The document discusses changes in family structure over time. It notes that traditional nuclear families of two parents and children are declining while single-parent families are increasing. Cultural norms around family ties also vary between countries, with some cultures fostering stronger extended family bonds and others being more individualistic. Strong family ties are associated with greater home production, less labor market participation especially for women and children, higher fertility rates, and more traditional gender roles.
Course - Online Mini MBA (Free)
Register - http://www.mybskool.com/100-day-mini-mba.php?course=FreeCourse
Core competence and strategic advantage
By Dr.Ashvini Ravi
Associate Dean – Academics
myBskool.com
Presentation of Plastipak Packaging Inc.: Unilimited Possibilities - Internat...Jobadvisor
International Career Day is a one-day event dedicated exclusively to career opportunities in international context.
Plastipak Packaging Inc. is a multibillion-dollar manufacturer of plastic rigid containers with a global reach. Plastipak has grown steadily to become the largest privately held blow molder in North America.
Course - Online Mini MBA (Free)
Register - http://www.mybskool.com/100-day-mini-mba.php?course=FreeCourse
Core competence and strategic advantage
By Dr.Ashvini Ravi
Associate Dean – Academics
myBskool.com
Presentation of Plastipak Packaging Inc.: Unilimited Possibilities - Internat...Jobadvisor
International Career Day is a one-day event dedicated exclusively to career opportunities in international context.
Plastipak Packaging Inc. is a multibillion-dollar manufacturer of plastic rigid containers with a global reach. Plastipak has grown steadily to become the largest privately held blow molder in North America.
Digital Transformation: How Does Adidas Automate and Integrate Digital Operat...Bizagi
Want to know how manufacturing and retail giant adidas tackles IT integration? With 500 sales operations, 400 factories and over 10,000 staff around the world, adidas has a strategic and dedicated team for Global Integration Services – connecting disparate systems and data to save time and effort across the business.
Learn from Mohammed Ghadban of Adidas to see how this team has:
•Added a layer of agility on top of the systems adidas was already using
•Integrated process automation with technologies including SAP and SharePoint
•Adopted the agile development methodology by using an agile digital platform
About Adidas
Adidas AG is a German multinational corporation, headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, that designs and manufactures shoes, clothing and accessories. It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, and the second largest in the world.
About Bizagi
Headquartered in the UK and with operations across North America, Europe and Latin America, Bizagi is a global leader in digital business platforms. With a global user community of over 650,000 process pioneers, Bizagi has helped over 500 enterprises in 50 countries to survive and thrive in the digital age. For more information, please visit www.bizagi.com
Watch the Video here : https://youtu.be/ry8KxE1W7ZI
Colgate- Palmolive Company : The Precision ToothbrushSneh Ankur
The Slides were created by Sneh Ankur, Btech Nit Agartala (C.S.E) during a Marketing Internship under Prof. Sameer Mathur, IIM Lucknow. It contains the case study of Harvard Business School .
Digital Transformation: How Does Adidas Automate and Integrate Digital Operat...Bizagi
Want to know how manufacturing and retail giant adidas tackles IT integration? With 500 sales operations, 400 factories and over 10,000 staff around the world, adidas has a strategic and dedicated team for Global Integration Services – connecting disparate systems and data to save time and effort across the business.
Learn from Mohammed Ghadban of Adidas to see how this team has:
•Added a layer of agility on top of the systems adidas was already using
•Integrated process automation with technologies including SAP and SharePoint
•Adopted the agile development methodology by using an agile digital platform
About Adidas
Adidas AG is a German multinational corporation, headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, that designs and manufactures shoes, clothing and accessories. It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, and the second largest in the world.
About Bizagi
Headquartered in the UK and with operations across North America, Europe and Latin America, Bizagi is a global leader in digital business platforms. With a global user community of over 650,000 process pioneers, Bizagi has helped over 500 enterprises in 50 countries to survive and thrive in the digital age. For more information, please visit www.bizagi.com
Watch the Video here : https://youtu.be/ry8KxE1W7ZI
Colgate- Palmolive Company : The Precision ToothbrushSneh Ankur
The Slides were created by Sneh Ankur, Btech Nit Agartala (C.S.E) during a Marketing Internship under Prof. Sameer Mathur, IIM Lucknow. It contains the case study of Harvard Business School .
My Life As a Hopi Pueblo Indian, 2 of 2, by Gregg Suhmgreggsuhm
An original, realistic fiction elementary school slide presentation (Part 2 of 2) of the life of a young girl named Takala, a Hopi Pueblo Native American, at the turn of the 20th Century, which shows village life, aspects of culture and religion to elementary students using rare, online archival photographs taken from that time.
Hopi & Kwakiutl - Native American Tribes (Social Studies, 6th Grade)tteach
This is a slideshow that accompanies a lesson on two Native American tribes (Southeast and Northwest), based loosely on Building a Nation, social studies textbook
Integrating Social Studies with other important curriculum areas is an efficient way to create a meaningful curriculum for all students. Visuals are the key to "hook" and engage all learners.
Unit 6.1 Families and Intimate Relationships15-1Families in Glo.docxshanaeacklam
Unit 6.1: Families and Intimate Relationships
15-1Families in Global Perspective
LO 1
Explain these key concepts: families, kinship, family of orientation, family of procreation, extended family, and nuclear family.
As the nature of family life has changed in high-, middle-, and low-income nations, the issue of what constitutes a “family” continues to be widely debated. In the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” Article 16, adopted by the United Nations (1948), the family is defined as follows:
· Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality, or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
· Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
· The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the States.
According to this declaration, the social institution of family must be protected in all societies because family is the “natural” and “fundamental” group unit of society. Although families differ widely around the world, they also share certain common concerns in their everyday lives. Food, clothing, shelter, and child care are necessities important to all people.
In the United States the Census Bureau defines a family as consisting of two or more people who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption, and residing in the same housing unit. (The Census Bureau specifies that one person in the household unit will be identified as the “householder.”) For many years the standard sociological definition of family has been a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children. Some people believe that this definition should not be expanded—that social approval should not be extended to other relationships simply because the persons in those relationships wish to consider themselves to be a family. However, other people challenge this definition because it simply does not match the reality of family life in contemporary society, particularly at a time when only about half of adults ages eighteen and older are married in the legal usage of the term.
Today’s families include many types of living arrangements and relationships, including single-parent households, unmarried couples, LGBTQ couples with or without children, and multiple generations (such as grandparent, parent, and child) living in the same household (Figure 15.1). To accurately reflect these changes in family life, some sociologists believe that we need a more encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. Accordingly, families are relationships in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group. Sexual expression and parent–chil.
Introduction
Adulthood - Adult and Family Development
Finding a Mate: Courtship Patterns
Parent-Arranged Marriages
The American Dating System
Marriage
Types of Marital Relationships
The Family Life Cycle
Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult
Developmental Tasks of The Family Establishment Phase
Establishing a Home Base to Call Their Own
Challenges Ahead and Activism
Week 10
Collective Behavior
What is it?
Non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.
Examples?
Theoretical Perspectives
Emergent-Norm Perspective
People perceive and respond to circumstances based on their own set of norms but when a situation arises that is unfamiliar, people act in groups to develop new norms
What does this sound like? (which classical theory?)
Value-Added Theory
A set of conditions must be in pace for collective behavior to occur – structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization, and social control
Which classical theory does this sound like?
Assembling Perspective
Focus on collective action based on shared interest
Individuals are rational beings
Social Movements
What are they?
Purposeful, organized groups working toward a common social goal
Local, state, national, and global levels
Examples?
Stages of social movements
Preliminary stage, coalescence, institutionalization, decline
Theoretical Perspectives
Resource mobilization: Ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals
Framing/Frame Analysis: Diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing
Frame alignment process
New Social Movement Theory: Understands social movements as they relate to politics, identity, culture, and social change
Examples: Ecofeminism, transgender rights movement, black lives matter movement
Social Change
How does it happen?
Changes in technology, social institutions, population, and the environment
How might these things cause change, spur collective action, or open the door for new social movements?
Activism
Vigorous direct action used to catalyze changes in social policies, institutions, and structures.
Protests, petitions, strikes, lobbying, public displays, political artwork, community education
What are some unique challenges to activism that have come up during the pandemic?
Discussion
Have any topics or social problems discussed this quarter prompted you to become involved in activism, if you weren’t involved already?
If yes, what have you become involved in and why?
What challenges do you foresee for the future of solving social problems?
Can we overcome those challenges? What would it take to overcome them?
Family & Marriage
Week 6
Key Take Aways
Opinions on family and marriage as well as trends in marriage and divorce have changed drastically over the years
Nuclear families are not the only type of family
Marriage can create advantages for couples and their children, but it can also be a source of inequality both within and between families
Research and discussions on marriage and family in the US tend to leave out lots of things (which we’ll discuss)
Overview
Textbook Definition
Family: “a group of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or a mutual commitment and who care for one another”
Families throughout history & the status of the nuclear family ...
1. Report_
Changes in Family Structure
Introduction to
Anthropology
Instructor: Tata Zafar (TZf)
ANT-101, SECTION-1
Submission Date: 27th April,2015
Prepared By:
Sumiya Islam Khan (122 1007 030)
Md. Ferdous Khan Samuel (111 0706 030)
Shadman Ferdous Ibna Matin (111 1073 030)
2. 1
Introduction
The family is one of the most important socio economic institutions in our society, but the
nature of the links between family members varies dramatically across nationalities. Do
countries with a culture fostering strong family ties tend to have deferent economic outcomes
than more individualistic societies? While sociologists and political scientists have paid some
attention to this question, this is an issue vastly ignored by economists. Even though the latter
do recognize the role of the family in economic decisions, there is not systematic empirical
evidence isolating the importance of culture, as measured by the strength of family ties, on
economic outcomes. The idea that culture matters for economic outcomes is not new, but
only recently economists have started to quantify its importance1. The empirical evidence so
far has been limited to the importance of trust or to generic measures of culture2. We
contribute to this debate by proposing a new measure of culture, by addressing causality
looking and the behavior of second generation immigrants in the US, and by employing a
variable based on the grammatical rule of pronoun drop as an instrument for family ties. The
core of our strategy will be to understand whether some specific family arrangements, such as
the amount of home production, the labor force participation of household members, the role
of the woman in the family and in the society, are the result of market environments and
specific institutional features of a society, or whether they are, at least partially, an outcome
of long lasting cultural norms, reflecting deference's in loyalties and duties across generations
in different countries.
3. 2
Family
This article is about the group of people such as a mother and a father. For the family in
biology, see Family.
In the context of human society, a family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people affiliated
by consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity (by marriage), or co-residence and/or shared
consumption (see Nurture kinship). Members of the immediate family may include,
singularly or plurally, a spouse, parent, brother, sister, son and/or daughter. Members of the
extended family may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews’ nieces
and/or siblings-in-law.
In most societies, the family is the principal institution for the socialization of children. As
the basic unit for raising children, anthropologists generally classify most family organization
as matrifocal (a mother and her children); conjugal (a husband, his wife, and children; also
called the nuclear family); avuncular (for example, a grandparent, a brother, his sister, and
her children); or extended (parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent's
family).
"Family" is used metaphorically to create more inclusive categories such as community,
nationhood, global village and humanism.
Genealogy is a field which aims to trace family lineages through history.
Family is also an important economic unit studied in family economics.
1 Social reproduction
2 Types
2.1 Conjugal (nuclear or single) family
2.2 Matrifocal family
2.3 Extended family
3 Blended family
4 Monogamous family
4. 3
5 Polygamous family
5.1 Polygyny
5.2 Polyandry
Social reproduction
One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production
and reproduction of persons, biologically and/or socially. This can occur through the sharing
of material substances (such as food); the giving and receiving of care and nurture.
Types
The diverse data coming from ethnography, history, law and social statistics, establish that
the human family is an institution and not a biological fact found on the natural relationship
of consanguinity. The different types of families occur in a wide variety of settings, and their
specific functions and meanings depend largely on their relationship to other social
institutions.
Nuclear or single family
The term "nuclear family" is commonly used, especially in the United States, to refer to
conjugal families. A "conjugal" family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried
children who are not of age. Sociologists distinguish between conjugal families (relatively
independent of the kindred of the parents and of other families in general) and nuclear
families (which maintain relatively close ties with their kindred). However, in the 21st
century, the "nuclear family", according to the 2010 Census, is "disappearing at a rapid rate
are homes with "traditional" nuclear families—Mom, Dad and two children
Matriarchal family
A "multifocal" family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her
biological offspring, although adoption of children is a practice in nearly every society. This
kind of family is common where women have the resources to rear their children by
themselves, or where men are more mobile than women.
Extended family
5. 4
The term "extended family" is also common, especially in United States. This term has two
distinct meanings. First, it serves as a synonym of "consanguinal family" (consanguine
means "of the same blood"). Second, in societies dominated by the conjugal family, it refers
to "kindred" (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group)
who do not belong to the conjugal family. These types refer to ideal or normative structures
found in particular societies. Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual
composition and conception of families.
Blended family
The term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both
parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.
Monogamous family
Polygamy is a marriage that includes more than two partners. When a man is married to
more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called polygyny; and when a woman is
married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If a marriage includes
multiple husbands and wives, it can be called polyamory.
Polygyny
Polygyny is a form of plural marriage, in which a man is allowed more than one wife. In
modern countries that permit polygamy, polygyny is typically the only form permitted.
Polygyny is practiced primarily (but not only) in parts of the Middle East and Africa; and is
often associated with Islam.
Polyandry
Polyandry is a form of marriage whereby a woman takes two or more husbands at the same
time. Fraternal polyandry, where two or more brothers are married to the same wife, is a
common form of polyandry. Polyandry was traditionally practiced in areas of the Himalayan
Mountains, among Tibetans in Nepal, in parts of China and in parts of northern India.
Polyandry is most common in societies marked by high male mortality or male absenteeism.
6. 5
Modern family
Those were the kind of our family once, but in 21st
century a lot has changed, even families.
Most countries have seen a decline in the fertility rate over the past three decades. As a
result the average household size has also declined over this period. At the same time, there
has been a sharp increase in the proportion of women entering the labour force. Family
formation patterns are also changing. Increasingly, both men and women want to first
establish themselves in the labour market before founding a family. Hence, the age of
mothers at first childbirth has risen and with it the probability of having fewer children than
previous generations. Many women remain childless. so there are fewer children and more
grandparents than before.
Issues in family policy, underlying policy objectives and evidence on good practices will be
discussed in subsequent chapters. This chapter outlines some of the key indicators that
illustrate modern family life and how these affect the well-being of children and parents
across the countries and its enhanced engagement partners. (Alesina, 2007)
Changes in household structure
Children in households
Changing family structures, lower fertility rates and ageing populations have led to a
growing share of households without children. Countries like Canada, Chile, Mexico and
Ireland, over half of households do not include children. Even households with children
predominantly contain only one or two children. The proportion of households with one
child is about the same (around 40%) as the proportion of households with two children,
except for Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain, where the
proportion of households with one child is around 50% of all households with children. The
proportion of households with three or more children is below 20% of all households with
children, on average, with the exceptions of Chile (20%), Norway (20%), Finland (21%), the
United States (22%), Iceland (25%), Ireland (30%) and Mexico (33%). (Alesina, 2007)
Partnership patterns
Both falling marriage rates and increasing divorce rates have contributed to the increase in
sole-parent families as well as “reconstituted families”. On average across the world,
7. 6
marriage rates have fallen from 8.1 marriages per 1 000 people in 1970 to 5.0 in 2009. There
is considerable variation across countries: marriage rates have remained high in Korea,
Turkey and the United States but are low in Chile, Luxembourg and Italy.
Work life and family life
Female labor participation in production
Increasing female participation in higher education has contributed to changing female
aspirations regarding labor market participation in many countries, with the biggest change
in behavior amongst married mothers. The timing of the resultant increase in female
employment has varied across countries. For example, the rise in female employment began
in the early 1960s in Australia, New Zealand, the Nordic countries, and the United States
whereas the main gains in Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain were recorded over the past
two decades. (Alesina, 2007)
Parents in work
The growth in the proportion of women in the labor force is strongly related to the growing
numbers of mothers re-entering the labor force or remaining in employment. On average
across THE countries in 2007, more than six out of ten mothers with dependent children
(aged 0-16) were in paid employment. There is, however, considerable cross-national
variation. At below 50%, employment rates for mothers with dependent children (0-16)
were lowest in Hungary, Italy, Poland and the Slovak Republic. In contrast, more than two
out of three mothers were in paid employment in Canada, the Netherlands, Switzerland and
the United States, with maternal employment rates highest in Nordic countries at around
75% or more. (Marx, 2011)
Joblessness and poverty among households
The economic vulnerability of families is linked to parents’ incapacity to reconcile
employment and parenthood. The most disadvantaged families with children are those where
no adults are in paid employment. Joblessness is generally much higher for sole parent
families than for couples with children, and the growth in the incidence of sole parent
families has been a significant contributor to trends in family joblessness. Thus, children in
8. 7
couple households are less likely to be living with jobless parents than children in sole-parent
households such as Bangladesh.
Family life has changed over the past few decades in most countries. Total fertility rates have
fallen and, despite a recent rebound in many countries, fertility rates remain below the
replacement level in most countries. There has been increased deferment of childbearing
among women which in extreme cases has led to increased childlessness. The childlessness
rate seems strongly linked to the education level of women: women with higher education
levels are most likely to remain childless.
Increasing educational attainment levels among women have gone hand-in-hand with
improved labor market outcomes for women. However, despite sharp increases in female
employment over the past few decades, gender gaps persist. Many women still find it more
difficult to gain employment than men, and once they are in the labor market, face further
difficulties in gaining equity with their male counterparts. On average, there is a 15
percentage point gap in the employment rates of men and women among prime-aged (25-54)
adults. And among the working population, women are more likely to have part time work
and temporary contracts and less likely to reach managerial positions. (Marx, 2011)
9. 8
Conclusions
The family is a key socio economic unit in society and the nature of its organization greatly
varies across nationalities. In some cultures/nationalities family ties are weak and members
only feel obligated up to a point to be linked to others members of the family. In other
cultures family ties are strong. We measure family ties based on answers from the World
Value Survey and we show that strong family ties imply more home production of goods and
services and less participation in market activities especially for women and youngsters
which stay at home longer. This is associated with higher fertility (family ties may also
provide child care services) and a more "traditional" role for women, with less education and
more work at home. Strong family ties are also associated with less geographical mobility
since ties are more useful if people live close to each other. Family with strong ties trust
family members more but trust others outside the family less and are inward looking. On the
positive side, people belonging to strong family ties societies appear to be happier and
satisfied with their life. In order to mitigate problems of reverse causation and endogeneity of
cultural traits to economic outcomes we use second-generation immigrants in the US as a test
that holds constant the economic environment but allows variation in immigrants’ culture.
We also use an instrument based on linguistic characteristics, on the assumption that the
language structure is correlated (as it is) to beliefs about individualistic versus groups
relationships. Overall both the size and the statistical significance of the coefficients imply a
large effect of the nature of family relationships on economic structures. These considerations
are important for the design of public polices since the same set of interventions may have
very different effects in countries with different family ties.
10. 9
Reference:
Al esina, A., & Giuliano, P. (2007, April). The Power of the Family. IZA Discussion Paper , 56.
Marx, R. (2011). Families are changing. DOING BETTER FOR FAMILIES , 37