2. The skull, the body’s most complex bony structure,
formed by two sets of bones;
Cranium:(Larger, postero-superior part)
• contains and protects the brain,
• provides attachment sites for some head and neck muscles.
Facial :(Smaller, antero-inferior part)
• Provides framework of face, sense organs and teeth
• Provides openings for the passage of air and food
• Anchor the facial muscles of expression
o Bones are joined by sutures,
o Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint,
3. SKULL BONES
• 22 BONES
I. 8 CRANIAL
II. 14 FACIAL
• ASSOCIATED BONES
4.
5. • Single bones(4): include
Frontal bone ,
Ethmoid bone ,
Sphenoid bone ,
Occipital bone.
• Paired bones (4): include
Temporal bones,
Parietal bones,
• Middle Ear Ossicles (6)
Malleus (2)
Incus (2)
Stapes (2)
Bones of cranium / Calvaria (8)
6. Facial Bones(14)
• Single bones (2) include
I. Mandible,
II. Vomer,
• Paired bones (12): include
I. Maxilla,
II. Nasal bone,
III. lacrimal bone,
IV. palatine bone,
V. zygomatic bone,
VI. inferior nasal concha.
o Hyoid bone.
15. • Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh!
• Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxilla Mandible Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal
a “mind memory”and / or “Learning aid”.
18. Vertebral column
• It is supporting structure
• It transmit upper body load to lower limb
• Contain spinal cord
• Consist of 33 vertebrae
– Cervical 7
– Thoracic 12
– Lumber 5
– Sacral 5
– Coccyx 4
19.
20.
21.
22. characteristics of vertebrae
• Body
• Vertebral foramen
• 7 processes
– 1 spinous process
– 2 transvers process
– 4 articular process or facets
• Two inferior
• Two superior
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. • Pedicles
• laminae
• Superior and inferior vertebra noches or facets
• Intervertebral foramina
28. Characteristics of a typical cervical vertebrae
• 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th cervical vertebre
• Foramina transversarum
• Spinous process is bifid
• Body small and broad side to side
• Vertebral foramina is triangular and large
29.
30. Atypical cervical vetbrae
• 1st cervical vertebrae no body and spinous process. Had
superior and inferior articulation surface
• 2nd cervical vertebrae had odontoid process
• 7th cervical vertebrae Had large spinous process not bifid.
Small foramina transversarum.
40. Sacrum
• Concave anteriorly
• Superiorly articulate with 5th lumber vertebrae
• Inferiorly with coccyx
• Laterally with ilium to form sacroiliac joint.
• Sacral promontary( the inwardly projecting anterior part of the body of
the first sacral vertebra)
• Sacral canal formed by sacral foramina of sacral vertebrae
• Lumbo sacral angle
• intervertebral foramina for sacral nerves.
• Sacrum is wider proportion to its length in female than male.
41.
42.
43. Coccyx
• Four in number
• Fuse each other.
• Only had bodies.
• 1st coccyx had transvers process called cornua.
