Sketching User Experience

Designing User Experiences
« Getting the design right and the right design »
Rémi BARRAQUAND
http://www.slideshare.net/remibarraquand
Sketching
Rémi Barraquand, Cours IHM 2011, Année spéciale ENSIMAG

Rémi Barraquand, Cours IHM 2011, Année spéciale ENSIMAG 2
Important. These slides are not yet finished,
many references are missing.
Main References:
•  Bill Buxton – Books, Blog, Lectures
•  Saul Greenberg – Lectures CPSC 581

What is this lecture about?
"   It is not a lecture on design, but how designers (should) work…
"   It is about the design process itself…
the design process seen as the process of sketching.
Sketching User Experience is, nominally, a book
about product design. But it would be just as accurate
to say that it's a book about software development, or,
more generally, about the often broken process of
bringing new products to market, with examples
ranging from the iPod to an orange juicer.
“When I see design I see sketching” − Bill Buxton

The Master
Bill BuxtonRémi Barraquand, Cours IHM 2011, Année spéciale ENSIMAG 4

The Master’s Book
Bill Buxton5

The Master’s Lecture @Stanford
Bill Buxton
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx1WveKV7aE

Objectives of this course
"   Better understand, distinguish and use
"   Sketching, sketches, prototyping, prototypes, sketching vs.
prototyping, sketches vs. prototypes
"   Incorporate the “best practices” of experience design into
your everyday skills
"   Critical analysis of interface designs
"   Creativity via applied exercises
"   Idea brainstorming via sketching
"   Sketches and prototypes development
"   Implementation of a final product (TPI)
"   Portfolio summaries

IHM vs. TPI
This Course
IHM
TPIRémi Barraquand, Cours IHM 2011, Année spéciale ENSIMAG 8

About the Organisation
"   2 classes of 3 hours each
"   5 TAs sessions of 3 hours each
"   Experience important aspects of the design process
"   Generative
"   Reductive
"   Create a real product from scratch and experience each step
"   Problem statement, state of the art, analysis of the users needs, etc.
"   Explore: sketching, sketching user experience
"   Challenge: brainstorming, presentation
"   Converge to a prototype and a final product (TPI)
Are you experienced ? – Jimi Hendrix
If not, get experienced, or get a new job – Bill Buxton
Design Funnel

About the Evaluation
"   Final Project
"   Sketchbook
"   Progressive description of visual ideas
"   Habitual use – clever quantity!
"   Portfolio
"   Summary of accomplishment (synopsis of your work and progression)
"   Organization, methods, archives of supporting documents
"   Prototype(s) & Final Application
"   IHM, Task Model, Ergonomic Criteria, Conception, etc.
"   Participation
"   Class discussions and critics
"   Presentation of your own work

About You
"   Personal work…
"   Sketching anywhere, anytime… carry on
your sketchbook wherever you go.
"   See what is out there, collect, generate,
develop… your media choice affects
what you create…
"   Challenge the design of others constantly,
understand the work of others, present yours…
"   Think about your Portfolio, collect your works, be proud…
“It take as much creativity to understand a good idea than to have it in the first place”
“We are very good at judging each others work and skills”
“Your better ideas are not kept in the process, be open to critics”
“If you are not failing it means you are not trying hard enough”
– Bill Buxton

Design for the Wild
A shift from object-centered to experience-
centered design

Plan
"   What it is all about?
"   Design For The Wild
"   What is the object of design?
"   Designing for the wild
"   The role of design
"   Sketching & Prototyping
"   Wrap up

What do we sell?
Is it the object?
What do we
design? Is it the
object?
What is the true
object of design?

What we sell and design, is the experience
that comes out of the box, engenders,
advocates, supports… – Bill Buxton

Plan
"   What it is all about
"   Wrap up

Design for the Wild
"   Kayaking along the coast of Greenland…
"   How do you find your way:
"   Paper map?
"   Digital map on PC?
"   On an internet PDA?
"   Other ideas?
Where am I?

Design for the Wild
" Tactile 3D wooden maps
"   You can use them wearing gloves
"   They have infinite battery life
"   Can be read during night
"   They float in the water

“It is not the physical entity or what is in
the box (the material product) that is the
true outcome of design. Rather, it is the
behavioral, experiential, and emotional
responses that come about as a result of
its existence and its use in the real
world” – Bill Buxton

From a Materialist to Experiential
Perspective of Design
| a shift from “object-centered to experience-centered” design
“We are deluding ourselves if we think that the
products that we design are the “things” that we
sell, rather than individual, social and cultural
experience that they engender, and the value and
impact and they have.” – Bill Buxton

Design for the Wild
"   Requires us to think of technologies as “social entities”
which have the flexibility to respond in multiple ways,
depending on how people appropriate them.
"   To design a technology, we must make our best efforts to
understand the larger social and physical context within
which it is intended to function.
"   We must be able to experience our designs in the wild
(i.e. the use-context in all its richness) during the early
stages of the process.
“The only way to engineer the future tomorrow is to have
lived in it yesterday” – Bill Buxton

Plan
"   What it is all about
"   Wrap up

The Role of Design
"   Design teams should be composed of people with different
backgrounds and histories because all can bring valuable,
complimentary skills to bear in the creation of new products. It
is a social thing.
"   Design must also include design of the engineering process,
marketing plan and business plan.
"   Design is a professional discipline and requires methods not
only skills
"   Every one is a designer – Don Norman
"   Every one is not a designer – Bill Buxton
“We need holistic approach to experience-based
design” – Bill Buxton

The Role of Design
"   Explicit Design Process
"   Reproduction in film making
"   Development of a new automobile
"   Need to insert a design process at the front end of
product development
"   The cost and time lost due to this additional stage will be
significantly less than the cost and time lost due to the poor
planning and overruns that will result if it is not included.
"   Dangerous Assumptions
"   We know what we want at the start of a project
"   We know enough to start building it

The Role of Design
"   Problem setting
"   What is the right thing to build?
"   Problem solving
"   How do we build this?
“You must get the right design as well as the
design right” – Bill Buxton
“The role of design is to get the right design. The
role of usability engineering is to get the design
right” – Bill Buxton

Sketching & Prototyping
Sketching is a quintessential activity of Design

Plan
"   Introduction
"   Design Process
"   What Is a Sketch? What Is Sketching?
"   Sketches vs. Prototypes
"   About Meta-Sketching
"   Experience Design
"   Sketching the Interaction
"   Sketch’s Social Life
"   The Sketchbook
"   Wrap up

Design Right vs. Right Design
"   Getting the Design Right
"   Generate an idea
Ideaidea
idea

But is it the best idea?
"   Iterate and develop it Ideaideaidea idea
idea
idea
idea
idea

But is it the best idea?
"   Iterate and develop it
⇒  The problem
"   Other better solutions may be available in different ideas
"   Local vs. global maxima (local hill climbing)
"   Often results from fixating on a single idea
Ideaideaidea idea
idea
idea
idea
idea
other idea?

idea4idea1
idea2
idea4
idea5
idea7
"   Iterate and develop it
"   Getting the Right Design
"   Generate many idea and variation (Generation)
"   Reflect and choose (Reduction)
"   Then iterate and develop your choice
Ideaideaidea idea
idea
idea
idea
idea1
idea2
idea3
idea4
idea5
idea6
idea7
idea5
idea5

"   Getting the right design
"   Generate many ideas, e.g. inspired by brainstorming, discussions,
lateral thinking, client discussions, observations, etc.
"   Reflect on all your ideas.
"   Choose the ones that look promising
"   then Getting the design right
"   Iterate and develop your choices
"   Continually refine your choices as the better solutions become
apparent
"   Of course, add in new ideas as they come up

The Ceramic Class
The ceramics teacher announced on opening day that he was dividing the
class into two groups. All those on the left side of the studio, he said, would
be graded solely on the quantity of work they produced, all those on the right
solely on its quality. His procedure was simple: on the final day of class he
would bring in his bathroom scales and weigh the work of the “quantity”
group: fifty pounds of pots rated an “A”, forty pounds a “B”, and so on. Those
being graded on “quality,” however, needed to produce only one pot—albeit a
perfect one—to get an “A.”
Well, came grading time and a curious fact emerged: the works of highest
quality were all produced by the group being graded for quantity. It seems
that while the “quantity” group was busily churning out piles of work—and
learning from their mistakes—the “quality” group had sat theorizing about
perfection, and in the end had little more to show for their efforts than
grandiose theories and a pile of dead clay. (Bayles & Orland 2001; p. 29)

Getting the Right Design
"   Think it, sketch it, read it, make it quick, timely,
disposable, plentiful… more than ever hour after our
work is never over – Daft Sketch

Keypads Touch
Different Design Ideas For Cellphones

Design Funnel
Reduction
decision-making
Elaboration
opportunity seeking
Design process

Design Is Creativity
Design is choice. There are two
places where there is room for
creativity
1.  the creativity that you bring to enumerating
meaningfully distinct options from which to choose
2.  the creativity that you bring to defining the criteria, or
heuristics, according to which you make your choices.

Another Design Funnel

Product View: The Status Quo
SalesEngineering

Product View: Integrating Design
SalesEngineeringDesign

Product View: No Silo
SalesEngineeringDesign
Design
Engineering
Management
& Marketing
Sales

Design Process: Wrap up
"   The design process is about
"   getting the right design, and then getting the design
right
"   The design funnel is about iteratively
"   generating and elaborating designs
"   choosing and reducing between designs
"   Design in product development is about
"   using the design funnel to develop ideas for green/red
light appraisal

Plan
"   Introduction
"   Wrap up

PART I: Design As Dreamcatcher
Figure 34: Details from Taccola’s Notebook (from first half of C15)
Several sketches of ships are shown exhibiting different types of protective
shields, and one with a “grappler.” These are the first known examples of
using sketching as a tool of thought.
Source: McGee (2004); Detail of Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
Codex Latinus Monacensis 197 Part 2, fol. 52’
Details from Taccola’s Notebook (from first half of C15)
Several sketches of ships are shown exhibiting different types of protective shields,
and one with a “grappler.” (Source: McGee (2004); Detail of Munich, Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek. Latinus Monacensis 197 Part 2, fol. 52’)Rémi Barraquand, Cours IHM 2011, Année spéciale ENSIMAG 45

Figure 34: Details from Taccola’s Notebook (from first half of C15)
Several sketches of ships are shown exhibiting different types of protective
shields, and one with a “grappler.” These are the first known examples of
using sketching as a tool of thought.
Source: McGee (2004); Detail of Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
Codex Latinus Monacensis 197 Part 2, fol. 52’
Details from Taccola’s Notebook (from first half of C15)
Several sketches of ships are shown exhibiting different types of protective shields,
and one with a “grappler.” (Source: McGee (2004); Detail of Munich, Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek. Latinus Monacensis 197 Part 2, fol. 52’)
Sketching is a tool of thought

Sketching is not (crappy) drawing

Sketching is not (crappy) drawing
re 42: A Contrast in Skill: Two Drawings of a House
top drawing was done by a 6-year old child and the one below by a professional designer. But I didn’t have to tell you that. Drawing skill is obvious
he resulting artifact. However, skill in reading sketches is far less obvious. The artifact, such as it is, is in the mind and is not tangible. Yet, skill in
ding is just as important as skill in rendering.
res: Keegan Reid & Michael Sagan

The Attribute of Sketches
"   Quick
"   To make

"   Quick
"   To make
"   Timely
"   Provided when needed

"   Quick
"   To make
"   Timely
"   Disposable
"   Investment in the concept,
not the execution
"   Inexpensive

"   Quick
"   To make
"   Timely
"   Disposable
"   Investment in the concept,
not the execution
"   Inexpensive
"   Plentiful
"   They make sense in a
a collection or series
of ideas.

"   Quick
"   Timely
"   Disposable
"   Plentiful
"   Clear Vocabulary
"   Rendering & style
indicates it’s a sketch,
not an implementation
"   Constrained Resolution
"   No higher than required
to capture its concept
"   Consistency with State
"   Refinement of rendering
matches the state of concept
development

108
This is a refinement of the
sketch seen in Figure 35.
Through the use of shading,
the sketch communicates
more about the 3D form of
the concept. Notice that de-
spite this refinement lines
still extend through the “hard
points.”
Credit: Michael Sagan, Trek
Bicycles

Figure 39: Thumbnail Sketches, Scanned from Sketchbook
In what century were these made? Yesterday? During the renaissance?
You can’t tell from the form, only from the content.
Credit: Michael Sagan, Trek Bicycles

"   Quick
"   Timely
"   Disposable
"   Plentiful
"   Clear Vocabulary
"   Constrained Resolution
"   Consistency with State
"   Suggest & explore rather than confirm
"   Value lies in suggesting and provoking what could be
i.e. they are the catalyst to conversation and interaction
"   A catalyst
"   Evokes conversations and discussion

"   Quick / Timely
"   Inexpensive / Disposable
"   Plentiful
"   Clear vocabulary
You know that it is a sketch (lines extend through endpoints, …)
"   No higher resolution than required to communicate the intended
purpose/concept
"   Resolution of the rendering does not suggest a degree of
refinement of the concept exceeds its actual state
"   Ambiguous

The Larger Family of Rendering
Sketch: This is mainly what we have been talking about. They are some-
times referred to as Thinking Drawings, and are described as Design
Drawings by Lawson (1997). They are generally made by designers mainly
for designers, and are central to the process of ideation.
Memory Drawing: These are one of the oldest styles of drawing. These are
renderings made to record or capture ideas. Think of them as extensions
of one’s memory—like a hand-rendered photograph recording a thought
or something seen.

The Larger Family of Rendering
Presentation Drawing: These are drawings made for the customer, client,
or patron. As stated by Powell (2002, p.6), these people “usually lacked
the skill needed to read these drawings [sketches] and therefore under-
stand what the product would be like before it was actually made.” Hence,
just as the value of a sketch is in its ambiguity, and the “holes” that it con-
tains, the value of a presentation drawing is in its ability to communicate
and represent what is being presented to the untrained eye.
122
Technical Drawing: Technical drawings are a class of drawing that are
primarily intended for those who actually are going to build what is drawn.
They are typically accurate and are at the drafting and blueprint end of
the scale, rather than that of sketching.
Description Drawing: This class of drawing is intended to explain some-
thing, such as a how something works, or is constructed. It would include
things like cut-away or exploded-view drawings, or it could be broken up
into frames, like a cartoon, as with the emergency cards that one finds
in the seat-back pocket on airplanes.
Technical Drawing: Technical drawings are a class of drawing that are
primarily intended for those who actually are going to build what is drawn.
They are typically accurate and are at the drafting and blueprint end of
the scale, rather than that of sketching.
Description Drawing: This class of drawing is intended to explain some-
thing, such as a how something works, or is constructed. It would include
things like cut-away or exploded-view drawings, or it could be broken up
into frames, like a cartoon, as with the emergency cards that one finds
in the seat-back pocket on airplanes.

The Anatomy of Sketching
"   To get the most out of a sketch, we need to leave big
enough holes
"   Ambiguity creates the holes
"   It enables a sketch to be interpreted in different ways,
even by the person who created it.
“The fundamental thing about sketching is that it is
about asking not telling” – Bill Buxton
“A Sketch is more about feel than look” – Bill Buxton

“If you want to
get the most out
of a sketch, you
need to leave big
enough holes for
the imagination
to fit in.” – Bill
Buxton

“If you want to
get the most out
of a sketch, you
need to leave big
enough holes for
the imagination
to fit in.” – Bill
Buxton
There has to be
enough room for
the imagination.

Figure 41: A Sketch of a Dialogue with a Sketch
The “conversation” between the sketch (right bubble) and the mind (left
bubble). A sketch is created from current knowledge (top arrow). Reading,
or interpreting the resulting representation (bottom arrow), creates new
knowledge. The creation results from what Goldschmidt calls “seeing
that” reasoning, and the extraction of new knowledge results from what
she calls “seeing as.”
sketch
representation
mind
(new) knowledge
Create
(seeing that)
Read
(seeing as)

Figure 41: A Sketch of a Dialogue with a Sketch
The “conversation” between the sketch (right bubble) and the mind (left
bubble). A sketch is created from current knowledge (top arrow). Reading,
or interpreting the resulting representation (bottom arrow), creates new
knowledge. The creation results from what Goldschmidt calls “seeing
that” reasoning, and the extraction of new knowledge results from what
she calls “seeing as.”
sketch
representation
mind
(new) knowledge
Create
(seeing that)
Read
(seeing as)
“Sketching is about the activity
not the result” – Bill Buxton

Sketching as a Tool of Thought
"   Conversation between the designer and its sketches.
"   Sketching is more related to an activity or process rather
than to a physical object (the sketch). The sketch is the
vehicle, not the destination. Ambiguity help us find our
way.
"   Conversation with a sketch involves skills in both reading
and writing (distinguishing designers from non-
designers).
“I take as much creativity to understand
(read) a good idea (sketch) than to have
(draw) it at the first place” – Bill Buxton

Sketching is a quintessential
activity of DesignRémi Barraquand, Cours IHM 2011, Année spéciale ENSIMAG

Plan
"   Introduction
"   Wrap up

A Sketch is not a Prototype
"   Difference is
"   A contrast of purpose/intent (always)
"   A contrast in form (usually but not always)
Sketch ≠ Low Fidelity Prototype
"   Rather it is
"   A continuum
Sketch Prototype
Low investment
More opportunities to explore
Fail early… learn

From Sketch to Prototype
"   Sketches
"   Early iteration stage of design
"   Prototypes
"   Capturing/detailing the actual design
Figure 51: The Dynamics of the Design Funnel

Figure 52: The Sketch to Prototype Continuum
The difference between the two is as much a contrast of purpose, or intent,
as it is a contrast in form. The arrows emphasize that this is a continuum,
not an either/or proposition.

Early design
Late design
Brainstorm different ideas and
representations
Choose a representation
Rough out interface style
Multitude of sketches
Sketch variations and details
Sketch or low fidelity prototypesTask centered walkthrough and
redesign
Fine tune interface, screen design
Heuristic evaluation and redesign
Usability testing and redesign
Low to medium fidelity prototypes
Limited field testing
Alpha/Beta tests
High fidelity prototypes
Working systems
From Sketch to Prototype

Sketch vs. Prototype: Wrap Up
"   Attributes of a sketch
"   Quick , timely, disposable, plentiful, clear vocabulary, constrained
resolution, consistent with design state
"   A sketch is not a prototype
"   Difference is a contrast of purpose/intent (always), and form (mostly)
"   Sketch properties
"   Evocative, suggest, explore, question, propose, provoke, t
"   Prototype properties
"   Didactic, describe, refine, answer, test, resolve, specific, depiction
"   Don’t forget it is a continuum !
Sketch Prototype

Plan
"   Introduction
"   Wrap up

What is Sketching at
a Meta Level?

How do we recognize
a sketch if it is not in
its traditional form ?

Anything that share
the property of a
sketch is a sketch…
We now have criteria that describe a sketch
We just have to apply these metrics: is it fast,
inexpensive, timely, etc.

Sketching in Interaction Design
"   Analogous to traditional sketching
"   Shares all the same key attributes
"   More feel than look
"   Must accommodate time and dynamics
"   Phrasing
“When we have this description, of what a sketch is, its
attributes, we can then start inventing new things that
share those attributes, and therefore improve our current
technics by inventing new and better tools that help us
sketch.” – Bill Buxton

Plan
"   Introduction
"   Wrap up

What do we
design today?
What do we have
to deal with?
How do (should)
we design today?

Draw this phone
What kind of skill do you need to

Draw this phone
Draw this phone’s
interface

Draw this phone
Draw this phone’s
interface
Draw the experience of
using this phone
Which is the true object of design?

Draw this phone
Draw this phone’s
interface
Draw the experience of
using this phone
Which is the true object of design?
S
K
E
T
C
H
I
N
G

Plan
"   Introduction
"   Wrap up

The Sketchbook
"   Why a sketchbook?
"   supports the design funnel process

The Sketchbook
"   Why a sketchbook?
"   Brainstorm many initial ideas – both good and bad
"   Explore & refine ideas both in the large and in the small
"   Develop variations, alternatives, details
"   Archive your ideas for later review
"   Reflect on changing thought processes over time
"   Communicate ideas to others by showing
"   Choose ones worth developing
"   Record good ideas you see elsewhere
"   Clip inspiring images from sources like magazines
"   Shoot, print and collect inspiring photos

Best Practice
"   Use your sketchbook regularly
"   Sketch anywhere, anytime, frequently
"   Only works if you carry it with you

Choose Your Sketchbook
To consider
Durability X X P
page count P X P
size P P P
fold over X X P
aesthetics X X P
Archival X X P

Sketchbook Instruments
"   The pencil
"   Cheap, flexible
"   Easy to carry

"   The pencil
"   The eraser and sharpener
"   Handy, but optional

"   The pencil
"   Tape, scissors and glue
"   For cutting and pasting in found objects
"   Don’t have to carry it with you

"   The pencil
"   Small camera
"   For taking photos of interesting ideas
"   Select, print and tape photos into your sketchbook

"   The pencil
"   Small camera
"   Other media & tools
Remember, sketches should be cheap, fast, easy to do, and often of low fidelity.Rémi Barraquand, Cours IHM 2011, Année spéciale ENSIMAG 94

Filling Your Sketchbook

You are not an Artist
Idea

Idea, variation

Idea, variation,
annotation

Idea, variation, annotation,
flow over time,
relationships

flow over time,
relationships

flow over time, relationships,
Scenario

flow over time, relationships,
Scenario, Collecting

Sketch Examples – Idea variations

Sketch Examples – Design variations

Sketch Examples – Variations

Sketch Examples – Storyboard

Sketch Examples – Storyboard transitions

Sketch Examples – Scenario

Sketchbook: Wrap Up
"   Sketchbooks are for:
"   Brainstorming, exploring, refining varying, archiving, reflecting,
communicating and choosing ideas
"   Recording good ideas you see elsewhere
"   Sketchbooks are:
"   Convenient (pages, size, fold over), durable archive, aesthetic
"   Sketchbook instruments are:
"   Pencil, optional eraser, sharpener, glue, tape, scissors, camera, and other
media
"   Sketchbooks can be filled with:
"   Your sketches (many different kinds) and found objects
"   Sketchbooks are used regularly
"   Sketch anywhere, anytime

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