There is basic introduction about environmental geotechnology. This is the new allied branch of geotechnical engineering which is dealing with hydrology, environmental engineering as well as lithological formations. In some aspects it is also relate with microbiology as well called geomicrobiology. This new area of geotechnical engineering can contribute to sustainability to the environment, economy of the ground improvement technology n many other fields as well.

1. S e m i n a r o n
“ ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY”
Prepare by :
Kishan Bhadiyadra
M.Tech. GeoTech. (1st Year)
(Roll no: MG018 )
1
Civil Engineering Department
Dharmsinh Desai University
Nadiad

2. “ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
1. Introduction
2. Why It Is Needed?
3. Particle Energy Field Theory
4. Concern of P-E-F Theory In Geotechnical Engineering
5. Advances of Geotechnical Engineering
6. Conclusion
7. Reference
8. Appendix
2

3. 3
 Interaction with
various environmental
cycles, Biosphere,
Lithosphere and
Geomicrobiosphere.
 Interaction of
soils with various
influences of
ground water and
relative surface
water within the
time lapse of
hydrological cycle.
 All about time-
dependent
environmental as well
as hydrological
influences on soil &
rock structures.
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

4. 4
MSW and BMWRadioactive Waste
Wetland
Global Warming
Desertification
Flood Zones
Land Filling
Shortage of Land
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

5. 5
MSW and BMWRadioactive Waste
Wetland
Global Warming
Desertification
Flood Zones
Land Filling
Shortage of Land
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

6. 6
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
What Is PEF Theory?
• New approach entitled for analyzing soil behaviour under various
environmental conditions.
• The main purpose for developing this theory is to link unrelated
phenomena into one system that reflects in situ conditions.
Assumptions:
• The physical world is constructed of particles such as atoms, ions
and molecules.
• These particles may attract or repel each other depending on their
electromagnetic forces and structures.
• Bonding energy such as ionic, covalent, chemical bonding and
linkage control the stress-strain-strength and durability between
particles.
• Energies such as kinetic, potential, heat, electrical, magnetic and
radiation are caused by the relative movement of particle.
• Particle system can be in solid, liquid and gaseous state.

7. 7
Soil Behaviuor
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Factors System Change Energy Field
Performance
Effect
Loading Factor
Structure/Surcharge
loading
Mechanical
Short-Term
Effect
Environmental
Factor
Fluctuating
Temperature
Thermal
Possible
Long Term
Effect
Variable soil
oxidation/ reduction
potential
Electrical
Variable iron content Magnetic
Emission of radon
gas
Radiation
Decomposition Biochemical

8. 8
Solid-Liquid-Gas (Multiphase Interface)
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Freeze-Thaw
Energy Released
Energy Required

9. 9
Collectively This Concept Is One Bridge Which Interlinks -
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Soil Response
• Pore Fluid Characteristics
• Soil-Heat, Soil-Chemical
•Soil-Electrical, Soil-Liquid
• Soil-Foundation Structure
•Water & Dissolved Constituents
Environment
al Factors
Hydrological
Factors

10. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Hydraulic Conductivity
10
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Permeant Type
Potable Water
Aniline (C6H5NH2)
Carbon Tetra Chloride (CCl4)
Evans & Fang Test
The Hydraulic conductivity test
was conducted with special triaxial
permeameter having potable water
& some contaminated water as
permeant.
Soil Sample
Soil – Bentonite Mixture
Bentonite 7% By Dry Wt.
Fine Sand 93%
Medium Sand 5%
Silt 2%
X 103

11. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Hydraulic Conductivity
11
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Permeant Type
Potable Water
Aniline (C6H5NH2)
Carbon Tetra Chloride (CCl4)
Evans & Fang Test
The Hydraulic conductivity test
was conducted with special triaxial
permeameter having potable water
& some contaminated water as
permeant.
Soil Sample
Soil – Bentonite Mixture
Bentonite 7% By Dry Wt.
Fine Sand 93%
Medium Sand 5%
Silt 2%
X 103

12. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Hydraulic Conductivity
12
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Permeant Type
Potable Water
Aniline (C6H5NH2)
Carbon Tetra Chloride (CCl4)
Evans & Fang Test
The Hydraulic conductivity test
was conducted with special triaxial
permeameter having potable water
& some contaminated water as
permeant.
Soil Sample
Soil – Bentonite Mixture
Bentonite 7% By Dry Wt.
Fine Sand 93%
Medium Sand 5%
Silt 2%
X 103

13. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Hydraulic Conductivity
13
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Permeant Type
Potable Water
Aniline (C6H5NH2)
Carbon Tetra Chloride (CCl4)
Evans & Fang Test
The Hydraulic conductivity test
was conducted with special triaxial
permeameter having potable water
& some contaminated water as
permeant.
Soil Sample
Soil – Bentonite Mixture
Bentonite 7% By Dry Wt.
Fine Sand 93%
Medium Sand 5%
Silt 2%
X 103

14. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Volume Change
14
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Effects
• The formation of this kind of acid in
subsurface soil leads to fermentation of organic
matter that present in soil and it may result
volume change in subsurface soil layer.
• It can also corrode the soil mineral as well as
substructure.
Geomicrobiology
Bacteria (COHNS)
H2S + 2O2 H2SO4
• Basically, Microbial activity can
cause acceleration in ion
exchange reaction and rise of the
aerobic & anaerobic
decomposition.

15. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Sorption
15
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
• Adsorption is controlled by
physical and
physiochemical processes
that depends upon local
environment.
• Adsorption of microbes
with soil particles produce
biofilm around the surface
of soil particle that can be
use effectively in municipal
solid waste containment as
barrier
Adsorption
Particle Size :
• Adsorption increase with decrease
in particle size due to more
surface area available in smaller
particle size.
Pore Water Characteristics :
• Increase in pH value of pore fluid
leads to higher water adsorption
up to a pH of 8, Beyond which the
behaviour is less pronounced.
Organic Content :
• Adsorption will be higher and
stronger with increase in organic
content at subsurface level.

16. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Compaction
16
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
By Electrical Energy Field
Electro-kinetic Process:
• In this process soil particles in
suspension moving under an
electrical gradient.
• Example: Trans - Canada
Highway Bridge on Soft Clay
(Geotechnical Engineering, H. Y. Fang
& J. L. Daniels) (7.10.1, Pg. No. 216)
Electro-osmosis Process:
• This refers to fluid flow
through soil particles where
only the fluid moves and the
soil particles remain
stationary.
• Dewatering of the site as
well as safe removal of
leachate from solid waste
land fill site can be done by
this kind of processes.

17. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Consolidation
17
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
• This parameter is very
useful for development of
infrastructure on solid
waste landfill site.
• Example: Bharuch Enviro
Infrastructure Ltd. (BEIL)
has developed G+2
structure on a landfill site
at Ankleshwar region.
At landfill Site
Sower’s Method:
∆𝐻 = −α .
𝐻
1 + 𝑒
. log
𝑡2
𝑡1
Where, ∆H = Total Settlement
α = Co-efficient which depends on field
conditions.
(0.9e for condition of active
decomposition & 0.3e for unfavourable
conditions.)
e = Void Ratio
H = Fill Height
t = Time

18. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Strength of Soils
18
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Environmental Factors
• Wetting – Drying
• Freezing – Thawing
• Leaching
• Adsorption
• Geomicrobiological Activity
• Microbes can make subsurface
soil strong or weak that depends
upon types of bacteria, their food
availability and local
environmental conditions for their
survival.
• Soil -Microbial interaction is
useful,
Especially, the nitrifying bacteria
like azotobactor can fix
atmospheric nitrogen into the
subsurface soil and that can make
soil strong and more ductile.
• So that, this kind of soils with
nitrifying bacterial biofilm can
be used in landfill barriers in
solid waste as well as
radioactive waste containment
to solve the cracking problems
in barriers and leakage.

19. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Failure Criteria
19
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Pre-failure Stage
• The stability of soil mass is
not only affected by the
applied load, but also by
pre – failure conditions and
the genetic history of soil
itself.
• The pre-failure stage is
controlled by the local
environmental factors under
multimedia energy fields.

20. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Earth Pressure
20
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Passive Earth Pressure
• This consideration is
useful in the construction
of large underground as
well as on ground water
tank, retaining wall and
earthquake resisting
structures.
• In passive earth pressure
we have to consider
lateral environmental
forces or pressure also
exist as a consequences
of such activities as
wind, water, and seismic
events.

21. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
Landslides
21
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Pre-failure Stage
• Landslide is caused by the
drag action especially
rainfall on the surface of bare
or unprotected soil surface.
• It involves a process of both
particle detachment and
transport.
• The combination of long
duration & High intensity in
a given rainfall will seriously
affect slope stability.
• Polluted pore fluid may
speedup the ion exchange
activity, decomposition
process that result in slope
stability failure.

22. 22
Sr.
No.
Development Type Purpose
1 Geosynthetics
Separating a stone base
material from underlying soil
sub grade
As a moisture barrier in
waste contaminant
applications
Used in mechanically
stabilized wall as shear
strength support derived
from geogrids
Used for effective drainage
in various structures and
landfill sites
Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15)
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Geotextiles
Geomembranes
Geogrids
Geonet

23. 23
Sr.
No.
Development Type Purpose
2
Special types
of Walls
0
As a wall built against a bank
of earth or rock to prevent it
from falling
Used in and dam to prevent
underground water flow
through the structure
Used in areas where depth is
very deep to support vertical
slope in deep excavation
Used to direct the flow of the
river into a more favourable
and fixed channel direction.
Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15)
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Bearing Wall
Cut-off Wall
Diaphragm Wall
Training Wall

24. 24
Sr.
No.
Development Type Purpose
3 Soil Nailing
0
They are used to create a
homogeneous composite
reinforced soil mass
Used in culverts, retaining
wall and borehole to support
and hold soil mass
It provides recompaction and
improvement of the
surrounding ground &
increase pullout resistance
Used to double protection
scheme similar to those
commonly used in ground
anchor practice
Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15)
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Driven Nails
Grouted Nails
Jet- Grouted Nails
Corrosion Protected Nails

25. 25
Sr.
No.
Development Type Purpose
4 Sheet Piling
As a retaining wall against
soil, water or both soil and
water.
Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15)
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Interlock Sheet Piling
Bulkhead Sheet Piling

26. 26
Sr.
No.
Development Type Purpose
5
Anchor
Systems
Mechanical system designed
to resist a lateral or upward
force. It is used to resist
hydrostatic upward force or
to support various retaining
structures.
Anchors are used to resist a
force in any direction
Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15)
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Soil Anchors
Rock Anchors

27. 27
Sr.
No.
Development Type Purpose
6
Cofferdam
&
Cellular
Structures
Use to exclude earth and
water from an area in order
to work may be performed
there under reasonably dry
conditions.
Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15)
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Cofferdam
Cellular structures

28. 28
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
 Most environmental and hydrological factors and its effects have not been studied
enough to establish reliable relationship with soil. Currently, these effects are
incorporated into a given design through use of a “Factor of Safety” excluding some
basic effects.
 During planning stage, following basic items must be considered such as 1) Avoid
great moisture transmission properties of the different constituents subsurface soil
layers 2) Avoid direct pollution intrusion route 3) Avoid great difference in thermal
gradient unless improve soils and make capable to face it effectively.
 Genetic Diagnosis: During analysis & design stage we must consider mineral
structure, sensitivity of material and/or structural elements and strength history in all
necessary aspects of environmental engineering and hydrological point of view.
 In modern man-made era of the world we need to develop localized Factor of Safety
which deals with certain types of soil or site that frequently appear as problematic with
higher risk of potential failure. In such a case conventional Factor of Safety must be
adjusted according local environmental & hydrological factors.

29. 29
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
 With interdependency of this three fields we can contribute in sustainable
development which can live significantly in upcoming odd changes of the world.

30. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
30
1 Beattie A. A. & Chau, E.P.Y(1976), The assessment of landslides potential with
recommendations for future research, Hong Kong, v.2, pp. 12-33.
2 Brinch Hansen, (1961), Earth pressure calculation, Danish Technical Press,
Bulletin no.11, Copenhagen.
3 Cummings E. M.(1960), Cellular Cofferdam and docks, Transactions ASCE,
v.125, pp13-34.
4 Dismuke T. D.(1991), Durability & protection of foundations, Chp.25,
Foundation Engineering Handbook, pp.447-510.
5 Fang H. Y. (1986), Introductory remarks on Environmental Geotechnology,
Proceedings 1St International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, v.1,
pp. 1-14.
6 Fang H. Y. (1989), Particle theory: unified approach for analysis soil behaviour,
Proceedings 2nd International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, v.1,
pp. 167-194.
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

31. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
31
7 Miller C. E. & Turk L. M. (1943), Fundamental of soil behaviour, EDN
magazine, New York
8 Fang H. Y. (1992), Environmental Geotechnology :A Perspective , Proceedings
Mediterranean Conference on Environmental Geotechnology, v.1, pp. 11-19.
9 Winterkorn H. F. (1955), The science of soil stabilization, Highway Research
Board Bulletin 108, Pg. no. 1-24.
10 Fang H. Y. (1995), Engineering behaviour of urban refuse, compaction control &
slope stability analysis, Proceedings GREEN, pp. 47-72.
11 Fang H. Y. (1997), Introduction to Environmental Geotechnology, CRC press,
Boca Raton, FL, 625p.
12 Fang H. Y. (2002), Radioactive nuclear waste, ASCE practice periodical of
hazardous, New York, v.6, pp. 102-111.
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

32. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
32
13 Fang H. Y. (1989), Discussion of load factor versus environmental factor design
criteria, Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Environmental
Geotechnology, v.1, pp. 340-342.
14 Fang H. Y. (1989), Soil contamination & decontamination under various
conditions, Proceedings 4th International Symposium on Environmental
Geotechnology, v.1, pp. 1158-1171.
15 Karpoff K. P. (1953), Stabilization of fine grained soils by electro-osmotic and
electro-kinetic methods, proceedings, Highway Research Board, Volume 32, Pg.
no. 526
16 Hillel D. (1998), Environmental soil physics, Academic press, San Diego, CA,
771p.
17 Sowers G. F. (1973), Settlement of waste disposal fills, Proceedings, 9th
International conference soil mechanics & foundation engineering, Moscow,
Volume 4, Pg. no. 207-210.
18 Terzaghi K. (1942), Soil moisture and capillary phenomena in soils, Hydrology,
New York, pp.331-363.
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

33. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
33
19 Jones P. C. T. (1955), Microbiological factors in soil stabilization, highway
Research Board Bulletin 108, Pg. no. 81-95.
20
Shibuya T. (1973), Geological study of landslide clay, KICT report no. 10, Tokyo,
Pg. no. 37
Book
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”
Author Title
Hsai – Yang Fang and John L. Daniels
Introductory Geotechnical Engineering – An
environmental Perspective
Hagerty D. J. & Pavoni J. L. Solid Waste Management
Hsai – Yang Fang Foundation Engineering Handbook
V. N. S. Murthy Advanced Foundation Engineering
Miller C. E. & Turk L. M. Fundamental of Soil Science

34. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
34
Plate 1: Unwanted Wetland Plate 2: Marine Deposits
Plate 3: Saltwater Intrusion Plate 4: Estuaries
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

35. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
35
Plate 5: Soil Erosion by Water Plate 6: Soil Erosion by Wind
Plate 7: Subsidence due to Earthquake Plate 8: Subsidence due to Flood
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

36. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
36
Plate 9: Subsidence by Excess Dewatering Plate 10: Subsidence in Tokyo
Plate 11: Subsidence due to Mining
Plate 12: Subsidence due to ground
Contamination in Surat City
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

37. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
37
Plate 13: Radon Gas Emission Plate 14: Landslide at Saputara
“ENVIRONMENTALGEOTECHNOLOGY.”

38. STUDYONUTILIZATIONOFWASTEMATERIALONCONSTRUCTION&BRICK
38
“Never Let Your Greed Overcome With
Green,
Start To Contribute With Your Field”