The document discusses the philosophy and ideals of the Indian constitution as reflected in the preamble. It outlines the key aspects of the preamble such as India being a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic that aims to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for its citizens. It also describes some of the salient features of the Indian constitution such as its written nature, fundamental rights, parliamentary democracy, secularism, directive principles and an independent judiciary.
OBJECTIVE
The scope of this webinar shall be confined to the historical backdrop of the Constitution of India and the events that led to the enactment of the Constitution with specific focus on the contributions by the Constituent Assembly and Drafting Committee. The Webinar shall further discuss on the Preamble of the Constitution of India with elaborate explanations on the key terms in the Preamble with their significance. The outline of the entire Indian Constitution is additionally touched upon to provide an insight about various articles and schedules forming part of the Constitution
Class 8 Social Science
Prepared By
IT CLUB, Sainik School Amaravathinagar
Post: Amaravathinagar
Dist: Tiruppur, Tamilnadu
Club I/c
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
OBJECTIVE
The scope of this webinar shall be confined to the historical backdrop of the Constitution of India and the events that led to the enactment of the Constitution with specific focus on the contributions by the Constituent Assembly and Drafting Committee. The Webinar shall further discuss on the Preamble of the Constitution of India with elaborate explanations on the key terms in the Preamble with their significance. The outline of the entire Indian Constitution is additionally touched upon to provide an insight about various articles and schedules forming part of the Constitution
Class 8 Social Science
Prepared By
IT CLUB, Sainik School Amaravathinagar
Post: Amaravathinagar
Dist: Tiruppur, Tamilnadu
Club I/c
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
75th Anniversary of India’s Independence (Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsava) and 150th Birth Anniversary of Sri Aurobindo -prophet of nationalism . the illustrations of civilization of India in the original handwritten copy of the Constitution of India signifies the rich culture, history and heritage of India duly signed on 24 Jan 1950 by the Honorable Members of the Constituent Assembly .There is an attempt by the Constituent Assembly members to convey message for the future generation of India. As a matter of fact it is a microcosm of the civilization of India from Harrapa Civilization to modern times in the form of Mahatma Gandhi and Neta Ji Subhash Chandra Bose.
These illustrations of civilization which are 22 in number were displayed in Jawahar Kala Kendra Jaipur on 27-28 Nov 2021 along with the relevant quotes from the Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo . This exhibition with the theme- Artwork in the Constitution of India in light of Sri Aurobindo was inaugurated by Sh Kalraj Mishra Honorable Governor of Rajasthan , being the Chief Guest . In fact, this combination of illustrations of civilization of India in the original with the relevant quotes from the Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo was considered the best way of celebrating Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsava and sesquicentennial celebrations of Sri Aurobindo. Sh G S Gill Addl Advocate General Rajasthan High Court was Guest of Honor .
EVERY THING ABOUT THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION YOU WANTED TO KNOW YOU WILL GET HERE SO GO AND CHECK IT OUT... INDIAN CONSTITUTION FAMOUS EVERY WHERE FOR ITS STABILITY..
75th Anniversary of India’s Independence (Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsava) and 150th Birth Anniversary of Sri Aurobindo -prophet of nationalism . the illustrations of civilization of India in the original handwritten copy of the Constitution of India signifies the rich culture, history and heritage of India duly signed on 24 Jan 1950 by the Honorable Members of the Constituent Assembly .There is an attempt by the Constituent Assembly members to convey message for the future generation of India. As a matter of fact it is a microcosm of the civilization of India from Harrapa Civilization to modern times in the form of Mahatma Gandhi and Neta Ji Subhash Chandra Bose.
These illustrations of civilization which are 22 in number were displayed in Jawahar Kala Kendra Jaipur on 27-28 Nov 2021 along with the relevant quotes from the Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo . This exhibition with the theme- Artwork in the Constitution of India in light of Sri Aurobindo was inaugurated by Sh Kalraj Mishra Honorable Governor of Rajasthan , being the Chief Guest . In fact, this combination of illustrations of civilization of India in the original with the relevant quotes from the Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo was considered the best way of celebrating Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsava and sesquicentennial celebrations of Sri Aurobindo. Sh G S Gill Addl Advocate General Rajasthan High Court was Guest of Honor .
EVERY THING ABOUT THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION YOU WANTED TO KNOW YOU WILL GET HERE SO GO AND CHECK IT OUT... INDIAN CONSTITUTION FAMOUS EVERY WHERE FOR ITS STABILITY..
Introduction of constitution, Need of a constitution, Characteristics of Indian Constitution, Indian constitution borrowed features from which countries brief description about it.
Salient Features of the Indian ConstitutionSwarnim Sahu
Hi everyone. This presentation was given as an assignment work of the Legal Method subject in my college. Hope y'all like it. Thanks for watching :)
Bibliography - https://legalraj.com/articles-details/salient-features-of%20-indian-constitution
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Slm on social science
1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
discuss the Philosophy and ideals of the Indian Constitution
explain the main features of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution
describe the salient features of the Indian Constitution
INTRODUCTION:
inthe previousunit, we have discussed the historical background and various sources of the Indian
Constitution.We alsodiscussedhow the IndianConstitutionwasframed. The Constitution is the
embodiment of ideas, objectives and aspirations of the people of a state. Keeping in mind the
peculiar need of our country, the Constitution of India is framed on the basis of some strong
philosophical foundation. Our Constitution incorporates such salient features for which it has
become one of the famous Constitutions of the World.
PHILOSOPHY AND IDEALS OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION;
he philosophyandidealsof the IndianConstitutionare reflectedinthe Preamble to the Constitution
of India. Our Constitution may be said to be an expansion and explanation of the Preamble.
Supreme Court Chief Justice, Justice Sumba Rao opined, “Preamble contains, in a nutshell, its
ideals and its aspirations.” To understand the philosophy and ideals of the Indian Constitution,
we must know the Preamble in the first place. Let us define and analyze the Preamble to the
Indian Constitution.
2.Why Do We Need Constitution?
To perform following Functions we need Constitution-I. The first function of a constitution is to
provide aset of basicrulesthat allow forminimal coordinationamongstmembers of a society.II.
The second function of a constitution is to specify who has the power to make decisions in a
society.Itdecideshowthe governmentwillbe constituted.III.The thirdfunctionof aconstitution
is to set some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are
fundamental inthe sense that government may ever trespass them.IV. The fourth function of a
2. constitution is to enable the government to fulfill the separations of a society and create
conditions for a just society.
The Preamble
e Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines the word “Preamble” as an introduction to a book or a
written document. The Constitution of India starts with a Preamble. It is the most precious part of the
Constitution. It is the soul of the Constitution. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution says:
“WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN,
SOCIALIST,SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT,
ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.”
From the Preamble we can understand the philosophy and ideals of the Indian Constitution. The
philosophy and ideals of the Indian Constitution are discussed as follows:
· Popular Sovereignty: Thes Preamble begins with the words “We the people of India………”
and ends with the words “………adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution”. It
indicates that ultimate sovereignty lies with the people of India who collectively constitute the
supreme source of authority in the country. The Constitution is regarded as the supreme law of
the state, but the supreme power of the state is vested upon the people of India.
3. · India as a Sovereign state: The Preamble declares India as a sovereign state. It is free from
any external control. No foreign power can interfere in the internal affairs of India. India can
determine her foreign affairs according to her free will.
· India as a Socialist state: The word ‘Socialist’ has been added in the Preamble by the 42nd
Amendment in 1976. It means the Constitution of India has a great objective to secure social and
economic equality and fair distribution of wealth among all sections of people in the country. By
inserting the term ‘socialist’, it has not only brought a feeling of equal status among the people
but also strengthened the philosophical foundation of the Indian Constitution. Some socialistic
principles are also distinctly reflected in the Articles 39, 41, 42 and 43 which are incorporated in
the Directive Principles of State Policy.
· India as a Secular state: The word ‘Secular’ has been included in the Preamble by the 42nd
Amendment in 1976. The characteristic of Indian secularism is that India does not recognize any
religion as the official or state religion and treats all religions equally. Moreover, different
communities in India have the right to practise their own faiths. Thus, secularism is one of the
ideals of the Indian Constitution.
· India as a Democratic state: The Preamble describes India as a democratic state. The prime
philosophy and ideal of the Indian Constitution is to make India a democratic state. India is
regarded as the largest democratic state in the World. According to Abraham Lincoln,
“Democracy is by the people, for the people and of the people.” The Constitution of India has
established a parliamentary democracy in India marked by universal adult franchise, periodic
election to choose the government, majority rule, rule of law, decentralization of power, rule of
law, independence of the judiciary, etc.
·
4. LET US KNOW
According to A. V. Dicey , the British jurist and constitutional theorist, Rule of Law has three
meanings-
· No man can be punished except for a breach of law
· No man is above the law
· The general principles of the Constitution are the result of judicial decisions
ACTIVITY
Try to find out the names of a few republics in the world.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1. By which amendment have the words ‘Secular’,
’Socialist’ and ‘integrity’ been included in the Preamble ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
2. The supreme source of authority as enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution of India is
the people of India. (True/False)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
3. Why is India called a Republic?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..
4. The ‘Keshavananda Bharti – vs. - State of Kerala’ (AIR 1973 SC 1461) case has held that
the Preamble is not a part of the Constitution. (True/False)
Salient Features of Indian Constitution
“
0urConstitution is tobe assolid andpermanentaswecanmakeit, yetthereis no permanence in a constitution. There
should be a certain amount of flexibility. If you makeanything rigid andpermanent,you stop
the nation’s growth, the growth of aliving vital organic people.”
The Constitution of India has some outstanding features which distinguish it from other
constitutions. The framers of our constitution studied other constitutions, selected their
valuable features and put them with necessary modifications in our constitution. Ours is not a
5. borrowed constitution, though it has been influenced by other constitutions. The framers of the
constitution of India did not aim at a completely new or original constitution. They just
wanted to produce "a good and workable" constitution. And they succeeded doing this. The
fact that the constitution, for last 59 years, has been working satisfactorily is a testimony to its
quality and utility. The salient features of the constitution are analyzed below.
1.
Preamble:
The Preamble, the preface to the constitution, describes the source nature, ideology, goals and
objectives of the constitution. It describes India as a sovereign socialist, secular, democratic
republic and underlines the-national objective of social just
:
economic justice and political justice as well as fraternity. It emphasizes the dignity of the
individual and the unity and integrity of the nation. It declares that in India the people sovereign.
2.Written Constitution:
There are two types of constitutions in the world. Most of the constitutions are written. The first
modern written constitution was the American constitution. On the other hand, the British
constitution is unwritten. It consists of customs and conventions which have grown over the
years. In India, we have a written constitution. The framers of our constitution tried to put
everything in black and white.
Fundamental Rights: The Fundamental Rights are guaranteed to the individuals by our constitution.
These are enumerated in Pail III of the constitution
.
These rights are fundamental because they are basic to the moral and spiritual development of
the individual and these rights cannot be easily abridged by the parliament. Now the citizen
enjoys six fundamental rights
,
originally there were seven fundamental rights. One of them was taken away from Part III of the
constitution by the Forty-fourth Amendment Act, 1978. As a result, the Right to Property is no
longer a fundamental right. Since 1978, it has become a legal right. An individual can now own
property; he can enjoy it or dispose of it. But when the government takes it away, he cannot go
for a writ challenging the validity of the government's action. The six fundamental rights are - (1)
Right to Equality, (2) Right to Freedom, (3) Right against Exploitation, (4) Right to Freedom of
Religion, (5) Cultural and Educational Rights and (6) Right to Constitutional Remedies. The
Fundamental Rights are subject to some restrictions. The idea of fundamental rights has been
borrowed from the American Constitution. Any citizen of India can seek the help of High Court
or Supreme Court of India if any of his fundamental rights is undermined by the government or
any institution or any other government. The fundamental rights, granted to the citizen, cannot be
amended in the normal manner. They can be amended with two-third majority in each house of
the Parliament.
6. · Parliamentary Government: The Constitution of India provides for a Parliamentary form of
Government on the British model. In the Parliamentary form of Government, the Head of the
State is nominal, whereas the Prime Minster who is the leader of the majority in the Parliament
is the real executive. In India, the President only the nominal head of our country and the real
and actual powers of the government are exercised by the Prime Minister.
· Secularism: Secularism is another important feature of the Indian Constitution. The word has
been included in the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment in 1976. India does not recognize any
religion as the state or official religion and treats all religions equally. All the people of India
are given the liberty of thought, expression, belief and worship and there is no discrimination on
the grounds of religion, caste or community.
· · Fundamental Duties: Fundamental Duties are incorporated in Article 51A of Part IVA of
the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. The original Constitution
did not contain the fundamental duties. The Fundamental Duties are very important. For the
overall development of the country, these Duties must be performed by the citizens of India.
These duties are not legally binding upon the citizens. Some of the duties include abiding by the
Constitution, to defend the country and render national service, to develop the scientific temper,
the safeguard public property, etc.
· Directive Principles of State Policy: Another distinctive feature of the Indian Constitution is
the Directive Principles of State Policy described in Part IV of our Constitution from Articles
36-51. These Directive Principles are fundamental in the governance of our Country and it is the
duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws. These principles aim at securing
social and economic freedoms by appropriate state action.
· Independent and impartial Judiciary: A basic feature of the Indian Constitution is
independence of the judiciary. The judiciary is separated from the other two organs i.e.
executive and legislature. The tenure of the Judges of the Supreme Court and High Court is
fixed and the judges cannot be removed by simple procedure. Independence of judiciary is very
is very essential for the success of democracy.
· Division of Powers between the Centre and the States: Another important feature of the
Indian Constitution of India is the division of powers between the Central and State
Government in terms of the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List. This important
provision is incorporated in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.
· · Single Citizenship: To promote the feeling of unity and oneness among the people of India,
the framers of the Indian Constitution provided for a single citizenship for its citizens. In the
Federation like the United States of America single citizenship is a very important federal
feature, unlike India.
· Emergency Powers: The emergency powers are introduced in the Indian Constitution so that
the whole nation can meet with any emergency situation the country may be faced with. The
emergency powers are vested in the hands of the President of India. There are three kinds of
7. Emergency powers. These are-National Emergency (Article-352), Emergency in a State (Article
356) and Financial Emergency (Article 360).
The above are some the important salient features of the Indian Constitution which makes it one
of the most unique and distinct constitutions in the world.
The Indian constitution
LET US KNOW
The National Emergency (Article-352) was declared three times respectively in 1962, 1971
and in 1975 in our country. Emergency in a State (Article 356) (commonly called President’s
Rule) has been imposed many times in different States of India. Financial Emergency (Article
360) has not been declared till now.
ACTIVITY
Do you know how many times President’s Rule has been declared in Assam? Try to
find out the reasons behind the same.
8. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
1. The Indian Constitution has ……....................……..Schedules. (Fill in the blank).
2. Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee constituted by the Constituent
Assembly?
…………………………………………………………………....................
3. Mention four important features of the Indian Constitution.
………………………………………………………………...…………….
…………………………………………..........................…………………
4. Mention four important unitary features of the Indian Constitution?
LET US SUM UP
After going through this unit, we have read about the philosophy and ideals of the Indian
Constitution as enshrined in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution. In the process, we have
discussed the Preamble in detail which speaks of various aspects ranging from popular
sovereignty and democracy to the principles of secularism, liberty, equality and justice.
Furthermore, we have also read about the uniqueness of the Indian Constitution in terms of
discussing its salient features.
FURTHER READINGS
9. 1. Select Constitutions – Anup Chand Kapur and K.K.Misra
2. Indian Government and Politics – K.K.Ghai
3. Constitutional Government in India – M.V.Pylee
4. Indian Government and Politics – Prakash Chander
ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1
Q. no. 1. By the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
Q. no. 2. True
Q. no. 3. The Head of the State in India, i.e., the President of India , is an elected head.
He is not a hereditary ruler. Therefore India is called a Republic.
Q.no. 4. False
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 2
Q. no. 1. 12 Schedules
Q. no. 2. Yes
Q. no. 3. i) Written and Lengthiest Constitution
ii) Partly flexible and partly rigid Constitution
iii) Supremacy of the Constitution.
iv) Universal Adult Franchise
Q. no. 4. (i) Strong Centre (ii) Single Citizenship (iii) Common All- India Services (iv)
Emergency provisions exercised by the President
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Is the Preamble a part of the Indian Constitution?
Q. 2. Describe the philosophy and ideals enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution of
India.
Q. 3. Why is India regarded as a Secular State?
Q. 4. Write a note on India as a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic state.
Q. 5. Discuss the salient features of the Indian Constitution.
Q. 6. Why is the Indian state regarded as a mixture of Unitary and Federal features?
Q. 7. Mention any two federal features of the Indian Constitution.