This document discusses concepts related to marriage, family, and relationships. It begins by noting trends toward cohabitation rather than marriage and declining rates of the traditional nuclear family structure. It then defines marriage and family from legal and sociological perspectives. The rest of the document covers topics like different types of families, stages of family life, variations in family structures including single parents and same-sex couples, and theoretical perspectives on families from functionalism and conflict theory.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document discusses various aspects of adolescent sexuality, including:
- Adolescent sexuality is influenced by culture, sexual orientation, and age of consent laws.
- A 2002 European survey found most 15-year-olds were not sexually active, but those who were mostly used contraception.
- Modern media contains more sexual messages than in the past, but the effects on teen behavior are unknown.
- Teenage pregnancy poses additional medical risks, especially for mothers under 15. Socioeconomic factors also impact risks for mothers aged 15-19.
This document discusses the concept of family and how societal definitions of family have changed over time. Traditionally, family was defined as a married mother and father living together with their children. However, concepts of family have expanded and today many types of family structures are accepted as normal, including single parent homes and same-sex couples raising children. The document also examines how societal expectations of family, gender roles, and marriage have evolved since World War II.
The document discusses changes in family structure over time. It notes that traditional nuclear families of two parents and children are declining while single-parent families are increasing. Cultural norms around family ties also vary between countries, with some cultures fostering stronger extended family bonds and others being more individualistic. Strong family ties are associated with greater home production, less labor market participation especially for women and children, higher fertility rates, and more traditional gender roles.
The nuclear family emerged in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution. It provides protection, companionship, and socialization, though its structure varies between societies. Today, only 48.4% of families fit the nuclear model according to CDC data. Gender roles form early in the nuclear family through socialization and gendered toys/activities. Television portrays idealized family models that families feel pressure to emulate, contributing to high divorce rates. How children develop gender identities is influenced by parental interactions and the emancipatory or traditional nature of their family.
Slides made for Introduction to Sociology Course, Final Presentation.
This presentation discusses about the definition of marriage, types of marriage, endogamy exogamy, single parenting dual parenting and other aspects of family and marriage.
Defines kinship and explains its importance. Reviews the biological and sociological constants of kinship; Previews the topicsto be covered in marriage, family and larger kinship units.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
This document discusses various aspects of adolescent sexuality, including:
- Adolescent sexuality is influenced by culture, sexual orientation, and age of consent laws.
- A 2002 European survey found most 15-year-olds were not sexually active, but those who were mostly used contraception.
- Modern media contains more sexual messages than in the past, but the effects on teen behavior are unknown.
- Teenage pregnancy poses additional medical risks, especially for mothers under 15. Socioeconomic factors also impact risks for mothers aged 15-19.
This document discusses the concept of family and how societal definitions of family have changed over time. Traditionally, family was defined as a married mother and father living together with their children. However, concepts of family have expanded and today many types of family structures are accepted as normal, including single parent homes and same-sex couples raising children. The document also examines how societal expectations of family, gender roles, and marriage have evolved since World War II.
The document discusses changes in family structure over time. It notes that traditional nuclear families of two parents and children are declining while single-parent families are increasing. Cultural norms around family ties also vary between countries, with some cultures fostering stronger extended family bonds and others being more individualistic. Strong family ties are associated with greater home production, less labor market participation especially for women and children, higher fertility rates, and more traditional gender roles.
The nuclear family emerged in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution. It provides protection, companionship, and socialization, though its structure varies between societies. Today, only 48.4% of families fit the nuclear model according to CDC data. Gender roles form early in the nuclear family through socialization and gendered toys/activities. Television portrays idealized family models that families feel pressure to emulate, contributing to high divorce rates. How children develop gender identities is influenced by parental interactions and the emancipatory or traditional nature of their family.
Slides made for Introduction to Sociology Course, Final Presentation.
This presentation discusses about the definition of marriage, types of marriage, endogamy exogamy, single parenting dual parenting and other aspects of family and marriage.
Defines kinship and explains its importance. Reviews the biological and sociological constants of kinship; Previews the topicsto be covered in marriage, family and larger kinship units.
Family is a universal social institution that serves as the basic building block of social organization. It plays key roles like socialization of children and providing emotional support. Marriage is the most common and accepted way to form a family. It can take different forms like monogamy, polygamy, arranged or love marriages. Over time, legislation has aimed to reform and rationalize marriage and family institutions by banning practices like child marriage and allowing civil marriages. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses various topics related to marriage and family, including:
- Characteristics of nuclear and extended families
- Types of marriage such as monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, and polyandry
- The social construction of marriage and family and how patterns are changing
- Theoretical perspectives on family from functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism
This document discusses risky sexual behaviors among American adolescents and young adults. It finds that sexually transmitted diseases are among the top health issues. Teens raised in single parent homes are more likely to engage in risky sex and contract STDs due to lack of parental supervision and economic hardship. In contrast, teens from two-parent homes fare better economically and are less likely to take health risks. The document traces this problem back to the 1960s sexual revolution which made premarital sex more acceptable and common among youth. It argues for empowering teens to wait until marriage before becoming sexually active through improved sex education and relationship building skills.
The document discusses definitions of family and marriage across cultures. It notes that while family and marriage are universal concepts, the specific definitions vary widely by culture. The sociological definition of family is broad and includes those related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Similarly, marriage is broadly defined as a group's approved mating arrangement, usually marked by ritual. The document then examines various types of families, cultural themes around marriage and descent, and functionalist and conflict perspectives on the family.
Family Instability and Juvenile Delinquency in Nigeria: A Study of Owerri Mun...iosrjce
The increasing rate of juvenile delinquency has become a major social problem globally and locally.
Researchers and concerned individuals have traced the preponderance of juvenile delinquency to the increasing
rate of family instability among other factors. However, concerted inquiries into the influence of family
instability on juvenile delinquency have resulted in a raging controversy. While some researchers have found a
significant relationship between family instability and juvenile delinquency, others have suggested otherwise.
Against this backdrop, this study set out to fill this yawning gap in literature and also to examine the
relationship between family instability and juvenile delinquency in Owerri Municipality. Using the multi-stage
sampling method, 510 senior secondary school students were selected for this study from 10 comprehensive
secondary schools in Owerri Municipality. The questionnaire and the interview guide were used for data
collection. 2 hypotheses were formulated to guide this study. The hypotheses were tested with the chi-square (x2
)
statistic. The results of the analyses have shown that children from unstable homes engage more in juvenile
delinquency than their counterparts from more stable homes. As expected, inadequate parental supervision
predicted delinquency. This study recommended among other things that Governments, counselors and
concerned agencies should routinely develop programmes aimed at sensitizing parents and care-givers on
parent roles and obligations
Family diversity (AS Sociology Family and Households) Mehek Iqbal
This document discusses different types of modern families. It begins by defining a family and household. It then describes nuclear families, which consist of parents and children living together, as the most popular traditional family type. However, it notes the "cereal packet family" image is a myth as family diversity has increased. Other family types discussed include cohabitating couples, reconstituted families with children from previous relationships, beanpole families across generations, same-sex families, single-person households, and lone parent families. It attributes the rise in family diversity to factors like greater gender equality, individualization, and changing social attitudes.
Kinship can be defined as the bonds between family members through blood or marriage. There are two main types of kinship - consanguineal kinship based on blood relations, and affinal kinship based on marriage. Descent systems determine these kinship relations, and can be unilineal (tracing lineage through one gender), bilateral (combining maternal and paternal lineages), or duolocal. Marriage practices around the world vary and include monogamy, polygamy, endogamy within a community, and exogamy outside a community. The basic family unit is often the nuclear, extended, or blended family. Kinship also determines political alliances through dynasties.
This document discusses research on social dysfunctions in children caused by single-parent homes. Some studies have shown that children raised without fathers are more likely to engage in criminal behavior or teenage pregnancy. When raising a child alone, single parents need to spend more time with their child to fill the gap from the missing parent. Research also indicates that children from single-parent homes often have poorer school performance or drop out. While divorce may be unavoidable, communities can help single parents support their children's development and prevent negative outcomes.
Socio-psychological impact of early marriages on females
Representated by Hina zamir
overview
Marriage
Types of marriages
Early marriage
Cause of early marriages
Impacts of early marriages amoung female
1 .psychological effect
2. social effect
What is marriage :-
According to Psychology Dictionary
Marriage(also called matrimony or wedlock)is a social construct in the form of a formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife
According to Horton and Hunt,
“Marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two or more persons establish a family.”
Malinowski – “Marriage as a contract for the production and maintenance of children”.
Types of marriage :-
1. Monogamy
2. Polygyny
3. Polyandry
5. Polyfidelity
6. Same sex marriage
7. Open marriage -- swinging
8. Common law marriage
9. Group marriage
10. Boston marriage
11. Levirate marriage
12. Sororate marriage.
13. Endogamy
14. Exogamy
15. "Mixed" marriage
16. Arranged marriage
17. Egalitarian marriage
18. Complementarian marriage
19. Covenant marriage
20. After Death Marriage
What is “Early marriage” ?
In accordance to Article 1 of the Convention on the Right of the Child“Early marriage refers to any marriage of a child younger than 18 years old “.
According to UNICEF (2001a:5), “early marriage refers to the practice of marriage before or during adolescence.”“a fundamental threat to human rights “
Types of early marriages
“Early marriage is arranged in a different age group.
Promissory marriage
Arranged before the birth of the child.
Child marriage
Arranged for girls under 10 years of age and the bride is placed under the custody of in-laws until she reaches puberty age.
Early adolescent marriage
Arranged for girls between ages of 10-14. The married child may stay with parents but periodically visits her parents-in-law
Late Adolescent marriage
When the bride is 15 –18 years old
Causes of early marriage :-
Poverty and economic transactions
Notions of morality and honour
Protecting ‘chastity’
Subjugation of women
Culture and Tradition
Historical Explanation
Children considered to be a “Burden”
lack of awareness about the dangers of early marriage
parents’ fear of their daughters’ being unmarriageable after the age of 14
parents’ desire to secure their daughter’s future
to strengthen ties between the marrying families for social as well as economic protection and security
parents’ desire to see their children married and settled before passing away or becoming old
Effects of early marriages :-psychological effect
depression,
anxiety
bipolar disorder
addicted to drugs, alcohol, or smoking
Pressure
Emotional blackmail
Too many responsibilities
Violence and abuse
young brides’ reduced opportunities to develop psychological and social skills necessary to make strategic decisions
This document summarizes arguments for and against gay parenting. It notes that as many as 13 million children currently live with a gay or lesbian parent. Research suggests that children of gay parents differ only minimally from those of heterosexual parents and may be more tolerant. However, some argue that children are better off with married, heterosexual parents and risk exposure to a "homosexual lifestyle." The document acknowledges methodological flaws in some studies and calls for more longitudinal research on diverse family arrangements and the support networks around them.
The document defines a family as a socioeconomic unit consisting of one or more parents and their children. A family provides physical support as children mature and teaches them the norms of society. It discusses the roles of a family of orientation, where individuals first learn social norms, and a family of procreation, which an individual creates upon marriage to perpetuate values learned in their first family.
The document discusses definitions of family across cultures, comparing traditional ideals of family in Japan and the United States, as well as marriage and divorce rates between the two countries. Japan traditionally valued multigenerational households with inheritance passed through sons, while the US ideal involved married couples with children, though modern families vary in both places. Divorce rates are higher in the US at around 3.4 per 1,000 people compared to around 1 in 4 marriages ending in divorce in Japan.
Multimedia presentationa- Family problemsSarah Cobby
This document discusses two types of family problems - child abuse and intimate partner violence and abuse. Regarding child abuse, it identifies different types including physical, mental, and sexual abuse. Factors that contribute to child abuse include poverty, unemployment, and family violence. Intimate partner violence most commonly affects women ages 15-24 and can be caused by issues like alcohol abuse and poverty. Both forms of abuse can result in short and long-term physical and mental health effects for victims.
This document discusses different types of kinship and descent systems including bilateral, unilineal, matrilineal and patrilineal descent. It also defines key kinship terminology such as affinity, which refers to relationships created through marriage. Additionally, it examines different household forms like the nuclear family, single parent households, and the impacts of divorce and remarriage on family structures.
This document discusses threats to families from D SPEARS, which stands for disintegration of family, substance abuse, parental absenteeism, economic difficulties, absence of family goals and deteriorating values, rising incidence of early sexual involvement and teenage pregnancies, and strong negative influence of media on the family. It provides information on how these threats can damage families by causing issues like parental absenteeism, economic hardship for children, and exposure to unhealthy influences. The document also discusses ways to educate children about avoiding drugs and maintaining family solidarity despite challenges.
CFD 163-Chapter 1-Perspectives on Intimate RelationshipsKim Sutton
This chapter discusses perspectives on intimate relationships including definitions of intimacy and commitment between partners. It also summarizes trends in modern families like later ages of marriage, more unmarried cohabitation, and greater diversity in family structures with more blended families and same-sex parents. Stressors on modern relationships are also reviewed such as lack of time, work-life balance challenges, and health issues including smoking and obesity.
This document discusses polygamy, which refers to marrying multiple spouses. It defines different types like polygyny and polyandry. While practiced in some cultures, polygamy is illegal in Canada and most Western nations. The document outlines some pros and cons, noting that while it satisfies certain desires, polygamy often disadvantages women and children by preserving gender inequality and creating conflicts between co-wives. A history of polygamy in various cultures and religions is provided, as well as its current legal status in different parts of the world.
1) The document discusses how family structures are changing globally with fewer traditional nuclear families and more single-person households and diversity in family forms.
2) However, the core importance of family in people's lives remains, with blood relatives, spouses and children still considered core family members by most.
3) While family structures are changing, family continues to underpin people's lives and identities.
This document provides an overview of families and how they are changing. It discusses the fluid and diverse nature of families today compared to past generations. Families serve important functions like regulating sexuality, childrearing, economic support, and emotional support. However, what constitutes a family continues to evolve due to broader societal transformations around topics like marriage and household composition. Racial/ethnic diversity is also increasing the variety of family forms in countries like the US. Both micro decisions within families and macro forces outside their control, like the economy, influence how families change over time.
Family is a universal social institution that serves as the basic building block of social organization. It plays key roles like socialization of children and providing emotional support. Marriage is the most common and accepted way to form a family. It can take different forms like monogamy, polygamy, arranged or love marriages. Over time, legislation has aimed to reform and rationalize marriage and family institutions by banning practices like child marriage and allowing civil marriages. [END SUMMARY]
The document discusses various topics related to marriage and family, including:
- Characteristics of nuclear and extended families
- Types of marriage such as monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, and polyandry
- The social construction of marriage and family and how patterns are changing
- Theoretical perspectives on family from functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism
This document discusses risky sexual behaviors among American adolescents and young adults. It finds that sexually transmitted diseases are among the top health issues. Teens raised in single parent homes are more likely to engage in risky sex and contract STDs due to lack of parental supervision and economic hardship. In contrast, teens from two-parent homes fare better economically and are less likely to take health risks. The document traces this problem back to the 1960s sexual revolution which made premarital sex more acceptable and common among youth. It argues for empowering teens to wait until marriage before becoming sexually active through improved sex education and relationship building skills.
The document discusses definitions of family and marriage across cultures. It notes that while family and marriage are universal concepts, the specific definitions vary widely by culture. The sociological definition of family is broad and includes those related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Similarly, marriage is broadly defined as a group's approved mating arrangement, usually marked by ritual. The document then examines various types of families, cultural themes around marriage and descent, and functionalist and conflict perspectives on the family.
Family Instability and Juvenile Delinquency in Nigeria: A Study of Owerri Mun...iosrjce
The increasing rate of juvenile delinquency has become a major social problem globally and locally.
Researchers and concerned individuals have traced the preponderance of juvenile delinquency to the increasing
rate of family instability among other factors. However, concerted inquiries into the influence of family
instability on juvenile delinquency have resulted in a raging controversy. While some researchers have found a
significant relationship between family instability and juvenile delinquency, others have suggested otherwise.
Against this backdrop, this study set out to fill this yawning gap in literature and also to examine the
relationship between family instability and juvenile delinquency in Owerri Municipality. Using the multi-stage
sampling method, 510 senior secondary school students were selected for this study from 10 comprehensive
secondary schools in Owerri Municipality. The questionnaire and the interview guide were used for data
collection. 2 hypotheses were formulated to guide this study. The hypotheses were tested with the chi-square (x2
)
statistic. The results of the analyses have shown that children from unstable homes engage more in juvenile
delinquency than their counterparts from more stable homes. As expected, inadequate parental supervision
predicted delinquency. This study recommended among other things that Governments, counselors and
concerned agencies should routinely develop programmes aimed at sensitizing parents and care-givers on
parent roles and obligations
Family diversity (AS Sociology Family and Households) Mehek Iqbal
This document discusses different types of modern families. It begins by defining a family and household. It then describes nuclear families, which consist of parents and children living together, as the most popular traditional family type. However, it notes the "cereal packet family" image is a myth as family diversity has increased. Other family types discussed include cohabitating couples, reconstituted families with children from previous relationships, beanpole families across generations, same-sex families, single-person households, and lone parent families. It attributes the rise in family diversity to factors like greater gender equality, individualization, and changing social attitudes.
Kinship can be defined as the bonds between family members through blood or marriage. There are two main types of kinship - consanguineal kinship based on blood relations, and affinal kinship based on marriage. Descent systems determine these kinship relations, and can be unilineal (tracing lineage through one gender), bilateral (combining maternal and paternal lineages), or duolocal. Marriage practices around the world vary and include monogamy, polygamy, endogamy within a community, and exogamy outside a community. The basic family unit is often the nuclear, extended, or blended family. Kinship also determines political alliances through dynasties.
This document discusses research on social dysfunctions in children caused by single-parent homes. Some studies have shown that children raised without fathers are more likely to engage in criminal behavior or teenage pregnancy. When raising a child alone, single parents need to spend more time with their child to fill the gap from the missing parent. Research also indicates that children from single-parent homes often have poorer school performance or drop out. While divorce may be unavoidable, communities can help single parents support their children's development and prevent negative outcomes.
Socio-psychological impact of early marriages on females
Representated by Hina zamir
overview
Marriage
Types of marriages
Early marriage
Cause of early marriages
Impacts of early marriages amoung female
1 .psychological effect
2. social effect
What is marriage :-
According to Psychology Dictionary
Marriage(also called matrimony or wedlock)is a social construct in the form of a formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife
According to Horton and Hunt,
“Marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two or more persons establish a family.”
Malinowski – “Marriage as a contract for the production and maintenance of children”.
Types of marriage :-
1. Monogamy
2. Polygyny
3. Polyandry
5. Polyfidelity
6. Same sex marriage
7. Open marriage -- swinging
8. Common law marriage
9. Group marriage
10. Boston marriage
11. Levirate marriage
12. Sororate marriage.
13. Endogamy
14. Exogamy
15. "Mixed" marriage
16. Arranged marriage
17. Egalitarian marriage
18. Complementarian marriage
19. Covenant marriage
20. After Death Marriage
What is “Early marriage” ?
In accordance to Article 1 of the Convention on the Right of the Child“Early marriage refers to any marriage of a child younger than 18 years old “.
According to UNICEF (2001a:5), “early marriage refers to the practice of marriage before or during adolescence.”“a fundamental threat to human rights “
Types of early marriages
“Early marriage is arranged in a different age group.
Promissory marriage
Arranged before the birth of the child.
Child marriage
Arranged for girls under 10 years of age and the bride is placed under the custody of in-laws until she reaches puberty age.
Early adolescent marriage
Arranged for girls between ages of 10-14. The married child may stay with parents but periodically visits her parents-in-law
Late Adolescent marriage
When the bride is 15 –18 years old
Causes of early marriage :-
Poverty and economic transactions
Notions of morality and honour
Protecting ‘chastity’
Subjugation of women
Culture and Tradition
Historical Explanation
Children considered to be a “Burden”
lack of awareness about the dangers of early marriage
parents’ fear of their daughters’ being unmarriageable after the age of 14
parents’ desire to secure their daughter’s future
to strengthen ties between the marrying families for social as well as economic protection and security
parents’ desire to see their children married and settled before passing away or becoming old
Effects of early marriages :-psychological effect
depression,
anxiety
bipolar disorder
addicted to drugs, alcohol, or smoking
Pressure
Emotional blackmail
Too many responsibilities
Violence and abuse
young brides’ reduced opportunities to develop psychological and social skills necessary to make strategic decisions
This document summarizes arguments for and against gay parenting. It notes that as many as 13 million children currently live with a gay or lesbian parent. Research suggests that children of gay parents differ only minimally from those of heterosexual parents and may be more tolerant. However, some argue that children are better off with married, heterosexual parents and risk exposure to a "homosexual lifestyle." The document acknowledges methodological flaws in some studies and calls for more longitudinal research on diverse family arrangements and the support networks around them.
The document defines a family as a socioeconomic unit consisting of one or more parents and their children. A family provides physical support as children mature and teaches them the norms of society. It discusses the roles of a family of orientation, where individuals first learn social norms, and a family of procreation, which an individual creates upon marriage to perpetuate values learned in their first family.
The document discusses definitions of family across cultures, comparing traditional ideals of family in Japan and the United States, as well as marriage and divorce rates between the two countries. Japan traditionally valued multigenerational households with inheritance passed through sons, while the US ideal involved married couples with children, though modern families vary in both places. Divorce rates are higher in the US at around 3.4 per 1,000 people compared to around 1 in 4 marriages ending in divorce in Japan.
Multimedia presentationa- Family problemsSarah Cobby
This document discusses two types of family problems - child abuse and intimate partner violence and abuse. Regarding child abuse, it identifies different types including physical, mental, and sexual abuse. Factors that contribute to child abuse include poverty, unemployment, and family violence. Intimate partner violence most commonly affects women ages 15-24 and can be caused by issues like alcohol abuse and poverty. Both forms of abuse can result in short and long-term physical and mental health effects for victims.
This document discusses different types of kinship and descent systems including bilateral, unilineal, matrilineal and patrilineal descent. It also defines key kinship terminology such as affinity, which refers to relationships created through marriage. Additionally, it examines different household forms like the nuclear family, single parent households, and the impacts of divorce and remarriage on family structures.
This document discusses threats to families from D SPEARS, which stands for disintegration of family, substance abuse, parental absenteeism, economic difficulties, absence of family goals and deteriorating values, rising incidence of early sexual involvement and teenage pregnancies, and strong negative influence of media on the family. It provides information on how these threats can damage families by causing issues like parental absenteeism, economic hardship for children, and exposure to unhealthy influences. The document also discusses ways to educate children about avoiding drugs and maintaining family solidarity despite challenges.
CFD 163-Chapter 1-Perspectives on Intimate RelationshipsKim Sutton
This chapter discusses perspectives on intimate relationships including definitions of intimacy and commitment between partners. It also summarizes trends in modern families like later ages of marriage, more unmarried cohabitation, and greater diversity in family structures with more blended families and same-sex parents. Stressors on modern relationships are also reviewed such as lack of time, work-life balance challenges, and health issues including smoking and obesity.
This document discusses polygamy, which refers to marrying multiple spouses. It defines different types like polygyny and polyandry. While practiced in some cultures, polygamy is illegal in Canada and most Western nations. The document outlines some pros and cons, noting that while it satisfies certain desires, polygamy often disadvantages women and children by preserving gender inequality and creating conflicts between co-wives. A history of polygamy in various cultures and religions is provided, as well as its current legal status in different parts of the world.
1) The document discusses how family structures are changing globally with fewer traditional nuclear families and more single-person households and diversity in family forms.
2) However, the core importance of family in people's lives remains, with blood relatives, spouses and children still considered core family members by most.
3) While family structures are changing, family continues to underpin people's lives and identities.
This document provides an overview of families and how they are changing. It discusses the fluid and diverse nature of families today compared to past generations. Families serve important functions like regulating sexuality, childrearing, economic support, and emotional support. However, what constitutes a family continues to evolve due to broader societal transformations around topics like marriage and household composition. Racial/ethnic diversity is also increasing the variety of family forms in countries like the US. Both micro decisions within families and macro forces outside their control, like the economy, influence how families change over time.
This document provides an introduction to a course on family studies. It defines family in several ways, including as networks of people bound by ties like marriage, blood, or commitment. It discusses examining family from an ecosystem perspective, seeing the family as a complex system that interacts with its environment. Key concepts in human ecological theory are introduced, such as viewing the family as a semi-open, goal-directed, dynamic system that can respond to and modify its environment through adaptation. Different types of modern families are outlined, and changing demographics around marriage, divorce, and household composition in the US are summarized.
Unit 6.1 Families and Intimate Relationships15-1Families in Glo.docxshanaeacklam
Unit 6.1: Families and Intimate Relationships
15-1Families in Global Perspective
LO 1
Explain these key concepts: families, kinship, family of orientation, family of procreation, extended family, and nuclear family.
As the nature of family life has changed in high-, middle-, and low-income nations, the issue of what constitutes a “family” continues to be widely debated. In the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” Article 16, adopted by the United Nations (1948), the family is defined as follows:
· Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality, or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
· Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
· The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the States.
According to this declaration, the social institution of family must be protected in all societies because family is the “natural” and “fundamental” group unit of society. Although families differ widely around the world, they also share certain common concerns in their everyday lives. Food, clothing, shelter, and child care are necessities important to all people.
In the United States the Census Bureau defines a family as consisting of two or more people who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption, and residing in the same housing unit. (The Census Bureau specifies that one person in the household unit will be identified as the “householder.”) For many years the standard sociological definition of family has been a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children. Some people believe that this definition should not be expanded—that social approval should not be extended to other relationships simply because the persons in those relationships wish to consider themselves to be a family. However, other people challenge this definition because it simply does not match the reality of family life in contemporary society, particularly at a time when only about half of adults ages eighteen and older are married in the legal usage of the term.
Today’s families include many types of living arrangements and relationships, including single-parent households, unmarried couples, LGBTQ couples with or without children, and multiple generations (such as grandparent, parent, and child) living in the same household (Figure 15.1). To accurately reflect these changes in family life, some sociologists believe that we need a more encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. Accordingly, families are relationships in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group. Sexual expression and parent–chil.
This document defines key concepts related to kinship and family, including kinship, family, household, descent systems, marriage, and residence patterns. It discusses kinship as social relationships based on genealogical ties, and categorizes kinship as either consanguineous (by blood) or affinal (by marriage). The document outlines different systems of determining kinship such as unilineal, bilineal, and bilateral descent. It also defines types of marriages like monogamy, polygamy, and systems of post-marital residence.
This document discusses different types of marriage and kinship structures. It defines marriage as a socially sanctioned union between individuals for the purposes of establishing a household and having children. The main types of marriage discussed are polygyny, polyandry, monogamy, and group marriage. Kinship is defined as the bonds between family members through blood or marriage, and important kinship groups mentioned include clans. The document also discusses exogamy, endogamy, and homogamy in terms of mate selection, as well as defining cohabitation as two unmarried individuals living together long-term.
Changing Fmily Lifestyles Impact In Asia Monzonamado sandoval
1. The document discusses changing family lifestyles in Asia and their impacts, comparing pre-modern and post-modern families. It notes a shift from kinship ties to individualism and alienation within families.
2. Asian youth are described as feeling angst, confusion and a search for home due to societal changes. Mass media, consumerism, and solo parenting are said to negatively influence family dynamics and traditional Asian values.
3. Solutions proposed include empowering Asian families by recalibrating priorities, rebuilding boundaries, and reinforcing faith and values to strengthen family unity and counter societal influences.
This document discusses kinship, marriage, and household structures in anthropology. It defines kinship as relationships based on blood or marriage ties that are recognized by society. Kinship can be traced through the father's line (patrilineal descent) or mother's line (matrilineal descent). Marriage is a social institution that establishes family relationships through practices like monogamy, polygamy, and different post-marital residence patterns. Household structures include nuclear families, extended families, and transnational families that live across countries. Kinship also influences politics in some societies through traditions like inherited political leadership positions within families.
Sociology Chapter 11 family and marriageKent Hansen
This document summarizes key concepts about families and marriage from a textbook. It defines what constitutes a family and describes how family structures have changed over time and varied across societies. Nuclear and extended families are defined. The functions of families are described as providing social and emotional support, reproduction, regulating sexuality, transmitting status, and economic roles. Theoretical perspectives on families including conflict theory and symbolic interactionism are overviewed. Characteristics of American families and marriage practices such as monogamy, polygamy, and factors in choosing a mate are outlined. Reasons for the high divorce rate in the US are presented along with trends in blended, single-parent, childless, and dual-employed families and increasing rates of cohabitation
This document discusses families and marriage. It defines different types of families like nuclear and extended families. It also discusses the history of families and how family structures have changed over time. The document then covers theoretical perspectives on families like functions, conflict, and symbolic interactionism. Different sections also address marriage practices in the US and Philippines like choosing a mate, dating, traits of happy marriages, and reasons for divorce. The document concludes by looking at modern family forms like blended families, single-parent families, childless marriages, dual-employed marriages, and cohabitation.
A family can be defined as a group of two or more persons related by birth or adoption who live together. There are several types of families including nuclear families, single parent families, extended families, childless families, step families, grandparent families, and unconventional families. Nuclear families consist of two parents and their children living together, while single parent families have one parent raising children. Extended families include multiple adult relatives living together, and childless families are couples living together without children. Step families are formed when spouses from previous relationships marry and combine families, and grandparent families occur when grandparents raise their grandchildren. Unconventional families differ from social norms and can include polygamous or polyandrous relationships.
The document summarizes research on grandparenting styles. It discusses two key studies that identified common grandparenting styles: a 1964 study by Neugarten and Weinstein that identified five styles (formal, fun-seeking, distant, surrogate parent, reservoir of family wisdom) and a 1985 study by Cherlin and Furstenberg that identified three styles (companionate, remote, involved). It suggests grandparenting styles have evolved over time, with more grandparents taking on surrogate parenting roles or fun-seeking roles with grandchildren.
This document discusses families and marriage. It defines different types of families like nuclear, extended, and blended families. It also discusses the history of families and how they have changed over time from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural and industrial societies. The document then covers marriage practices in the US like monogamy, factors that contribute to relationship and marital success or divorce, and trends in modern families like dual-employment, single-parent households, cohabitation, and childless marriages.
Introduction
Adulthood - Adult and Family Development
Finding a Mate: Courtship Patterns
Parent-Arranged Marriages
The American Dating System
Marriage
Types of Marital Relationships
The Family Life Cycle
Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult
Developmental Tasks of The Family Establishment Phase
Establishing a Home Base to Call Their Own
The document provides an overview of families and intimate relationships. It discusses different types of families including nuclear, extended, monogamous, and polygamous families. It also examines kinship patterns, authority structures, and trends in household composition in the United States over time. Functional, conflict, interactionist, and feminist views of studying families are introduced. Trends in marriage, divorce, and diverse lifestyles such as cohabitation and remaining single are also summarized.
This document discusses key concepts related to family and identity. It examines how family is a primary socializing agent that teaches norms, values and language. It also looks at functionalist perspectives on the roles and functions of the family in society. The document then analyzes changes in family structures over time, including increases in cohabitation, divorce, and diversity of family forms. It explores cross-cultural variations and the influences of social class on family life.
The document discusses different types and definitions of families. It begins by defining immediate and extended family members. It then describes common family types like nuclear, matrifocal, conjugal, blended, and extended families. It discusses the role of families in socializing children and how family structures have changed over time and vary across cultures. The document also covers kinship terminology, degrees of genetic relatedness between family members, and common family roles.
This document provides an overview of family and intimate relationships from various sociological perspectives. It discusses the global view of the family, including types of families like nuclear, extended, monogamous, polygamous and polyandrous families. It also covers sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism and feminism. Additionally, it examines marriage and courtship, variations in family life, divorce, cohabitation, remaining single, marriage without children, and lesbian and gay relationships. The document is authored by several students and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts regarding family and intimate relationships through a sociological lens.
This document provides an overview and executive summary of the inaugural report from the World Family Map Project. The report maps trends in family structure, socioeconomics, processes, and culture across 45 countries. Key findings include: two-parent families remain most common globally but are declining; poverty rates and parental education vary widely by region; and family cultural views also differ significantly between areas. The report also features an essay finding that in high-income countries, children from two-parent homes have better educational outcomes, but family structure may not impact outcomes as much in low-income nations due to other challenges.
This document discusses several topics related to population, urbanization, and the environment. It begins by describing the process of fracking and some of its environmental risks, such as large water usage, potential groundwater pollution, and induced seismic activity. However, fracking also provides economic benefits like job creation and access to untapped energy reserves. The document then discusses trends in global population growth, noting that populations are growing most rapidly in developing countries with high fertility rates. It also outlines the stages of demographic transition and projects population changes for different world regions over the 21st century. The document further examines the process of urbanization, including the growth of cities and suburbs, and some challenges faced by urban and suburban areas like pollution, sprawl
This document discusses social stratification and class structure in the United States. It defines social stratification as a society's categorization of people into socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, education, and power. In the US, social classes include the upper class (1% of population), upper and lower middle classes, working class, working poor, and underclass. Social mobility and markers of class are also examined.
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as a violation of social norms and explains that what is considered deviant can change over time and depend on context. Theories of deviance, such as functionalism, conflict theory, and labeling theory, are summarized. The document also discusses crime and different types of crimes. It provides statistics on reported hate crimes in the US. Formal social control through laws and informal social control through social norms are compared.
The document discusses different types of groups and organizations from sociological perspectives. It defines groups, organizations, and leadership styles. It discusses primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups, and reference groups. It also covers formal organizations and bureaucracies, describing their key characteristics including hierarchies, rules, divisions of labor, and impersonality. The document examines conformity pressures in groups and different types of formal organizations according to their purpose and membership.
This document discusses socialization and its role in human development. It defines socialization as the process through which people learn the norms and values of their society. It examines socialization from sociological and psychological perspectives, exploring theories from thinkers like Freud, Erikson, Mead, and Gilligan. Key agents of socialization discussed include family, peers, schools, workplaces, religion, government, and media. Socialization is described as an ongoing process that occurs throughout the lifespan and involves both learning and relearning social roles.
This document summarizes different types of preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial societies. It discusses hunter-gatherer, pastoral, horticultural, and agricultural societies as preindustrial societies dependent on the environment and early forms of farming. Industrial societies emerged with innovations like the steam engine that powered factories and mills. Postindustrial societies are now based on information and digital technology. Theoretical perspectives on society from Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are also overviewed, focusing on concepts like functionalism, conflict theory, and rationalization.
Culture consists of the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group. It includes both material aspects like objects and nonmaterial aspects like ideas and beliefs. Culture is learned and transmitted through socialization. It provides people with norms and rules about how to behave in different contexts. Cultural elements like values, beliefs, norms, symbols, and language all shape how a society functions and the lens through which its members view the world. Culture is always evolving as new ideas and technologies spread through diffusion and globalization. Sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism offer different views on the role and influence of culture.
This document provides an introduction to the field of sociology. It discusses how sociologists study both society and social interactions. Sociology involves analyzing social structures, culture, and both micro-level and macro-level social patterns. The document outlines the key founders of sociology such as Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. It also discusses different theoretical perspectives in sociology including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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2. Introduction to Marriage and Family
Between 2006 and 2010, nearly half of
heterosexual women (48%) ages 15-44 said they
were not married to their spouse or partner when
they first lived with them.
That is up from 43% in 2002, and 34% in 1995.
The number of unmarried couples has grown from
fewer than 1 million in the 1970s to 8.1 million in
2011.
Cohabitating, but unwed, couples account for 10%
of all opposite sex couples in the US.
The traditional US family structure is becoming less
common.
3. WHAT IS MARRIAGE? WHAT IS
FAMILY?
Marriage is a legally recognized social contract
between 2 people, traditionally based on a sexual
relationship and implying permanence of the
union.
Sociologists are interested in the relationship
between the institution of marriage and the
institution of family because, historically, marriages
are what create a family, and families are the most
basic social unit upon which society is built.
Both marriage and family create status roles that are
sanctioned by society.
4. Family – is a socially recognized group
(usually joined by blood, marriage,
cohabitation, or adoption) that forms an
emotional connection and serves as an
economic unit of society.
Traditionally, a family was a husband, wife, and
2 children.
What constitutes a family is a prime area of
debate in family sociology today.
5. Different types of families:
A family of orientation refers to the family
into which a person is born.
A family of procreation describes one that
is formed through marriage.
Families are groups in which people come
together to form a strong primary group
connection and maintain emotional ties to
one another over a long period of time.
6. The functionalist perspective views families
as groups that perform vital roles for society
Both internally (for the family itself)
And externally (for society as a whole)
Symbolic interactionism helps us to
understand the subjective experience of
belonging to a “family.”
7. Challenges Families Face
One study stated that 99.8% of participants
agreed that a husband, wife, and children
constitute a family.
92% stated that a husband and a wife without
children are a family.
83% stated that unmarried couples with children
39.6% stated that unmarried couples without
children
64% stated that gay male couples with children
33% stated that gay male couples without
children
8. 60% of responders in this study agreed that
if you consider yourself a family, then you
are one.
The US Census Bureau (the national
government) defines a family as a group of 2
people or more (one of whom is the
householder) related by birth, marriage, or
adoption residing together.
9. In a 2010 survey, 76% adults stated that
family is “the most important” element of
their life.
Only 1% said it was “not important.”
45% stated that their family is at least as
close or closer (40%) than the family with
which they grew up.
10. Many religions believe that marriage can
only exist between a man and a woman.
Social liberals and progressives believe that
marriage can exist between 2 consenting
adults—be they man or woman, or a woman
and a woman—and that it would be
discriminatory to deny such a couple the
civil, social, and economic benefits of
marriage.
11. Marriage Patterns
Cohabitation is when a couple shares a
residence but not a marriage.
Single parenting and cohabitation are
becoming more acceptable, and people may
be less motivated to get married.
39% answered “yes” when asked if marriages is
becoming obsolete.
12. Monogamy: when someone is married to
only 1 person at a time.
Polygamy: being married to more than 1
person at a time.
Accepted in 78% of cultures around the world
North Africa and East Asia have the most
Polygyny: a man being married to more
than one woman at the same time.
Polyandry: when a woman is marrid to
more than 1 man at the same time.
Only occurs in about 1% of the world’s cultures.
13. While the majority of societies accept
polygyny, fewer than 10% (and no more
than 25-35%) of men in polygamous
cultures have more than one wife.
These husbands are often older, wealthy, high-
status men.
The average plural marriage involves no
more than 3 wives.
14. In the US, polygamy is considered by most
to be socially unacceptable and it is illegal.
The act of entering into marriage while still
married to another person is referred to as
bigamy and is considered a felony in most
states.
It is estimated that there are about 37,5000
fundamentalist Mormons involved in
polygamy in the US, Canada, and Mexico,
and the number is decreasing.
15. US Muslims are an emerging group with an
estimated 20,000 practicing polygamy.
It only occurs in approximately 1% of the
population though.
16. Joseph Smith, Jr.,
the founder of
Mormonism, is
said to have
practiced
polygamy.
17. Residency and Lines of Descent
When considering one’s lineage, most people in
the United States look to both their father’s and
mother’s sides.
Kinship is defined as one’s traceable ancestry
and can be based on blood or marriage or
adoption.
The pattern of tracing kinship is called bilateral
descent.
Practiced through 60% of societies.
Unilateral descent is the tracing of kinship
through one parent only.
It is practiced in 40% of the world’s societies.
18. 3 types of unilateral descent:
Patrilineal – follows the father’s line only
In rural China and India only males carry on the
family surname.
In the US, most children take their father’s last
name
Matrilineal –follows the mother’s side only
Common in Native American societies (especially
Crow and Cherokee)
Ambilineal- follows either the father’s only or
the mother’s side only, depending on the
situation.
Common in Southeast Asian countries
19. In many cultures, newly married couples move
in with, or near to, family members.
Patrilocal residence – the wife lives with or
near her husband’s family of orientation.
Thought to be disadvantageous to women
because it makes them outsiders in the home
and community & keeps them disconnected from
their own families.
Matrilocal residence – the husband lives
with his wife’s blood relatives.
The husband can feel disconnected and be
labeled as an outsider.
West Sumtra in Indonesia gives men little power in
issues regarding the home or family.
20. STAGES OF FAMILY LIFE
The set of predictable steps and patterns
families experience over time is referred to
as the family life cycle.
Paul Glick asserted that most people will grow
up, establish families, rear and launch their
children, experience an “empty nest” period, and
come to the end of their lives.
Evelyn Duvall elaborated on the family life cycle
by developing these classis stages of family.
21. STAGE THEORY
STAG
E
FAMILY TYPE CHILDREN
1 MARRIAGE FAMILY CHILDRLESS
2 PROCREATION FAMILY CHILDREN AGES 0-2.5
3 PRESCHOOLER FAMILY CHILDREN AGES 2.5-6
4 SCHOOL-AGE FAMILY CHILDREN AGES 6-13
5 TEENAGE FAMILY CHILDREN AGES 13-20
6 LAUNCHING FAMILY CHILDREN BEGIN TO
LEAVE HOME
EMPTY NEST FAMILY EMPTY NEST; ADULT
22. Sociologists view each stage as having its
own structure with different challenges,
achievements, and accomplishments that
transition the family from one stage to the
next.
As early stage theories have been criticized
for generalizing family life and not
accounting for differences in gender,
ethnicity, culture, and lifestyle, less rigid
models of the family life cycle have been
developed.
23. One example is the family life course,
which recognizes the events that occur in
the lives of families but views them as
parting terms of a fluid course rather than in
consecutive stages.
This type of model accounts for changes in
family development and sheds lights on other
shifts in the way family life is practiced.
24. VARIATIONS IN FAMILY LIFE
A nuclear family refers to married parents
and children as the nucleus, or core, of the
group.
In 2010 Census, only 66% of children under
17 years old live in a household with two
married parents.
This is a decrease from 77% in the 1980
Census.
3% of children live with 2 cohabitating
parents (not married).
25. More than one
quarter of U.S.
children live in a
single-parent
household.
26. Single Parents
Single parent households are on the rise.
In 2010, 27% of children lived with a single
parent only, up from 25% in 2008.
Of that 27%, 23% live with their mother, and 3%
live with their father.
10% of children living with their single mother
and 20% of children living with their single father
also live with the cohabitating partner of their
parent.
27. Step-parents are an additional family
element in two-parent homes.
Among children living in 2-parent households,
9% live with a biological or adoptive parent and
a stepparent.
70% of those children live with their biological
mother and a stepfather.
Older children (15-17) are less likely to live with
2 parents than adolescent children (6-14) or
young children (0-5).
28. In 2010, 3 million children (4%) of all
children lived with a guardian who was
neither their biological or adoptive parent
and a stepparent.
Of these, 54% live with grandparents.
21% live with other relatives.
24% live with nonrelatives.
29. This family structure is referred to as the
extended family, and may include aunts,
uncles, and cousins living in the same
home.
Foster parents account for about ¼ of
nonrelatives.
9% of all children live with a grandparent, and
the grandparent maintains primary responsibility
for the child.
Usually due to parental drug use, incarceration, or
abandonment.
30. Children living in homes with both parents
grow up with more financial and educational
advantages than those raised in single-
parent homes.
Parental marital status seems to be a
significant indicator in the advancement in a
child’s life.
Children living with a divorced parent typically
have more advantages than children living with a
parent who never married.
31. This is particularly true of children who live with
divorced fathers.
6 in 10 children living with only their mother live
near or below the poverty level.
Of those being raised by single mothers, 69%
live in or near poverty compared to 45% for
divorced mothers.
Never-married parents are:
Typically younger
Have fewer years of schooling
Have lower incomes
33. Same-Sex couples
The number of same-sex couples has grown
significantly in the past decade.
There are an estimated 594,000 same-sex
couple households in the US, a 50%
increase from 2000.
The increase is due to:
More coupling
The growing acceptance of homosexuality
Subsequent increase in willingness to report it
34. Same sex couples have an average age of
52, and an average household income of
$91,558.
Opposite sex couple households have an
average age of 59, and an average
household income of $95,075.
31% of same-sex couples are raising children.
73% of these children are biological children of only 1
of the parents.
21% are adopted only.
6% are a combination of biological and adoption.
43% of opposite couples are raising children.
35. Research reports that same-sex parents are
as effective as opposite-sex parents.
In one study, sociologists found no data to
support the notion that opposite-sex
parenting is any better than same-sex
parenting.
Children of lesbian couples, however, were
shown to have slightly lower rates of
behavioral problems and higher rates of self-
esteem.
36. Staying Single
A new option in the US is simply to stay
single.
In 2010, there were 99.6 million unmarried
individuals over age 18 in the US, accounting for
44% of the total adult population.
In 2010, never-married individuals in the 25-29
age bracket accounted for 62% of women and
48% of men, up from 11% and 19% in 1970.
Larger cities like New York have the highest population
of never-married individuals.
37. Women are under greater social pressure to
marry than men.
Single women are portrayed as unhappy
“spinsters” or “old maids” who cannot find a man
to marry them.
Single men are portrayed as life-time bachelors
who “haven’t found the right girl.”
Women over 35 report feeling happy and
secure and feel more independent and more
prepared to live a large portion of their adult
lives without a spouse or domestic partner
than they did in the 1960s.
38. Asian individuals are the most likely to
marry.
African Americans are the least likely to
marry.
Religious people are more likely to marry
than non-religious people.
By the age of 40, being single is not a
rejection of marriage. It is a lifestyle that
does not include marriage.
20% of women and 14% of men will have never
married by that age.
39. A study from Radford University indicated that
bartenders are among the professions with the highest
divorce rates (38.4 percent). Other traditionally low-
wage industries (like restaurant service, custodial
employment, and factory work) are also associated with
higher divorce rates.
40. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
Functionalists uphold the notion that families
are an important social institution and they
play a key role in stabilizing society.
Family members take on status roles in a
marriage or family.
The family and its members perform certain
functions that facilitate the prosperity and
development of society.
41. George Murdock determined that there are 4
universal residual functions of the family:
Sexual
The family offers a socially legitimate sexual outlet for
adults.
Reproductive
A necessary part of ensuring the survival of society
Educational
The family trains the children for adult life by teaching
them how to think and behave and follow social and
cultural norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes.
42. Economic
Gender roles and a division of labor leads to
expressive and instrumental roles.
Men tend to assume the instrumental roles in the
family (work and financial support).
Women tend to assume the expressive roles (physical
care and emotional support of children).
According to functionalists, the differentiation of the
roles on the basis of sex ensures that families are well
balanced and coordinated.
When family members move outside of these roles, the family
is thrown out of balance and must recalibrate in order to
function properly.
43. Conflict theorists point out that US families
have been defined as private entities, the
consequence of which has been to leave
family matters to only those within the family.
They highlight the role of power in family life
and contends that the family is often not a
haven but rather an arena where power
struggles can occur.
44. Researchers found that the person with
most access to value resources held the
most power.
As money is the most valuable resource, men
who worked in paid labor outside of the home
held more power than women who worked
inside the home.
Conflict theorists find disputes over the
division of household labor to be a common
source of marital discord.
45. Household labor offers no wages, therefore, no power.
Studies indicate that when men do more housework,
women experience more satisfaction in their
marriages, reducing the incidence of conflict.
Conflict theorists tend to study areas of marriage
and life that involve inequalities or discrepancies
in power and authority, as they are reflective of
the larger social structure.
46. Symbolic interactionists view the world in
terms of symbols and the meanings
assigned to them.
The family itself is a symbol.
SI believe that the family is a social construct
that is subject to the ebb and flow of social
norms and ever-changing meanings.
They also recognize how the family status roles
of each member are socially constructed,
playing an important part in how people perceive
and interpret social behavior.
47. They also view the family as a group of
role players or “actors” that come together
to act out their parts in an effort to
construct a family.
These roles are up for interpretation.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a
“good father” was one who worked hard to
provide financial security for his children.
Today, a “good father” is one who takes the
time outside of work to promote his children’s
emotional well-being, social skills, and
intellectual growth.
48. CHALLENGES FAMILIES FACE
DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE
In 1960, only 9.1 out of every 1,000 persons
was divorced.
In 1975, that number was 20.3.
The number of divorced person peaked in
1980 at 22.6 out of 1,000.
Currently, the number is similar to the 1975
number.
49. The decrease in divorce rates can be
attributed to 2 probable factors:
An increase in the age at which people get
married
An increased level of education among those
who marry
Both of which have been found to promote greater
marital stability
51. Some segments of the US population are
more likely to divorce than others.
Men and women in the Northeast have the
lowest divorce rates at 7.2 and 7.5 per 1,000
people.
The marriage rate is lower and first marriages tend to
be delayed.
The South has the highest rate of divorce at 10.2
for men and 11.1 for women.
Because marriage rates are higher and marriage
occurs at younger-than-average ages in this region.
53. Divorce also varies by race.
American Indian and Alaskan Natives report the
highest percentages of currently divorced
individuals (12.6%).
Blacks have an average of 11.5%
Whites average 10.8%
Pacific Islanders average 8%
Latinos average 7.8%
Asians average is 4.9%
In general, those who marry at a later age,
have a college education have lower rates of
divorce.
54. What causes divorce?
Stress—especially financial stress
Couples who enter marriage without a strong asset
base (home, savings, retirement plan) are 70% more
likely to be divorced after 3 years than are couples with
at least $10,000 in assets.
The addition of children
Marriages enter their most stressful phase upon the
birth of the first child.
Married couples with twins or triplets are 17% more
likely to divorce than single births.
55. There is a general decline in marital
satisfaction over time.
As people get older, they find that their values
and life goals no longer match up with those
of their spouse.
Children of divorced parents are 40% more
likely to divorce than children of married
parents.
56. When these divorced parents remarry, the
likelihood of their own divorce rises to 91%.
This might result from being socialized to a
mindset that broken marriage can be replaced
rather than repaired.
That sentiment is also reflected in the finding
that when both partners of a married couple
have been previously divorced, their
marriage is 90% more likely to end in
divorce.
57. People in a second marriage account for
19.3% of all married persons.
Those who have been married three or more
times account for 5.2% .
91% of remarriages occur after divorce; only 9%
occur after death of a spouse.
58. Most men and women remarry within 5
years of a divorce.
The median length for men is 3 years and 4.4
years for women.
The majority of those who remarry are between
the ages of 25-44.
Whites are more likely to remarry than black
Americans.
59. In a survey households formed by
remarriage, 8% included only biological
children of the remarried couple.
Of the 49% of homes that include children
24% included only the woman’s biological
children.
3% included only the man’s biological children.
9% included a combination of both spouse’s
children.
60. Children of divorce and remarriage
Research suggests that while marital conflict
does not provide an ideal childrearing
environment, going through a divorce can be
damaging.
Children are often confused and frightened by
the threat to their family security.
They often feel responsible for the divorce and
attempt to bring their parents back together.
61. Only in high-conflict homes to children benefit
from divorce.
Studies also suggest that stress levels for
children are not improved when a child acquired
a stepfamily through marriage.
Stepfamilies typically have a high level of interpersonal
conflict.
62. Children’s ability to deal with a divorce may
depend on their age.
Most difficult for school-aged children
Older teenagers are more likely to recognize the
conflict that led to the divorce but may still feel
fear, loneliness, guilt, and pressure to choose
sides.
Infants and preschool-age children may suffer
the heaviest impact from the loss of routine that
the marriage offered.
63. Boys who live or have joint arrangements
with their fathers show less aggression than
those who are raised by their mothers only.
Girls who live with or have joint
arrangements with their mothers tend to be
more responsible and mature than those
who are raised by their fathers only.
Nearly ¾ of the children of parents who are
divorced live in a household headed by their
mother, leaving many boys without a father
figure residing in the home.
64. VIOLENCE AND ABUSE
Domestic violence is a significant problem in
the US.
It is often characterized as violence between
household or family members, specifically
spouses.
Intimate partner violence is violence that
occurs between individuals who maintain a
romantic or sexual relationship.
65. Women are the primary victims of intimate
partner violence.
It is estimated that 1 in 4 women have
experienced some form of IPV in her lifetime,
compared to 1 in 7 men.
IPV can include physical violence such as:
Punching
Kicking
Threats
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse
66. 57% of physical actions against women
involve physical violence.
9% involve rate and physical violence.
14% involved physical violence and stalking
12% involved rape, physical violence, and
staking
4% involved rape only.
67. 92% of physical acts against men are in the
form of physical violence.
Less than 1% involves rape alone or in
combination.
The rates of IPV for black women are higher
than that for white women.
Black women 4.6 per 1,000 persons
White women 3.1 per 1,000 persons
Native Americans and Alaskan Native are up to
11.1 per 1,000 persons.
68. IPV doubles for women in low-income
disadvantaged areas.
Women ages 20-24 are at the greatest risk
of nonfatal abuse.
Those who are separated report higher rates
of abuse.
Cohabiters are more likely than those who
are married.
69. Even when confronted by police about
abuse, 29% of victims denied that abuse
occurred.
19% of their assailants were likely to admit to
abuse.
Victims cite varied reasons why they are
reluctant to report abuse.
70. Reason Abuse is
Unreported
%
Females
% Males
Considered a Private Matter 22 39
Fear of Retaliation 12 5
To Protect the Abuser 14 16
Belief that Police Won’t Do
Anything
8 8
71. Nearly ½ (42%) involves alcohol or drug
use—mainly because they lower inhibitions.
Nearly all women who report serious
domestic problems exhibit symptoms of
major depression.
Female victims of IPV:
Are more likely to abuse alcohol or drugs
Suffer from eating disorders
Attempt suicide
72. In 2010, there were more than 3 million
reports of child abuse involving an estimated
5.9 million children.
Child abuse comes in several forms:
Neglect (78.3%)
Physical abuse (10.8%)
Sexual abuse (7.6%)
Psychological maltreatment (7.6%)
Medical neglect (2.4%)
73. 81.1% of perpetrators are parents.
6.2% are other relatives.
Infants (under one year old) were the most
victimized population—20.6 per 1,000
infants.
They are especially vulnerable to neglect
because they are entirely dependent on parents
for care.
74. Physical abuse of infants often takes the
form of shaken-baby syndrome.
A group of medical symptoms such as brain
swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from
forcefully shaking or impacting an infant’s head.
Estimated at 1,400 babies die or suffer serious
injury from being shaken each year.
Caused by:
Stress
Poor economy
Unemployment
Dissatisfaction with parental life
75. Young parents are typically less capable of
coping with stresses.
Teenage mothers are more likely to abuse
their children than older mothers.
Children born to mothers who are 15 years old
or younger are twice as likely to be abused or
neglected by age 5 than children born to
mothers ages 20-21.
76. Drug and alcohol abuse is a known
contributor to child abuse.
Children of substance abusers have a high risk
of physical abuse 3 times greater than other
kids, and neglect is 4 times as prevalent in these
families.
Other risk factors include:
Social isolation
Depression
Low parental education
A history of being mistreated as a child
77. The long-term effects of child abuse impact
the physical, mental, and emotional well-
being of a child.
Injury, poor health, and mental instability occur
at a high rate.
80% of abused children meet the criteria of one
or more psychiatric disorders before the age of
21:
Depression
Anxiety
Suicide behavior
78. Behavioral consequences will affect almost
all of child abuse victims.
They are 25% more likely, as adolescents, to
suffer from difficulties like poor academic
performance and teen pregnancy, or to engage
in behaviors like drug abuse and general
delinquency.
They are also more likely to participate in risky
sexual acts (increasing chances of getting an
STD).
Other risky behaviors include drug and alcohol
abuse