The document provides a detailed summary and analysis of the novel "The Tenth Man" by Graham Greene. It discusses how the novel follows Aristotle's three unities of time, action, and place with a clear beginning, middle, and end across its four parts. Some of the major themes explored in the novel include the significance of time and identity, existentialism and the struggle for survival, redemption, and the triumph of good over evil in human nature. In conclusion, the document states that Greene explores the complexity and dynamism of human life while preserving optimism that through faith, one can find new life or satisfaction through their actions.

1. Submitted by: Sonia Sana, Sana Safeer
Submitted to: Asma Mansoor
M.A (ENG) F/11
Post-War
Date: 1st
April, 2013 Date of re-writing: 26th
May 27, 2013
Novel The Tenth Man by Graham Greene is combination of profound themes and
philosophies
Aristotle was the one who gave the concept of three unities in the writings that are unity
of time, action and place with proper beginning, middle and end. While reading the novel The
Tenth Man by Graham Greene, we find all these three unities and there is a linear progression of
the events having proper beginning, middle and end.
As we see that the novel has four main parts. The first part starts with the scene of several
prisoners in a prison of the War camp and a lawyer Chavel is one of those prisoners who draw
the marked slip that shows that he will be died next day. Chavel makes a deal and buys his life
from Janvier (another prisoner in the same camp) by giving him all his property. Janvier leaves
all wealth and fortune for his sister and mother and meets death in place of Chavel.
Part two, the war is over and Chavel is alive and free. He returns to the house he sold for
his life and finds it occupied by Javier’s mother and sister, Thérèse. He transforms his identity.
Assuming the false name Charlot, he becomes their servant.
Part three tells about the arrival of an impostor, named Carosse, who claims to be Chavel.
Carosse attempts to denounce Charlot, win the favor of Thérèse and stakes a claim on the

2. property. Finally in Part IV, Charlot, having fallen in love with Thérèse, tries to save her from
Carosse, as a means of redemption from his earlier cowardice.
In the very first scene of the novel writer depicts the theme of time that time is of the
main significance and anybody who have the means to know the time e.g. watches and alarm
clock, he, in fact has the significance and sense of existence. The others without these things are
of no importance and controlled according to the desire of time owners as mentioned in the text:
“three good watches among thirty-two men…time, they considered, belonged to them and
not to the twenty-eight other men. But there were two times, and each man defended his
own with a terrible passion.” This last part shows the battle between two time owners or
controllers who fight to per sue their individual time and want to establish their control
accordingly. This also shows that time, a universal absolute has become a personal truth now as
shown in the text: “this is my time… his time could not be wrong because he had invented
it”.
Another significant theme is loss of identity as depicted in the text that only the person
who have some possession, have some identity. In the first scene in prison, the lawyer Chavel is
some significant figure as he possesses some property because he remained a person of good
fortune in the past. Chavel losses this identity when he gives up all his wealth to his fellow
prisoner to save his life.
Here, along with the theme of identity crisis, we observe another important theme of
existentialism and survival as we observe the character of Chavel fighting for survival
throughout the novel. First, he saves his life by giving everything to Janvier, and then he gets
freedom from prison and wants to regenerate the life. For this, he adapts another identity to make

3. him suitable and the conditions in his favor as he changes his name to Charlot and goes back to
home to get that back, e.g. in the text Chavel says: “everything had changed a little for the
worse: there was no question but that the house has surrendered to strangers.” In other
words, he desires for a surrogate home and later we see that he substitutes the filiations with
affiliation.
The theme of redemption is also there in the text. Chavel, the protagonist, feels the guilt
of the Javier’s death and of his hiding of this mystery from Janvier’s family, other then that he
tells a lie to them about his own reality and identity. In fact he does so out of his cowardice
because he is afraid of Therese that she can take the revenge of his brother by killing him.
Besides the cowardice, the guilty feelings make Chavel to ask the forgiveness of God and being
redeemed by this. This redemption becomes the cause of Salvation of Therese but is followed by
the death.
Chavel accepts the death against the life of evil doings and rejects the way of Carosse’s
life. He, in fact, sacrifices his life to save the life of Therese. This shows the human nature’s evil
and angelic perspective. The important theme here is about the good part of human being who, at
the end, triumphs over the evil part. In other words, it is the theme of sacrifice and living for
others which is presented through the character of Chavel and also by the Janvier, in the start of
the novel, who gives his life to give a happy and secure life to his family.
In conclusion, we can say that Graham Greene is preoccupied by the complexity of
human typology whose representative changes according to the situations with respect to the role
of life. Greene is trying to explore the dynamism of life and the abyss of human decay but he is
very optimistic in his view point because he preserves a certain hope that through faith a human
being can revive a new life or satisfaction to his actions.