1) Social movements emerge due to feelings of relative deprivation and the mobilization of resources. Leaders help channel discontent and mobilize groups through conventional or unconventional means. 2) Social change occurs slowly over time through cultural changes or more rapidly through conflict and resistance from groups with vested interests. Technological advances have brought dramatic social changes globally. 3) Increased globalization and computer technology have connected more people while also raising issues of unequal access. Migration of laborers has economic benefits but also creates social tensions, as host countries and migrants both face challenges in adjusting.

1. Chapter 16
Social
Change in the
Global
Community
 Sociology
in Modules
 Richard T.
Schaefer
Tenth edition
Group Members
1. Mohamed Abdullahi Osman
2. Feysal Hassan Hussien
3. Ahmed Abdullahi Farah
4. Said Ali Shire
5. Hafsa Abdikarim Mohamed
6. Ismail Hassan Ahmed
7. Abdiaziz Abdirahman Hassan

2. Social Movements
 Social change is significant alteration over time in
behavior patterns and culture, including norms and
values.
social movement to refer to an organized collective
activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an
existing group or society (Benford 1992).
social movements have had a dramatic impact on the
course of history and the evolution of the social structure.
 social movements contribute to the formation of public
opinion
.

3. The Emergence of Social Movements
 How and why do social movements emerge?
a) Relative Deprivation Approach:
 The term relative deprivation is defined as the
conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between
legitimate expectations and present actualities.
 Before discontent is channeled into a social
movement , people must feel
- Have a right to their goals
- perceive they cannot attain goals through
conventional means

4. b) Resource Mobilization Approach :
The term resource mobilization refers to the ways in
which a social movement utilizes such resources.
- leadership a central factor
- often mobilized by institutional insiders
- Marx: leaders would need to help workers
overcome false-consciousness attitude that do not
reflect worker’s objective position
The Emergence of Social Movements

5. Gender and Social Movements
 Women find it more difficult than men to assume
leadership positions and social movement
organization .
 Gender can effect the way we view organized efforts
to bring about or resist change

6. New Social Movements
 New social movement : organized collective
activity that addresses values and social identities ,as
well as improvements in quality of life .
- New social movements generally do not view
government as their ally in the struggle for a better
society. While they typically do not seek to overthrow
the government, they may criticize, protest, or harass
public officials.
- The environmental movement is one of many new
movements with a worldwide focus

7. TABLE 16-1 CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIAL
MOVEMENT THEORY

8. Communications and the Globalization of Social
Movements
 Global text messaging and the internet allow
activists to reach people
- television and the Internet, as contrasted with
books and newspapers, often convey a false sense of
intimacy reinforced by immediacy.
• computer-mediated communication (CMC).
Computer-mediated communication may be defined as
communicative interaction through two or more
networked devices, such as a computer or cell phone

9. Social change
- Social change can occur so slowly as to be almost
undetectable to those it affects, but it can also happen
with breathtaking rapidity.
- Modern world’s diversity and complexity makes
explanations difficult.
Theories of Social Change
 Evolutionary
 Functionalist
 Conflict

10. Evolutionary Theory
 Evolutionary Theory society is viewed as moving
in a definite direction.
- Auguste Comte (1798–1857): He saw human
societies as moving forward in their thinking, from
mythology to the scientific method.
- Émile Durkheim ([1893] 1933) maintained that
society progressed from simple to more complex forms
of social organization.
-

11. Functionalist Perspective
 Equilibrium model : as changes occur in one part
of society, adjustments must be made in other parts.
If not, society’s equilibrium will be threatened and
strains will occur.
 Parsons : Four process of social change
1) Differentiation refers to the increasing
complexity of social organization.
2) adaptive upgrading in which social institutions
become more specialized in their purposes.

12. Functionalist Perspective
3) inclusion of groups that were previously excluded
because of their gender, race, ethnicity, or social class.
Medical schools have practiced inclusion by admitting
increasing numbers of women and African Americans.
4) value generalization the development of new
values that tolerate and legitimate a greater range of
activities.

13. Conflict Perspective
 Change needed to correct social injustices and
inequalities .
 Marxist view of social change appeals because it does
not restrict people to passive roles .
 Dahrendorf : functionalist and conflict approaches
compatible.

14. Sociological Perspectives on Social Change

15. Resistance to Social Change
 Resistance may be due to:
 Economic factors
 Cultural factors
 Reluctance to use or fear of technology
 vested interests to refer to those people or groups
who will suffer in the event of social change.
 For example, in 2010 President Obama proposed
scuttling NASA’s Constellation project, whose
primary goal was to return humans to the moon.

16. Economic and Cultural Factors
 Companies may resist social change by cutting
corners or lobbying for eased regulations
 NIMBY: “not in my backyard”
 On world stage, “not on planet Earth”
 Culture lag: period of maladjustment when
nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new
material conditions

17. Resistance to Technology
 Technology: cultural information about ways in
which material resources of environment may be
used to satisfy
human needs and desires
 Luddites: resisted Industrial Revolution; some
raided factories, destroyed machinery
 Some people resist postindustrial expansion
of industrialization

18. Global Social Change
 Recent past a dramatic time in history
 Collapse of communism
 Terrorism in various parts of world
 Major regime changes and severe economic disruptions
 Spread of AIDS
 Computer revolution
 Cloning

19. Anticipating Change
 In era of global change, is change possible to predict?
 Collins: Soviet expansionism resulted
in an overextension of resources in 1980
 Hallinan: need to move beyond restrictive models of social
change
 Sociologists must learn to predict upheavals and
major chaotic shifts

20. Social Change in Dubai
 Went from pearl-fishing village to tax-free
information-technology hub
 Constitutional monarchy, but relatively progressive for Arab
state
 Environmentally, cost of lavish lifestyle exorbitant
 Poor treatment of immigrant laborers
 2008 economic downturn difficult for Dubai,
but economy back on the move by 2010

21. Social Change in Dubai

22. Technology and the Future
 Technological advances—the airplane, the
automobile, the television, the atomic bomb, and
more recently, the computer, digital media, and the
cell phone—have brought striking changes to our
cultures, our patterns of socialization, our social
institutions, and our day-to-day social interactions.

23. Computer Technology
 Effects of computers noteworthy
with regard to Internet
 In 2012, Internet reached 2.3 billion users
 Anyone can reach Internet with a phone line, a computer, and a
modem, but not everyone can get onto information highway
 Core nations have near-monopoly on information technology
 Effect on people’s jobs

24. Biotechnology and the
Gene Pool
 Sex selection of fetuses, genetically engineered
organisms, and cloning of sheep, cows, and other
animals are among significant advances
 Biotechnological advances have raised
many difficult ethical and political questions
 Altering the gene pool
 Genetically Modified (GM) food
 Notable success in treatment of traumatic injuries

25. Social Policy and Globalization:
Transnationals
 Millions of migrant laborers play roles
in global economy
 Fill jobs where shortages exist in labor market
 Do not become wealthy, but consider themselves better off than they
were in
their native country
 Citizens of host countries often react negatively
 Looking at the Issue
 2013: 232 million international migrants
 3% of world’s population
 Globalization changed immigrant experience and labor market
 Transnationals: immigrants who sustain multiple social
relationships that link their societies of origin with the societies of
settlement

26. Social Policy and Globalization:
Transnationals
 Initiating Policy
 Transnationals face continuing adjustment problems in their
new home countries
 Often encounter difficult living and working conditions
 Voter eligibility remains unresolved
 Public attitudes and government policies
have not kept pace
 General public’s attitude toward illegal immigrants remains
hostile, especially in U.S

27. Labor Migration