Social influences on sporting behaviours what is socialization Types of socialization coaching and socialization culture and socialization

2. The process where by people acquire
the rules of behavior and the systems
of beliefs and attitudes that equip a
person to function effectively as a
member of society.
(Durkin 1995)

3. There are two types of socialisation.
 Primary Socialisation;
Primary socialisation is used to mean
socialisation by the family, especially by our
parents.

4.  Secondary socialisation is used to
mean socialisation by the friends,
teachers and in the case of young
athletes , coaches and team mates are
also include.

5.  The quality of relationship between
the child and the socialising agent is
crucial because without this the child
will not seek to identify with the adult
and is thus less likely to be influenced
by them.

6. one of the most critical socialising
influences on serious participants in
sport, whether children or adults, is their
coach.
Coaching is more a matter of dealing
with people than of disseminating
knowledge.
( Terry 1991)

7. Triandis (1991) divided culture into two
categories.
1. Primarily Individualist;
Cultures such as Europe and North America
place much more emphasis on the
individual.
2. Primarily Collectivist;
More collectivist cultures such as China and
Japan place a great deal of emphasis on
groups.

8.  Culture differences in socialisation can
also be seen in sport related attitudes
e.g. towards cooperation, competition,
achievement and winning.

9. Group;
Two or more persons who interact
with one another such that each
person influences and is influenced by
each other person.
(Moorhead and Griffin 1998)

10. Team;
A small number of people with
complementary skills who are
committed to a common purpose,
common performance goals and an
approach for which they hold
themselves mutually accountable.
(Moorhead and Griffin 1998)

11. 1. Forming Stage;
The group members get to know
each other and basic rules for the
conduct of group members are
established.

12. 2. Storming Stage;
Members compete for status in
the group and group members
take on different roles.

13. 3. Norming Stage;
The group settles down and
group members develop attachments t each
other and to the group.
4. Performing Stage;
The group becomes oriented
towards the task they have come together
for and begins to achieve their goals.

14. 5. Adjourning Stage;
The task of the group has been
accomplished and the group drifts
apart.

15. The term social facilitation describes the ways
in which our performance can be affected by
the presence of others.
Under some circumstances the presence of
other people enhances our performance.
However under other circumstances our effort
and our ability to make decisions can be
adversely affected by others.

16.  Co-action effects occur when other people
are carrying out the same task alongside you,
as takes place in a race, or when training with
friends or team mates.
 Audience effects occur when we are being
watched.

17.  Zajonc (1965) proposed that the reason why
the presence of others affects performance
is because it directly raises arousal levels.
 Drive theory proposes that heightened
arousal produces a better performance
when the task is simple and/or the
performer is an expert.

18.  Heightened arousal produces a worse
performance, however, when the task
is complex or the performer is a
novice. It follows therefore that the
presence of others will lead to a better
performance for expert athletes but a
worse performance for novices.

19.  Cottrell (1968) offered an alternative
to Zajone’s drive theory to explain
why the presence of others might lead
to increased arousal.

20.  In evaluation-apprehension theory,
the presence of others causes an
increase in our arousal because we
feel that we are about to be evaluated.
If we are competent in the task to be
observed then we are likely to feel

21. Confident and the effect of the
observer on the performance will be
confident. If we are a novice, however,
then the anxiety that results from the
belief that we are about to be judged
and found wanting increases our
arousal levels and so spoils our
performance.