Fundamental Duties are enshrined under Part IV A of the Constitution of India. The duties though not justifiable but are integral to constitutional spirit.
Fundamental Duties are enshrined under Part IV A of the Constitution of India. The duties though not justifiable but are integral to constitutional spirit.
The constitution of India is considered to be the ‘General Will’ of the people of India. It is a document of immense importance.
It is not only is the basic law of the land but the living organic by which the other laws are to be created as per the requirement of the nation.
The life of a nation is dynamic, living, and organic its political, social and economic conditions are always subject to change.
Therefore, a constitution drafted in one era and in a particular circumstance may be found to be inadequate in another era in a different context.
It becomes necessary therefore to have machinery or some process by which the constitution may be adopted from time to time as per the contemporary needs of the nation. Such changes may be brought by different ways including formal method of amendment contained in Article 368 of the constitution. Article 368 of the constitution does not prescribe any express limitation upon the parliament’s amending power.
In the context of the Constitution of India, P.B. Gajendragadkar, former Chief Justice of India, said:
“The concept of social justice is (thus) a revolutionary concept which gives meaning and significance to the democratic way of life and makes the rule of law dynamic. It is this concept of social justice which creates in the minds of the masses of this country a sense of participation in the glory of India’s political freedom”
He further adds,
“Social justice must be achieved by adopting necessary and reasonable measures with courage, wisdom, foresight, sense of balance and fairplay to all the interests concerned. That shortly stated, is the concept of social justice and its implications. If eternal vigilance is the price for national liberty, it is equally the price for sustaining individual freedom and liberty in welfare state”. Now but us discuss various theories of social justice.
This contains provision under Constitution of India for constitutional remedies which is provided under Article 32. It explains writ of Hebeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorary, and Prohibition.
THIS PPT DESCRIBES THE AMENDMENT PROCEDURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION. WHICH INCLUDES TYPES OF AMENDMENTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND HOW THESE TYPES IMPLEMENTED.
According to Bhagwati, J., Article 21 “embodies a constitutional value of supreme importance in a democratic society.” Iyer, J., has characterized Article 21 as “the procedural magna carta protective of life and liberty.
This right has been held to be the heart of the Constitution, the most organic and progressive provision in our living constitution, the foundation of our laws.
Article 21 can only be claimed when a person is deprived of his “life” or “personal liberty” by the “State” as defined in Article 12. Violation of the right by private individuals is not within the preview of Article 21.
The constitution of India is considered to be the ‘General Will’ of the people of India. It is a document of immense importance.
It is not only is the basic law of the land but the living organic by which the other laws are to be created as per the requirement of the nation.
The life of a nation is dynamic, living, and organic its political, social and economic conditions are always subject to change.
Therefore, a constitution drafted in one era and in a particular circumstance may be found to be inadequate in another era in a different context.
It becomes necessary therefore to have machinery or some process by which the constitution may be adopted from time to time as per the contemporary needs of the nation. Such changes may be brought by different ways including formal method of amendment contained in Article 368 of the constitution. Article 368 of the constitution does not prescribe any express limitation upon the parliament’s amending power.
In the context of the Constitution of India, P.B. Gajendragadkar, former Chief Justice of India, said:
“The concept of social justice is (thus) a revolutionary concept which gives meaning and significance to the democratic way of life and makes the rule of law dynamic. It is this concept of social justice which creates in the minds of the masses of this country a sense of participation in the glory of India’s political freedom”
He further adds,
“Social justice must be achieved by adopting necessary and reasonable measures with courage, wisdom, foresight, sense of balance and fairplay to all the interests concerned. That shortly stated, is the concept of social justice and its implications. If eternal vigilance is the price for national liberty, it is equally the price for sustaining individual freedom and liberty in welfare state”. Now but us discuss various theories of social justice.
This contains provision under Constitution of India for constitutional remedies which is provided under Article 32. It explains writ of Hebeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorary, and Prohibition.
THIS PPT DESCRIBES THE AMENDMENT PROCEDURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION. WHICH INCLUDES TYPES OF AMENDMENTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND HOW THESE TYPES IMPLEMENTED.
According to Bhagwati, J., Article 21 “embodies a constitutional value of supreme importance in a democratic society.” Iyer, J., has characterized Article 21 as “the procedural magna carta protective of life and liberty.
This right has been held to be the heart of the Constitution, the most organic and progressive provision in our living constitution, the foundation of our laws.
Article 21 can only be claimed when a person is deprived of his “life” or “personal liberty” by the “State” as defined in Article 12. Violation of the right by private individuals is not within the preview of Article 21.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. What is Preamble????
A preamble is an introductory statement of a constitution which lays down the
ideals it attempts to promote. A preamble to an Act of Parliament gives its
reasons and purposes and lays down the aims and objects for which a
particular Act has been passed. The idea of the Preamble has been borrowed
from the Constitution of the U.S.A. The Constitution of the Republic came
into effect on 26 January 1950. As an introduction, it is not a part of the
contents but it explains the purposes and objectives with which the document
has been written. So is the case with the ‘Preamble’ to the Indian Constitution.
As such the ‘Preamble’ provides the guide lines of the Constitution.
The Preamble, in brief, explains the objectives of the Constitution in two ways:
one, about the structure of the governance and the other, about the ideals to
be achieved in independent India. It is because of this, the Preamble is
considered to be the key of the Constitution.
3.
4. The 1st words of the preamble – “ We The
People “ – signifies that the power is ultimately vested in the
hands of the people of India . So far the preamble has been
amended only once in 1976 by 42nd amendment (change)
whichinserted the words Socialism , Secularism and Integrity.
Sovereign
The word sovereign means supreme or independence.India is
internally and externally sovereign – externally free from the
control of any foreign power and internally, it has a free
government which is directly elected by the people and makes
laws that govern the people.
5. Socialist
Even before the term was added by the 42nd Amendment in
1976, the Constitution had a socialist content in the form of
certain Directive Principles of State Policy The term socialist
here means democratic socialism i.e. achievement of socialistic
goals through democratic, evolutionary and non-violent means.
Secular
Secular means the relationship between the government and
the people which is determined according to constitution and
law. By the 42nd Amendment, the term "Secular" was also
incorporated in the Preamble.Secularism is the basic structure
of the Indian constitution. The Government respects all
religions.
6. Democratic
The first part of the preamble “We, the people of India” and, its last part
“give to ourselves this Constitution”clearly indicate the democratic spirit
involved even in the Constitution. India is a democracy. The people of
India elect their governments at all levels (Union, State and local) by a
system popularly known as "one man one vote".
Republic
As opposed to a monarchy, in which the head of state is appointed on
hereditary basis for a lifetime or until he abdicates from the throne, a
democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected,
directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure. . The leader of the state is
elected by the people.
Justice
The term 'justice' in the preamble refers to three varying aspects -
Political, Social and Economic which are secured through different
provisions of Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy.
7. Liberty
The ideal of Liberty refers to the freedom on the activities of
Indian nationals. All the citizens are secured with liberty of
thought, expression, belief, faith & worship through the
Fundamental Rights . However,liberty does not mean freedom to
do anything, and it must be exercised within the constitutional
limits.
Equality
This envisages that no section of the society enjoys special
privileges and individuals are provided with adequate
opportunities without any discrimination. Again, there are three
dimensions of Equality - Political, Economic & Civic.
Fraternity – This means brotherhood
8. Objective of Preamble
The objectives, which are laid down in the Preamble, are:
1. Description of Indian State as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular,
Democratic Republic. (Socialist, Secular added by 42nd
Amendment, 1976).
2. Provision to all the citizens of India i.e.,
a) Justice social, economic and political
b) Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship
c) Equality of status and opportunity
d) Fraternity assuring dignity of the individual and unity and
integrity of the nation.
9. Features of Constitution
1. Longest known Constitution.
2. Single Citizenship.
3. Three tier Government.
4. Fundamental Rights.
5. Independent Judiciary.
6. Republic.
7. Favours to Background classes etc.
8. Universal Franchise.
9. Federal Constitution.
10.Parliament form of Government
10. PARTS
• Part I – Union and its Territory
• Part II – Citizenship.
• Part III – Fundamental Rights
• Part IV – Directive Principles of State
Policy
• Part IVA – Fundamental Duties
• Part V – The Union
• Part VI – The States
• Part VII – States in the B part of the
First schedule (repealed)
• Part VIII – The Union Territories
• Part IX – The Panchayats
• Part IXA – The Municipalities
• Part IXB – The Co-operative Societies.
• Part X – The scheduled and Tribal reas
• Part XI– Relations between the Union
and the States
• Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts
and Suits
• Part XIII – Trade and Commerce within
the territory of India
• Part XIV – Services Under the Union,
the States
• Part XIVA – Tribunals
• Part XV – Elections
• Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating
to certain Classes
• Part XVII – Languages
• Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions
• Part XIX – Miscellaneous
• Part XX – Amendment of the
Constitution
• Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and
Special Provisions
• Part XXII – Short title, date of
commencement, Authoritative text
in Hindi and Repeals
11. SCHEDULES
• First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) - This lists the
states and territoriesof India, lists any
changes to their borders and the laws used
to make that change
• Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6),
97, 125, 148(3), 158(3),164(5), 186 and 221)
This lists the salaries of officials holding public
office, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor
General of India.
• Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6),
48(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) :Forms of Oaths
This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials
and judges.
• Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2))
This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya
Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per
State or Union Territory.
• Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1))
This provides for the administration and control
Of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
(areas and tribes needing special
protection due to disadvantageouS conditions).
• Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1))
Provisions made for the administration of tribal
areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and
Mizoram.
• Seventh Schedule (Article 246)
The union (central government), state,
and concurrent lists of
responsibilities.
• Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and
351)
The official languages.
• Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B)
Validation of certain Acts and
Regulations.
• Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and
191(2))
"Anti-defection" provisions for embers
of Parliament and
Members of the State Legislatures.
• Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-D)
Panchayat Raj (rural local government),
12.
13. Fundamental Rights :
Right to equality ( Art. 14 -18).
Right to freedom (Art.19 -22).
Right against exploitation.(Art. 23 -24).
Right to freedom of religion.( Art. 25 -28).
Cultural and Educational rights ( Art. 29 -30).
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 31- 32).
Right To Life.
Right to Education .(Art. 21A)
14. Fundamental Duties
• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national
struggle for freedom;
• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
• To defend the country and render national service when called upon
to do so;
• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst
all the people of India transcending religious,linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
• To protect and improve the natural environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion forliving creatures;
• To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of
inquiry and reform;
15. • To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual
and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises
to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
• Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for
education to his child or ward, as the case may be,
between the age of six and fourteen years
16. Significance of the Preamble
1. The Preamble of Indian Constitution reflects the basic structure
and the spirit of the Constitution.
2. The Preamble acts as the preface of the constitution of India
and lays down the fundamental value and philosophical ideas. It
represents the entire Constitution in its written words.
3. It contains the basic features of the Constitution and thus
considered to be a vital part.
4. The Preamble doesn't contain laws enforceable in a court but
no law can be enacted or amended in a manner that violates the
spirit of the Preamble. Thus the Preamble of the constitution of
India is unammendable and unalterable
17. Controversial cases related to the
preamble
• Beru bari case-1960 :
Preamble is not a part of the Constitution. Justice Gajendragadkar
delivered this unianimous opinion.
• Kesavanandha Bharathi case-1973 :
Declared that Preamble is a part of the constitution and said it to be the
doctorine structure
• Sajjan singh vs State of Rajasthan :
Preamble is the sum and substance of the constitution-by justice RJ
Mudholkar
• Golaknadh vs state of punjab :
synopsis of what the government should work on-by justice Hidayathullah