Toowoomba began as a transport hub at Drayton for bullock wagons carrying wool and supplies. It grew due to its location at the base of the range, which provided access to the fertile Darling Downs lands and a watering hole. The railway line further increased Toowoomba's importance as a transport and commercial center, serving the agricultural industries of the region. Today, Toowoomba has developed into a major regional center providing educational, cultural, commercial and other services to the Darling Downs.
The document discusses different types of settlements and urban models. It defines a settlement as a place where people live, from a single house to a large city. Settlement sites are chosen based on factors like proximity to water and transport routes. Larger settlements become hierarchical centers that provide more services. Urban models in more economically developed countries include concentric zones like the central business district and suburbs. Models in less economically developed countries have informal shanty towns and greater inequality.
This slideshow covers AICE syllabus content on settlement dynamics. There are various interactive resources and assessments at the end of the presentation. Enjoy!
AP Human Geography: Unit 7 - Urban Geography and DevelopmentDaniel Eiland
Unit 7 discusses key concepts in urban geography including:
1) Urban geography focuses on how cities function internally and are influenced externally. It studies city systems and internal city structures.
2) Urbanized areas contain cities located close together without clear boundaries. Metropolitan areas contain urbanized areas and surrounding commuting regions.
3) Louis Wirth defined cities as large permanent settlements with high density and social heterogeneity. Ancient cities served as centers of power, religion, education, and trade.
4) Pull factors that attracted rural migrants to cities included economic opportunities and infrastructure. World cities have global socioeconomic impacts while mega cities exceed 10 million people.
Settlement Yr 11 Revision Class For Ocr Spec AKateW
Rural to urban migration is occurring in many countries. In LEDCs, people move to cities for opportunities, but often live in poor conditions. Squatter settlements lack facilities and diseases are common. Solutions include self-help housing schemes but LEDCs lack resources. In MEDCs, cities implement land use zones like central business districts and suburbs. Traffic is managed through methods such as ring roads and public transit. Urban to rural migration also occurs as people move to rural areas for higher quality of life.
The document discusses the evolution of cities from ancient times to the present. It describes the five original hearths of urbanization in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, China, and Mesoamerica. It then covers the growth of urban areas in Greece, Rome, Europe, and other parts of the world throughout history. The document also outlines models of urban development and John Borchert's four-stage model of American metropolitan evolution from the 18th to 20th centuries.
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
The document discusses different types of settlements and urban models. It defines a settlement as a place where people live, from a single house to a large city. Settlement sites are chosen based on factors like proximity to water and transport routes. Larger settlements become hierarchical centers that provide more services. Urban models in more economically developed countries include concentric zones like the central business district and suburbs. Models in less economically developed countries have informal shanty towns and greater inequality.
This slideshow covers AICE syllabus content on settlement dynamics. There are various interactive resources and assessments at the end of the presentation. Enjoy!
AP Human Geography: Unit 7 - Urban Geography and DevelopmentDaniel Eiland
Unit 7 discusses key concepts in urban geography including:
1) Urban geography focuses on how cities function internally and are influenced externally. It studies city systems and internal city structures.
2) Urbanized areas contain cities located close together without clear boundaries. Metropolitan areas contain urbanized areas and surrounding commuting regions.
3) Louis Wirth defined cities as large permanent settlements with high density and social heterogeneity. Ancient cities served as centers of power, religion, education, and trade.
4) Pull factors that attracted rural migrants to cities included economic opportunities and infrastructure. World cities have global socioeconomic impacts while mega cities exceed 10 million people.
Settlement Yr 11 Revision Class For Ocr Spec AKateW
Rural to urban migration is occurring in many countries. In LEDCs, people move to cities for opportunities, but often live in poor conditions. Squatter settlements lack facilities and diseases are common. Solutions include self-help housing schemes but LEDCs lack resources. In MEDCs, cities implement land use zones like central business districts and suburbs. Traffic is managed through methods such as ring roads and public transit. Urban to rural migration also occurs as people move to rural areas for higher quality of life.
The document discusses the evolution of cities from ancient times to the present. It describes the five original hearths of urbanization in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, China, and Mesoamerica. It then covers the growth of urban areas in Greece, Rome, Europe, and other parts of the world throughout history. The document also outlines models of urban development and John Borchert's four-stage model of American metropolitan evolution from the 18th to 20th centuries.
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
This document discusses the growth and development of towns. It begins by explaining that town growth is necessary for better accommodation and living. Towns can be classified based on location, function, shape, and size. The stages of town growth are then outlined, with Sir Patrick identifying three stages and Lewis identifying six stages ranging from initial growth to decline. Common patterns of town growth include concentric spread, ribbon development, and satellite growth, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Scattered growth is also discussed as an irregular form of development that can lead to issues.
The document discusses urban population growth and models of urban land use. It notes that the number of people living in cities has increased to 50% of the world's population by the 20th century. Most of the growth has occurred in developing countries, where 24 of the 30 largest cities are expected to be located by 2015. Urban areas in developing countries face issues like chaotic urban sprawl, poor living conditions, and inequality compared to cities in developed nations. The document also outlines common urban land use models seen in major cities of developed and developing countries.
Ch11, Fellman, urban geography, w topics and slides added, classroom use onlyFulton County Schools
AP Human Geography, Northview High School, Fulton County Schools, Classroom Use, Urban Geography, Human Geography, Eleventh Edition, Fellman, Bjelland, Getis, Chapter 11, Urban, Urban-Systems, Urbanization, High School, Advanced-Placement, College-Board
Human geography 7e lecture_ch11_urbanizationSusan White
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to urbanization and the global urban system. It discusses topics like urban expansion, gateway cities, central place theory, primacy, megacities, deindustrialization, and the relationship between cities and climate change. The document uses figures and diagrams to illustrate urbanization trends and patterns within and between urban places over time. It also provides examples and prompts for readers to apply their knowledge.
The document discusses different types of urban settlements according to size, shape, function, and location. It describes nucleated, linear, and dispersed settlement shapes. Industrial towns, market towns, ports, and seaside resorts are discussed according to function. Rural settlements are contrasted with urban settlements based on demographics, land usage, population density, transportation, and economic dependencies. Rapid urbanization in developing countries and the growth of megacities are also summarized.
1. The document discusses various concepts related to urban geography including characteristics of African and European cities, models of urban land use and city structure, factors influencing urban growth and change over time, and challenges faced by cities.
2. Key concepts covered include central place theory, concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, functions of ancient cities, characteristics of northern and southern ghettos, and push/pull factors of rural to urban migration.
3. The document provides definitions and explanations of over 50 terms related to cities and urbanization.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a geography textbook, including:
1) It outlines the evolution of human geography from early agricultural societies to the development of trade networks and empires in the premodern world.
2) It then discusses the rise of the modern world system starting in the 15th century, including European colonialism, imperialism, and the international division of labor that structured relationships between core and peripheral regions.
3) Finally, it examines contemporary globalization and increasing interconnectedness worldwide in terms of economic production, environmental and health issues, and the spread of Western culture and ideas.
The document discusses the spatial development and history of urban areas. It covers topics like the earliest cities, urbanism, architecture styles through history in places like ancient Greece and Rome, medieval Europe, and more recent colonial, industrial, and modern cities. It also examines urban models and trends in global urbanization, including the growth of megacities in developing regions and concepts like primate and gateway cities.
Social and cultural environment refers to the influences of social factors outside of companies that shape culture. Culture includes aspects like art, beliefs, and customs that are learned, shared between groups, and passed down through generations. It is also symbolic and adaptive.
Key social and cultural factors that influence the environment include attitudes, religion, education, ethics, and social responsibility. Cultures create distinctions and identities for groups. When businesses expand globally, they must understand differences in work motivations, business goals, customs, and human relations across cultures.
Culture determines attitudes toward work, business, education, and goods and services. For example, cultures differ in their emphasis on individualism versus collectivism, discipline, education, and
The document outlines plans to empower women through training programs. It proposes training women to be more creative and utilize their talents in order to decrease unemployment and increase income. Specific strategies include training women in skills appropriate to their talents using good teachers, finding women's competencies and providing capital or resources, developing agricultural and home industry businesses, and teaching women to utilize natural resources by processing plants and developing tourism. It also discusses how to make the village cleaner and more peaceful through community social work and patrols to reduce litter and planting trees.
This document discusses high and low context cultures, as well as Hofstede's cultural dimensions including power distance, individualism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. It provides examples of cultures that tend to be high or low context. It also outlines Hofstede's dimension scores for several countries and discusses how these dimensions can be applied when considering interactions within companies and with consumers in international marketing.
The document discusses various social factors that affect business environment such as employees, customers, unions, organizational behavior, culture, education, and corporate social responsibility. It provides examples of how businesses create a positive social environment through initiatives like transportation and security for employees. Discrimination based on caste and gender are also discussed. The impact of competition, education, culture, and social change on business is summarized. Successful women business leaders and case studies of businesses adapting to social trends are presented.
This document discusses several key aspects of Philippine culture and history. It notes that the Philippines was the first republic in Asia and had a unique cultural heritage as a predominantly Christian nation in Asia. It also discusses the population growth over time, social classes, major languages, and the good and bad traits of Filipinos according to one observer. The document emphasizes that the Philippines is an important and unique nation because of its gift of faith, arts, sciences, and culture and that Filipinos must embrace their diversity and help tribal peoples.
This document discusses strategies for promoting a safe and positive social and cultural environment in schools. It outlines that teachers should provide a warm, supportive environment with low levels of fear. It also discusses the importance of schools being psychologically and physically safe for students, where they do not feel threatened and are protected from harm. The document then provides strategies for teachers, students, and parents to promote a safe school environment, such as developing social skills in students, creating buddy systems, and encouraging communication between schools and parents. Finally, it discusses how developing human relation skills like friendliness, maintaining a positive attitude, listening, and giving compliments can help create a positive environment.
This document provides an overview of the legal environment of business, including topics such as business contracts, non-corporate business entities, and law relating to corporate business entities. It discusses the philosophy of law, including definitions of law, the purpose of law, sources of law, and classifications of law. The key topics covered are rules accepted by a community to regulate behavior, legislation as the most important source of law, and the distinction between imperative, natural, conventional, customary, civil, and other types of law.
Social and cultural Environment - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
The socio-cultural fabric is an important environmental factor that should be analysed while formulating business strategies. The cost of ignoring the customs, traditions, taboos, tastes and preferences, etc., of people could be very high.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
The document summarizes India's political and economic environment in the early 1990s and the impact of the 1991 New Economic Policy reforms. Key points include: India faced a balance of payments crisis in 1991 which led to economic reforms including liberalization, privatization, and globalization. The reforms reshaped India's business environment and increased economic growth rates, improving India's global economic position. Long-term socialist policies shifted to a more open market economy after the 1991 reforms.
A brief overview of the relationship between business and the social environment, touching on corporate social responsibility and the effect of social changes on business.
Gaurav Patel presented on the social and cultural environment and how it affects business. He defined the social environment as all social factors that impact business, noting that businesses operate within societies and are influenced by societal elements like family, education, and religion. The presentation also covered cultural environment and factors, explaining that socio-cultural environments consist of a population's beliefs, customs, and behaviors. Finally, the presentation provided examples of how specific social and cultural elements like family, education, and religion influence business and analyzed McDonald's success in India by adapting to the local social environment.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems and ideologies around the world, such as democracy, totalitarianism, and different forms of government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses political risks, establishing political strategies, different legal systems, and the role of lobbying in influencing government decisions.
This document discusses the growth and development of towns. It begins by explaining that town growth is necessary for better accommodation and living. Towns can be classified based on location, function, shape, and size. The stages of town growth are then outlined, with Sir Patrick identifying three stages and Lewis identifying six stages ranging from initial growth to decline. Common patterns of town growth include concentric spread, ribbon development, and satellite growth, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Scattered growth is also discussed as an irregular form of development that can lead to issues.
The document discusses urban population growth and models of urban land use. It notes that the number of people living in cities has increased to 50% of the world's population by the 20th century. Most of the growth has occurred in developing countries, where 24 of the 30 largest cities are expected to be located by 2015. Urban areas in developing countries face issues like chaotic urban sprawl, poor living conditions, and inequality compared to cities in developed nations. The document also outlines common urban land use models seen in major cities of developed and developing countries.
Ch11, Fellman, urban geography, w topics and slides added, classroom use onlyFulton County Schools
AP Human Geography, Northview High School, Fulton County Schools, Classroom Use, Urban Geography, Human Geography, Eleventh Edition, Fellman, Bjelland, Getis, Chapter 11, Urban, Urban-Systems, Urbanization, High School, Advanced-Placement, College-Board
Human geography 7e lecture_ch11_urbanizationSusan White
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to urbanization and the global urban system. It discusses topics like urban expansion, gateway cities, central place theory, primacy, megacities, deindustrialization, and the relationship between cities and climate change. The document uses figures and diagrams to illustrate urbanization trends and patterns within and between urban places over time. It also provides examples and prompts for readers to apply their knowledge.
The document discusses different types of urban settlements according to size, shape, function, and location. It describes nucleated, linear, and dispersed settlement shapes. Industrial towns, market towns, ports, and seaside resorts are discussed according to function. Rural settlements are contrasted with urban settlements based on demographics, land usage, population density, transportation, and economic dependencies. Rapid urbanization in developing countries and the growth of megacities are also summarized.
1. The document discusses various concepts related to urban geography including characteristics of African and European cities, models of urban land use and city structure, factors influencing urban growth and change over time, and challenges faced by cities.
2. Key concepts covered include central place theory, concentric zone model, sector model, multiple nuclei model, functions of ancient cities, characteristics of northern and southern ghettos, and push/pull factors of rural to urban migration.
3. The document provides definitions and explanations of over 50 terms related to cities and urbanization.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a geography textbook, including:
1) It outlines the evolution of human geography from early agricultural societies to the development of trade networks and empires in the premodern world.
2) It then discusses the rise of the modern world system starting in the 15th century, including European colonialism, imperialism, and the international division of labor that structured relationships between core and peripheral regions.
3) Finally, it examines contemporary globalization and increasing interconnectedness worldwide in terms of economic production, environmental and health issues, and the spread of Western culture and ideas.
The document discusses the spatial development and history of urban areas. It covers topics like the earliest cities, urbanism, architecture styles through history in places like ancient Greece and Rome, medieval Europe, and more recent colonial, industrial, and modern cities. It also examines urban models and trends in global urbanization, including the growth of megacities in developing regions and concepts like primate and gateway cities.
Social and cultural environment refers to the influences of social factors outside of companies that shape culture. Culture includes aspects like art, beliefs, and customs that are learned, shared between groups, and passed down through generations. It is also symbolic and adaptive.
Key social and cultural factors that influence the environment include attitudes, religion, education, ethics, and social responsibility. Cultures create distinctions and identities for groups. When businesses expand globally, they must understand differences in work motivations, business goals, customs, and human relations across cultures.
Culture determines attitudes toward work, business, education, and goods and services. For example, cultures differ in their emphasis on individualism versus collectivism, discipline, education, and
The document outlines plans to empower women through training programs. It proposes training women to be more creative and utilize their talents in order to decrease unemployment and increase income. Specific strategies include training women in skills appropriate to their talents using good teachers, finding women's competencies and providing capital or resources, developing agricultural and home industry businesses, and teaching women to utilize natural resources by processing plants and developing tourism. It also discusses how to make the village cleaner and more peaceful through community social work and patrols to reduce litter and planting trees.
This document discusses high and low context cultures, as well as Hofstede's cultural dimensions including power distance, individualism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. It provides examples of cultures that tend to be high or low context. It also outlines Hofstede's dimension scores for several countries and discusses how these dimensions can be applied when considering interactions within companies and with consumers in international marketing.
The document discusses various social factors that affect business environment such as employees, customers, unions, organizational behavior, culture, education, and corporate social responsibility. It provides examples of how businesses create a positive social environment through initiatives like transportation and security for employees. Discrimination based on caste and gender are also discussed. The impact of competition, education, culture, and social change on business is summarized. Successful women business leaders and case studies of businesses adapting to social trends are presented.
This document discusses several key aspects of Philippine culture and history. It notes that the Philippines was the first republic in Asia and had a unique cultural heritage as a predominantly Christian nation in Asia. It also discusses the population growth over time, social classes, major languages, and the good and bad traits of Filipinos according to one observer. The document emphasizes that the Philippines is an important and unique nation because of its gift of faith, arts, sciences, and culture and that Filipinos must embrace their diversity and help tribal peoples.
This document discusses strategies for promoting a safe and positive social and cultural environment in schools. It outlines that teachers should provide a warm, supportive environment with low levels of fear. It also discusses the importance of schools being psychologically and physically safe for students, where they do not feel threatened and are protected from harm. The document then provides strategies for teachers, students, and parents to promote a safe school environment, such as developing social skills in students, creating buddy systems, and encouraging communication between schools and parents. Finally, it discusses how developing human relation skills like friendliness, maintaining a positive attitude, listening, and giving compliments can help create a positive environment.
This document provides an overview of the legal environment of business, including topics such as business contracts, non-corporate business entities, and law relating to corporate business entities. It discusses the philosophy of law, including definitions of law, the purpose of law, sources of law, and classifications of law. The key topics covered are rules accepted by a community to regulate behavior, legislation as the most important source of law, and the distinction between imperative, natural, conventional, customary, civil, and other types of law.
Social and cultural Environment - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
The socio-cultural fabric is an important environmental factor that should be analysed while formulating business strategies. The cost of ignoring the customs, traditions, taboos, tastes and preferences, etc., of people could be very high.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
The document summarizes India's political and economic environment in the early 1990s and the impact of the 1991 New Economic Policy reforms. Key points include: India faced a balance of payments crisis in 1991 which led to economic reforms including liberalization, privatization, and globalization. The reforms reshaped India's business environment and increased economic growth rates, improving India's global economic position. Long-term socialist policies shifted to a more open market economy after the 1991 reforms.
A brief overview of the relationship between business and the social environment, touching on corporate social responsibility and the effect of social changes on business.
Gaurav Patel presented on the social and cultural environment and how it affects business. He defined the social environment as all social factors that impact business, noting that businesses operate within societies and are influenced by societal elements like family, education, and religion. The presentation also covered cultural environment and factors, explaining that socio-cultural environments consist of a population's beliefs, customs, and behaviors. Finally, the presentation provided examples of how specific social and cultural elements like family, education, and religion influence business and analyzed McDonald's success in India by adapting to the local social environment.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems and ideologies around the world, such as democracy, totalitarianism, and different forms of government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses political risks, establishing political strategies, different legal systems, and the role of lobbying in influencing government decisions.
The document describes various characteristics used to describe settlements, including site, situation, function, shape, population, and area. It discusses important site factors that influenced where settlements were located, such as access to water sources, defensive positioning, and shelter from aspects. Situation describes a settlement's location in relation to other features. Function refers to a settlement's main economic and social activities. Shape can be dispersed, nucleated, or linear. Settlement hierarchies rank settlements based on size and importance.
This document is a report by Wong De-Vin about their final project to design a better livable town. It discusses the requirements of the two-part project, which involves producing a report and video about a future town (Part A), and building a model and presentation boards as part of a group (Part B). It also provides background information on what defines cities and towns historically and currently, including factors like population size, administration, and identity. The report examines examples of ancient and modern settlements to understand the key elements that make a place livable and give it a distinct identity as a city.
Geography IGCSE Urban Settlements Secondary LevelAgung Putra
The Urban Settlements topic in IGCSE Geography covers the study of cities and towns, focusing on their development, characteristics, functions, and challenges. Students will learn about the factors that influence the location and growth of urban areas, as well as the social, economic, and environmental issues that arise in urban settlements. They will also explore concepts such as urbanization, urban planning, and sustainable development. Through case studies and examples from around the world, students will gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of urban settlements and the importance of effective urban management.
This document provides an outline for a student project proposing a new town plan. It includes sections on investigating ancient, present and future towns, as well as guidelines for what makes a good town. Some key points covered are the importance of mixed-use neighborhoods, buildings of varying ages and sizes, living spaces downtown and near transit, and public squares at intersections. Street trees, rooftop gardens, and connections to airports and rail are also discussed as important elements of livable towns. The student will use this research to propose a new town plan and build a model of it for their assignment.
This document provides an overview of a student project to propose a better and livable town for Malaysians. It includes definitions of cities and towns, the differences between them, guidelines for townships, and concepts for future towns. Sections discuss investigating ancient and current towns as well as proposing a new town called "HEXICO" that incorporates sustainability principles. The document outlines the student's research process and relates the project to elements of the natural and built environment.
Settlements have traditionally located based on various physical and economic factors. Physically, early settlements were often located near water sources like rivers for drinking, farming, and transport. They also sought shelter, defensive positions, and fertile land. Economically, settlements grew where important resources could be accessed, like food, building materials, fuel, and later minerals and other industries. As populations increased, nodal points at river confluences or mountain passes became important settlement sites. Over time, settlements have taken on various functions and hierarchies based on their population, services, and sphere of influence.
The document discusses different types of settlements and urban models. It defines a settlement as a place where people live, from a single house to a large city. Settlement sites are chosen based on factors like proximity to water and transport routes. Larger settlements become hierarchical centers that provide more services. Urban models in more economically developed countries include concentric zones like the central business district and suburbs. Models in less economically developed countries have informal shanty towns and greater inequality. The document also discusses problems of urbanization like congestion and ways to make cities more sustainable.
The document discusses various models of urban land use and patterns of urban growth. It describes the stages of urbanization, from very slow growth to periods of rapid urban growth and suburbanization. Issues caused by rapid urban growth in LEDCs are also examined, such as insufficient housing and strain on services. Examples provided discuss efforts to improve quality of life in LEDC cities through better transportation, housing, and waste management.
This document discusses settlements in geography. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and interact through activities like agriculture, trading, and entertainment. Settlements help understand the relationship between humans and their environment. Factors that influence settlement locations include resources, soils, shelter from the elements, and defense from enemies. The document then discusses different types of settlement patterns like nucleated, dispersed, and linear, as well as hierarchies of urban settlements from world metropolises to smaller cities. It also discusses problems associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries.
The document provides details about the ancient city of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec civilization founded in 1325. It describes the city's layout as built on an island in a lake, with a grid plan and connected to the mainland by three causeways. The center of the city contained large temples and plazas. It highlights the city's advanced water and agricultural systems, including aqueducts, dikes, and floating gardens called chinampas, which allowed the large population to be sustained. The document concludes by noting elements of Tenochtitlan's design that could be applied to the future city, such as its layout and structure centered around a large temple tower.
The document is a report on designing a better livable town. It discusses investigating ancient and old towns like Old Town Lunenburg to understand their design elements and significance. It also examines present towns and townships like Palmanova in Italy. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of future towns, noting they should have smart infrastructure, renewable energy, green spaces, and active citizen participation. The report emphasizes the need for sustainable development and argues increasing urban sprawl is not the solution to issues like housing shortages. Instead, it advocates densification and optimizing existing urban areas.
This document discusses several key concepts in urban geography including:
1) The growth of urban areas and how cities, suburbs, and metropolitan areas are defined. Urbanization has led to both advantages and disadvantages for areas, societies, and cultures.
2) Models of urban land use including the concentric zone model, sector model, and multiple nuclei model which describe how different functions are arranged within a city.
3) The functions of cities which provide essential services to residents like retail, transportation, business, education, and more. Cities concentrate these functions making them efficient.
Urban areas develop for reasons of transportation, natural resources, economic activity, and military, cultural or educational institutions. As urbanization increases, cities undergo changes to their lifestyle and landscape. Gentrification occurs when more affluent individuals move into lower-income areas, affecting the existing residents. Common city locations allow for good transportation access via rivers, lakes, coasts, and provide natural resources and centers of economic activity. The internal land use patterns of cities typically involve residential, industrial, and commercial zones, with lower income housing closer to the central business district. Three models - concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei - describe common urban land use and growth patterns, differing in the configuration of zones and districts. Cities serve
This document contains information about population and settlement topics for a GCSE revision unit. It includes definitions of key terms like population density and distribution. It discusses factors that influence population growth and changes over time, like China's one-child policy. It also covers pull factors that attract migrants to more economically developed countries. Regarding settlement, it defines types of settlements like primate cities and different zones within a concentric circle model of a city. It lists push factors that force rural to urban migration in less economically developed countries and problems associated with informal settlements.
This document provides an overview of urban economics, urbanization, and urban renewal/redevelopment. It discusses:
- The definition and scope of urban land economics and how it analyzes urban problems.
- The factors that influence the formation and growth of cities, including economic factors like agglomeration benefits that reinforce urbanization.
- The nature and forms of urbanization, including definitions, theories of urban growth, and policies around town expansion.
- The advantages and disadvantages of urbanization for economic activity and individuals.
- Issues around urban renewal, redevelopment, and maintaining quality in the urban environment as cities expand and change over time.
The document describes plans for a new floating city called Efkairia that will replace the doomed city of Sofhai. Sofhai, located between Thailand and Malaysia, is threatened by rising sea levels caused by global warming and melting icebergs. As the mayor, the author proposes building Efkairia to float on the sea to avoid demolishing the city. Efkairia will use renewable clean energy sources and provide an eco-friendly lifestyle while protecting citizens. The city will be zoned for various uses including business, agriculture, education, parks, industry, and government.
Draft Inner Melbourne Action Plan 2015-2025Stonnington
This document presents a draft inner Melbourne action plan for 2015-2025. It discusses challenges around maintaining liveability with population growth and outlines a vision, mission and goals. The plan aims to deliver social and transportation infrastructure, direct growth around transit, develop sustainable public spaces, manage economic transitions, and ensure development creates great neighborhoods. Achieving this will require creative, integrated actions across the region to preserve Melbourne's character, economy and society over the next decade.
DRAFT Inner Melbourne Action Plan Consultation document - Jan 2016Stonnington
This document presents a draft inner Melbourne action plan for 2015-2025. It discusses challenges around maintaining liveability with population growth and outlines a vision, mission and goals. The plan aims to deliver social and transportation infrastructure, direct growth around transit, develop sustainable public spaces, manage economic transitions, and ensure development creates great neighborhoods. Achieving this will require creative, integrated actions across the region to preserve Melbourne's character, economy and society over the next decade.
This document provides information about rural and urban habitats. It discusses rural settlements such as isolated hamlets and villages clustered around areas of intensive agriculture. It describes the characteristics of rural spaces, including extensive land use, large natural spaces, and a relationship with the environment. The document then covers urban habitats, noting that over 50% of the world's population is now urban. It discusses the functions and population density of cities. It also describes different urban structures and morphologies, like orthogonal, irregular, and radial plans. The document provides examples of historical city transformations and the current urban hierarchy, from small towns to megacities and world metropolises. It concludes by discussing both the opportunities and problems presented by urban areas.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. An ‘urban’ planet
First Cities – 5500 years ago
TODAY: 50% of population lives in a city.
Most urban development occurred in the last 150
years because of:
ACTIVITY 1 – complete before continuing
CHECK:
Population increase and the need for more living space
Industrial growth and the expansion and concentration of
the workforce
Economic growth and consumer demands for goods and
services
Government requirements to make living space more cost-
efficient
3. Communities and settlements
A community is a system of interacting and
interdependent social groups occupying a particular
area.
A community is characterised by patterns of
demography, ethnicity, income, family structure,
religion and culture.
Community groups reside in settlements that vary in
size from small hamlets to giant megacities.
Their location, size and structure depend on the
geographical features of an area and its historical,
economic and political development
SETTLEMENT IS THE RESIDENTIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE where people live and work
together to carry out a range of activities.
4. Types of communities
Mono-functional ( single purpose e.g. mining
town)
Multifunctional
Multicultural
Indigenous
Ecologically sustainable
Activity 2 Check:
Mono-functional: rely on a single function: Mt Isa ( mining) Thredbo(
Tourism) Port Kemble ( heavy industry) Richmond (airforce base).
Multi-functional: mix or range of productive functions such as
manufacturing, administration, govern, special purpose. ( Brisbane)
Multicultural: a community has specifically moved to welcome and
include people with a range of backgrounds ( Toowoomba)
Indigenous: preservation of cultural heritage an identity ( Arakun,
Cherbourg) sustainable: adopt ‘green’ practices to improve
Ecologically
environmental sustainability
5. Features of Settlements -
FUNCTIONS
Settlements provide a variety of
Commercial functions and services to
Residential residents. Therefore their design
and future planning feature a
Industrial broad range of land uses.
Administrative Some of these land uses,
however are not always
Utilities compatible while some need the
Transport advantage of agglomeration.
Education For example: Heavy industry is
Cultural not compatible with residential
areas, while light industry might
Special purposes be. Commercial and financial
open spaces/future development
institutions tend to agglomerate in
city centres where they can have
ACTIVITY 3 mutual access and locational
benefits. They can also the afford
CHEC the higher rent bids of the inner
K city. Today, advantages of
6. Hierarchy of Settlements
Their location, size and structure depend on the
geographical features of an area and its historical,
economic and political development .
Hierarchy – a ranking according to size and
‘importance’
Low-order functions: dominate small settlements
High-order functions: dominate large cities
Categories: High order
Conurbation functions
Metropolis Number of functions
City Duplication of functions
Large town Diversity of functions
Small town Number of residents
Village
Low order
hamlet
functions
ACTIVITY 4 ACTIVITY 5
7. Megacity - agglomerations
Global cities
Response to global markets and communication
advances
Largest; Tokyo ( Yokahama and Kawasaki) – 34
million people)
Most rapid growth of megacities – South America,
Africa and Asia
Lack infrastructural development
ACTIVITY 6
8. Where are most people living?
Influencing factors:
The distribution of population and settlements is
uneven. People tend to live in certain areas due
to:
Climate
Fertile soils
Availability of water
Forests or grasslands
Terrain that does not inhibit transport
Cultural and religious backgrounds
Level of technology and industry
Political history
Key global distribution points ( e.g. Hong Kong)
Global trade intersections ( e.g. Singapore)
ACTIVITY 7
10. Global population clusters
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Europe
NE North America
Sub-tropical E coast South America
11. Activity 1
While human settlements are not a new
phenomenon, their size, complexity and rate of
growth are.
What factors have contributed to the rapid growth
in the size, complexity and population of human
settlements since the Industrial Revolution?
List these and be able to explain how they have
contributed.
Where possible provide specific examples to
Back
support or highlight them.
12. Activity 2
Communities come in all shapes and sizes, and
may be found in a variety of settings depending
on their geographical, socio-economic, political
and environmental situations
For each of the community types listed, provide
an explanatory sentence.
Provide at least one example to demonstrate that
you understand the differences between them.
Back
13. Activity 3
What FUNCTIONS are evident in this photo? What ones are missing?
Why would they be missing from this photo? Where might you find
14. ACTIVITY 4
1
2
Order and name the type of Back
settlement
4
4
15. .Do you understand the terminology?
Complete the table to show that you understand the relationship between
range, threshold of a good and service and the size of the settlement
Goods of Range Threshold Settlement size How many of these function
Service LOW/MED LOW/MED Large city/ would you find in a settlement
/HIGH /HIGH town/ village like Toowoomba
MANY/FEW/NOT MANY
Milk and
paper
furniture
GP
Oncology
specialist
Car dealer
Business
bank
Upmarket ,
designer
fashions
16. ACTIVITY 5
Settlements of different sizes have different types and
numbers of functions.
The settlement provided goods and services to its residents.
What goods and services are provided depends on:
The RANGE of the good or service
Range (of a good or service) Usually used in the context
of the "outer range" of a good. This range refers to the
maximum distance over which a product can be sold
at a given price.
And
The THRESHOLD of the good or service
Threshold: Minimum demand necessary to support the
production and sale of a product, the delivery of a
Back
service or the pursuit of a business NEX
T
17. Transform the data from the map into a
detailed table. Convert the table into a
ACTIVITY 6 bar graph showing the number of
settlements in each of the three map
categories.
Back
Comment on the patterns of distribution using the 3 data
presentations you now have? Are there any anomalies?
18. ACTIVITY 7
Toowoomba lies at the gateway to the Darling Downs. The settlement began at Drayton., after
the Leslie Brothers established pastoral runs in the late 1820s
Read the abridged test of Toowoomba’s history taken from the Toowoomba Regional Council
website.
Identify the factors which determined the location and future growth of this regional centre. List
these. CHECK:
1. Drayton: Transport node for early bullock wagons
2. Toowoomba swamp: point of entry up the Range, watering hole.
3. Railway line (1849) – transport of produce from Darling Downs. Toowoomba become
main transport hub.
4. 1960 –designated as municipality
5. Town was incorporated in 1904 – recognised as regional centre for Downs.
6. Agricultural based industries develop because of rail access to Brisbane.
7. Car transport – spread of Toowoomba.
8. Today: regional educational, cultural, commercial, and service centre of the Darling
Downs region.
Key reasons for establishment and early growth: Site and situation.
•Climate
•Soils and productive agricultural area
•Water – available fresh water from springs
•Transport – Old Toll Bar Range entrance, Rail link to Brisbane and into Darling
Downs
•Development of industries
•Political History ( break up of squatter runs into agricultural lots for onto Social
Move farming
Environments
19. Short history of Toowoomba - the
settlement
Bullock wagons, the early means of transport to Toowoomba and the Darling Downs,
carried wool from the great pioneering stations to the port at Moreton Bay, and brought
supplies from the coast to the stations.
The earliest township in this area was Drayton, a small trading and service settlement,
at a gully where the tracks of the early bullock teamsters met.
Land at a nearby swamp was surveyed in 1849 as the Drayton Agricultural Reserve.
Town blocks between the east and west swamps were surveyed in 1853 and became
Toowoomba. Early urban development of Toowoomba was in James Street which
carried the traffic from the Toll Bar on the range en route to Drayton and beyond.
The opening of the railway line from Ipswich to Toowoomba in 1867 and extension of
the line to the south and west moved the focus of the town from James Street to
Russell Street, near the railway station. Industries such as flour milling and foundries
and later dairy processing developed near the railway.
Toowoomba became a municipality in 1860 and was incorporated as a city in 1904.
Drayton became a suburb of Toowoomba in 1949. Development of the city business
centre grew within the triangle between the two swamps with Ruthven Street taking
over from James and Russell Street as the main business and shopping centre up to
the 1960-70s. The development of "drive in shopping centres" from that time has led to
fragmentation of the central shopping centre to suburban areas of this rapidly growing
city.
From an estimated population of 1,000 in 1860, Toowoomba now has an estimated
Back to Activity 7
population of more than 90,000. With the University of Southern Queensland, the TAFE
and numerous boarding and day schools, Toowoomba is the regional educational,