
JolQmnfO{ cTofjZos ePsfn],
➢ dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cfWoflTds ;d'Gglt ug{sf
nflu cfjZos l;k k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] . log} dflysf
kmfObfx¿ hLjgf]kof]uL l;kjf6 k|fKt x'g] x'gfn] s'g} klg
JolQmn] ;/n / ;kmn hLjgofkgsf nflu cfˆgf] hLjgdf
hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ nfu' ug{'kb{5 .
#= tYofÍ Joj:yfkgdf l8lh6n ;fwgsf] k|of]u ubf{ s'g s'g
kIfx¿df Wofg lbg ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 < s'g} kfFrcf]6f Wofg lbg'kg]{
kIfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
tYofÍ ;Íngb]lv e08f/0f;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofnfO{ tYofÍ
Joj:yfkg elgG5 . klxn] klxn] tYofÍ Joj:yfkgdf ;a} sfd
dflg;n] cfkm} ug{'kYof]{ eg] xfn u'un kmd{, ;fdflhs ;~hfn
tyf lel8of] ;Dd]ng cg'k|of]u h:tf tYofÍ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
ljleGg ;ˆ6j]o/ / PlKns];gx¿sf] cfljisf/ ePsf] 5 . tYofÍ
Joj:yfkgdf l8lh6n ;fwgsf] k|of]u ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . s'g}
klg cWoog cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;kmn agfpg / l56f] ;DkGg ug{
l8lh6n ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u h?/L 5 . tYofÍ k|zf]wg ug{,
tYofÍsf] ;fÍ]ltsLs/0f ug{, tYofÍsf] juL{s/0f ug{, tYofÍsf]
tflnsLs/0f ug{, tYofÍsf] e08f/0f ug{ cflb sfo{df sDKo'6/
;ˆ6j]o/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . MS Excel, SPSS, CSPro,
Nvivo h:tf ljleGg ;ˆ6j]o/x¿sf] k|of]u u/L cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf ;Íng ul/Psf tYofÍx¿sf] e/kbf k|zf]wg / Joj:yfkg
ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ tYofÍ Joj:yfkgdf l8lh6n ;fwgsf] k|of]u
ubf{ lgDg kfFr kIfx¿df Wofg lbg ;Nnfx lbG5' M
➢ u'un kmd{df k|ZgfjnL tof/ u/L Od]n jf cGo
;~rf/;fwgdfkm{t pQ/bftf;dIf k7fO cfjZos tYofÍ
;Íng ug{ ;lsG5 .
➢ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u u/L nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn ug{
;lsG5 .
➢ lel8of] ;Dd]ng cg'k|of]usf] k|of]u u/L cGtjf{tf{ lng tyf
nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .
➢ glthf k|af]wLs/0f ubf{ l8lh6n ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{'k5{
h;n] cfˆgf] cg';Gwfgsf] glthf l56f]5l/tf] k|sfzg tyf
k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
➢ tYofÍsf] e08f/0f ug{ klg l8lh6n ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{'k5{
h;n] ubf{ cg';Gwfgaf/] s'g} k|Zg p7]df jf To:t} vfnsf
cg';Gwfg kl5 ug{'k/]df ;d]t oL tYofÍ k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .

22
$= cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf p2]Zox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf]; .
cg';Gwfg eGgfn] s'g} 36gf jf ljifoj:t'sf] Jojl:yt tyf
qmda4 cWoog xf] . of] eO/x]sf] 1fgdf ;'wf/ ug]{, yk ug]{ jf
gofF 1fgsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ xf]. of] Pp6f lglZrt ljlw k"/f u/L
;DkGg ul/G5 / o;df ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ / k|Zgsf]
pQ/ vf]hL ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .
cg';Gwfgsf p2]Zox¿
➢ gofF gofF 1fg Pjd tYox¿ kQf nufpg' .
➢ s'g} klg 36gf jf ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[t cWoog / ljZn]if0f
ug{' .
➢ s'g} klg 36gfsf] sf/0f klxrfg ug{' .
➢ eO/x]sf] l;4fGtx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{' .
➢ ljut / jt{dfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ eljiosf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{' .
➢ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ kQf nufpg' cflb .
%= ;fdflhs cWoogdf k|of]u x'g] cWoog ljlwx¿ s] s] x'g <
s'g} Ps ljlwsf] 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{'xf]; .
;fdflhs 36gfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tQjx¿sf] sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw
a'‰gsf nflu ul/g] cWoog ug]{ ;fdflhs cWoog xf] . ;fdflhs
cWoog ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] cWoog ljlwx¿ lgDgfg';f/
5g M
s= 5nkmn ljlw v= k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw u= cjnf]sg ljlw
3= cGtjf{tf{ ljlw ª= ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw 5= kl/of]hgf ljlw
r If]qe|d0f ljlw h= k|bz{g ljlw
em= 36gf jf dfdnf cWoog ljlw
plNnlvt ljlwx¿dWo] k|Zgfg';f/ oxf+ 5nkmn ljlwsf] af/]df
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M s== 5nkmn ljlwM of] ljlw lzIfs–ljBfyL{ jf
ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{lar ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg u/L Ps lgisif{df k'Ug]
ljlw xf] . o;df lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ljleGg ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L
k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of jf d'2f lbO{
5nkmn u/L To;sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg nufOG5 . ;fdflhs
cWoogdf cfw'lgstf / o;sf] c;/, kfl/jfl/s ;d:of,
;fdflhs ;d:of, jftfj/0fLo ;d:of h:tf d'2fx¿nfO{
5nkmnsf] ljifosf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
^ kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ tyf u'0ffTds tYofÍsf] pbfx/0f;lxt
5f]6f] rrf{ ug{'xf]; .
kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ tyf u'0ffTds tYofÍsf] 5'§f5'§} lgDgfg';f/
rrrf{ ul/Psf] 5M
s= kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ M kl/df0ffTds tYofÍ eg]sf] s'g}
kl/df0f, /sd jf bfo/f a'emfpg] tYofÍ xf] . o;nfO{ ;Îofdf
JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M !) s]=lh= tf}n, !)) ?lkofF cfDbfgL
jf vr{ cflb. o:tf] tYofÍnfO{ tYofÍzf:qLo ljlwx¿ k|of]u u/L
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
v= u'0ffTds tYofÍ M u'0ffTds tYofÍ eGgfn] s'g} JolQm, j:t',
36gf cflbsf u'0fx¿ jf ljz]iftfx¿ a'emfpg] tYofÍ xf] .
o;nfO{ ;Îofdf JoQm ug{ ;lsb}g . h:t}M cUnf], xf]rf], sfnf],
uf]/f], c;n, v/fa cflb . o:tf tYofÍnfO{ tYofÍzf:qLo
ljZn]if0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsb}g .
&= tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿ slt k|sf/sf 5g < pbfx/0f;lxt k|i6
kfg{'xf]; .
tYofÍ eg]sf] ck|zf]lwt jf sRrf tYo xf]. of] s'g} klg tYo jf
zAb, jfSo, lrq, ;Í]tsf] ljj/0f xf] h;sf] ;du|tfaf6 ;"rgfsf]
lgdf{0f ul/G5 . tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿ @ k|sf/sf 5g
s= k|fylds ;|f]tM s'g} JolQm, ;‹;+:yf jf lgsfosf] k|ToIf
;+nUgtfdf pTkfbg ul/Psf] tYofÍ k|fylds ;|f]t xf] . o:tf]
;|f]taf6 k|fKt tYofÍx¿ First hand Information df cfwfl/t
x'G5g . o:tf] ;|f]taf6 jf:tljs tYofÍ k|fKt x'G5 . ;j]{If0f,
cGtjf{tf{, If]qe|d0f, cjnf]sg cflbaf6 ;Íng ul/Psf tYofÍ
k|fylds ;|f]t x'g . k|fylds ;|f]taf6 tYofÍ ;Íng ubf{ a9L
;do, kl/>d / vr{ nfU5 .
v= låtLo ;|f]tM cg';Gwfgstf{ jfx]s cGo s'g} JolQm, ;‹;+:yf
jf lgsfosf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfdf pTkfbg gu/L cGo ;|f]taf6
lnOPsf] tYofÍ g} låtLo ;|f]t xf]. o:tf tYofÍx¿ First hand
Information df cfwfl/t x'b}gg . o:tf tYofÍ k|sflzt jf
ck|sflzt b'j} x'g ;S5g . hgu0fgf, k':ts, kqklqsf, OG6/g]6
tyf cGo ;~rf/ dfWod cflb tYofÍsf låtLo ;|f]tx¿ x'g .
* ;x;DaGw slt k|sf/sf 5g < 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{'xf]; .
;x;DaGw tLg k|sf/sf 5g . tL x'g M
s= ;sf/fTds jf wgfTds ;x;DaGwM Pp6f ljifoIf]q jf r/sf]
j[l4 x'Fbf csf]{ ljifo If]qsf] klg j[l4 x'G5 eg] To;nfO{
;sf/fTds ;x;DaGw elgG5 . o;df Pp6f ljifo jf r/sf]
pGgltdf csf]{sf] klg pNnl; clg Pp6fsf] cjgltdf csf]{sf]
klg cjglt x'G5 . h:t}M hf8f] a9bf Gofgf] sk8fsf] dfu a9g'
.
v = gsf/fTds jf C0ffTds ;x;DaGwM Pp6f ljifoIf]q jf
r/sf] j[l4 x'Fbf csf]{ ljifo If]q jf r/df lu/fj6 x'g' jf 36g'nfO{
gsf/fTds ;x;DjGw elgG5 . o;df b'O{cf]6f ljifo jf
r/x¿ljrdf Pscsf{sf] lbzf leGg x'G5 . h:t} udL{ a9]kl5
Gofgf] sk8fsf] dfu 36g' .
u= z"Go ;x;DaGwM Pp6f ljifoIf]q jf r/sf] kl/jt{g cfpFbf
csf]{ ljifo If]qdf s'g} c;/ ub}{g eg] To;nfO{ z"Go ;x;DjGw
elgG5 . o;df ljifo If]q jf r/x¿ Ps csf{df ;DalGwt x'b}g
. h:t} hf8f] jf udL{ a9f]; t/ vfBfGgsf] d"Nodf s'g} kl/jt{g
b]lvGg .
(= sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwsf af/]df ;If]kdf rrf{ ug{'xf]; .
s'g} sfd / To;sf] kl/0ffd Ps csf{df ;DalGwt 5g eg]
To;nfO{ sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw elgG5 . b'O{ ljifodf Psn] csf]{nfO{
kf/]sf] k|efj jf Pp6f ljifodf kl/jt{g cfpg csf]{ s;/L sf/0f
aGg ;S5 eg]/ ul/g] cWoog g} sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw xf]. h:t}M
k|fljlws lzIffsf] ljsf; sf/0f xf] eg] /f]huf/Ldf j[l4 sfo{ xf]
. To;}n] k|fljlws lzIff tyf /f]huf/ljr sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw 5 .
To:t} w"d|kfgdf j[l4 sf/0f xf] eg] SofG;/ x'g' sfo{ xf]. To;}n]
w"d|kfg tyf SofG;/ ljr sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw 5 . o;df s'g}

Social-Study-and-Life-Development-Education-Reading-Material-unit-one-to-six (1).pdf

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