Signal Transduction Powerpoint
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This document summarizes how erections occur through the nitric oxide pathway and how ginseng and Viagra can affect this pathway. Nitric oxide binds to guanylyl cyclase, which produces cGMP, activating PKG and lowering calcium levels to cause muscle relaxation and erection. Ginseng increases nitric oxide production to enhance the pathway. Viagra inhibits PDE5 from breaking down cGMP, also increasing its levels and further activating the pathway. If neither work, a problem with PKG itself may be disrupting the process.
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Signal transduction
This document summarizes the process of signal transduction involved in erectile dysfunction and how medications like Viagra work to treat it. It explains that nitric oxide signals from nerve cells activate an enzyme that produces cGMP, amplifying the signal and activating proteins like PKG that reduce calcium levels and relax smooth muscles, causing an erection. Viagra works by inhibiting PDE5, preventing the breakdown of cGMP so the signal lasts longer. If neither ginseng nor Viagra are effective, the issue may be a lack of guanylyl cyclase to produce cGMP initially.
Postmortem of 'Person of Interest' - Big data rc sharing
目前企業、教育單位對於 Hadoop 都很有興趣到"就是想導入"，這時阿甘就會先潑一盆冷水，分享"不一定要用Big Data"，對於基礎概念想要了解的客戶，我也嘗試的用最簡單的方式說明，但是，還是在不少時候難以『勾起性趣』。
最後，阿甘想，別人看影片學英文，那我們就看影片學 "Big Data"吧！
這只是一份說明簡報，讓『看倌』看影片學 Hadoop 的技術嚕～
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Signal transduction
This document summarizes the process of signal transduction involved in erectile dysfunction and how medications like Viagra work to treat it. It explains that nitric oxide signals from nerve cells activate an enzyme that produces cGMP, amplifying the signal and activating proteins like PKG that reduce calcium levels and relax smooth muscles, causing an erection. Viagra works by inhibiting PDE5, preventing the breakdown of cGMP so the signal lasts longer. If neither ginseng nor Viagra are effective, the issue may be a lack of guanylyl cyclase to produce cGMP initially.
Postmortem of 'Person of Interest' - Big data rc sharing
目前企業、教育單位對於 Hadoop 都很有興趣到"就是想導入"，這時阿甘就會先潑一盆冷水，分享"不一定要用Big Data"，對於基礎概念想要了解的客戶，我也嘗試的用最簡單的方式說明，但是，還是在不少時候難以『勾起性趣』。
最後，阿甘想，別人看影片學英文，那我們就看影片學 "Big Data"吧！
這只是一份說明簡報，讓『看倌』看影片學 Hadoop 的技術嚕～
7 glycogen metabolism
Glycogen metabolism involves glycogenesis (synthesis) and glycogenolysis (breakdown). Glycogenesis occurs in the cytoplasm and involves activation of glucose to UDP-glucose by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, then transfer of glucose units to glycogen by glycogen synthase. Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen via glycogen phosphorylase and releases glucose-1-phosphate. Both processes are regulated by hormones like insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine that activate or inhibit glycogen synthase and phosphorylase.
My dog is broken!
The document discusses erectile dysfunction in a champion Yorkshire terrier. It explains the biological process of erection, involving nitric oxide, cGMP, and PKG. Ginseng produces more nitric oxide to start the process, while Viagra inhibits PDE5 to prevent breakdown of cGMP. If neither treatment works, there may be a problem with another protein like PKG or phospho-proteins that are involved after cGMP in the cellular response process.
Chemical Messengers cAMP and cGMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are intracellular second messengers that mediate the effects of various hormones and neurotransmitters. cAMP mediates processes like steroidogenesis, secretion, ion transport and gene regulation through protein kinase A (PKA)-catalyzed phosphorylation of substrates. cGMP is involved in processes like vision, smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation through protein kinase G (PKG). Both cAMP and cGMP signals are terminated by phosphodiesterases, which hydrolyze them. Phosphatases also regulate phosphorylation state of substrates.
3.17.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of signal transduction pathways involving smooth muscle relaxation. It describes how acetylcholine binds to receptors on endothelial cells, activating a G protein which signals the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO then diffuses into the smooth muscle cell where it binds receptors and activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels. cGMP activates protein kinase G, which phosphorylates calcium channels and causes them to close. With reduced calcium levels, the smooth muscle relaxes. The document also provides an overview of different receptor types, molecular switches in pathways, and differences between heterotrimeric and small G proteins.
Gpcr signalling
General principles of signal transduction
G Protein-coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure and Mechanism.
GPCRs that Regulate Adenylyl Cyclase.
GPCRs that Activate Phospholipase C.
GPCRs that Regulate Ion Channels.
GPCRs that Regulate Gene Transcription.
Second messenger system
Secondary messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular signaling molecules known as first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. Common examples include cyclic AMP, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium ions. These secondary messengers help amplify and propagate intracellular signals by binding to target proteins and modulating their activity, often through phosphorylation. They allow cells to mount robust physiological responses despite the extracellular signals not directly crossing the cell membrane.
3.19.2010
Small G proteins bind either GDP or GTP and function as molecular switches. When bound to GTP, they interact with and activate target proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits and bind to G protein-coupled receptors in the cell membrane. When a ligand binds the receptor, it activates the G protein, causing the alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP. The alpha subunit then activates downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A and triggers phosphorylation of target proteins to elicit cellular responses.
Lec09 glycogen met
Glycogen metabolism is regulated by hormones through reciprocal control of glycogen breakdown and synthesis. The key enzymes involved are glycogen phosphorylase, which degrades glycogen, and glycogen synthase, which synthesizes glycogen. Epinephrine and glucagon activate phosphorylase through cAMP signaling, while insulin activates protein phosphatase 1, inactivating phosphorylase and activating synthase to stimulate glycogen synthesis. Liver glycogen phosphorylase is directly regulated by glucose levels, sensing glucose to control glycogen breakdown and maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
Prostaglandins
The document discusses prostaglandins, including their classification, biosynthesis, physiological effects, and inhibitors. It summarizes a 1971 study that discovered the mechanism of action of aspirin and other NSAIDs. The study found that incubating guinea pig lung tissue with arachidonic acid leads to increased production of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2α over time. Aspirin, indomethacin, and sodium salicylate were shown to inhibit this prostaglandin production in a dose-dependent manner. This established that aspirin-like drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme that synthesizes prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.
Reciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis; & Reciprocal Regulat...
Reciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis; & Reciprocal Regulation of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis.
GPCRs and their second messengers
GPCRs activate secondary messenger systems through G proteins. When a ligand binds a GPCR, it activates an associated G protein which then activates downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors produce second messengers, mainly cAMP or IP3 and diacylglycerol, which activate protein kinases and trigger cellular responses. PKA is activated by cAMP and phosphorylates target proteins, while IP3 mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores. These second messenger systems allow GPCRs to regulate diverse physiological processes.
Protein phosphorylation, kinases and phosphatases
This document summarizes protein phosphorylation and the enzymes involved in this process. It discusses serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases that add phosphate groups to proteins, as well as phosphatases that remove phosphate groups. It provides examples of important kinases like mitogen-activated protein kinases, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, protein kinase C, and AMP-activated protein kinase. The document emphasizes that phosphorylation is a key cellular regulatory mechanism controlled by kinases and phosphatases.
Cell signaling3
The document summarizes G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. It discusses how different GPCRs are coupled to different G proteins that activate various downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C or ion channels. It provides examples of specific GPCRs like beta-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and their signaling mechanisms. It also describes the role of second messengers like cAMP, IP3 and DAG in GPCR signaling.
Receptors and signal transduction
Receptor molecules have three domains: an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. G-protein coupled receptors have seven transmembrane alpha helices and activate intracellular signaling pathways by coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins. When a ligand binds to the receptor, it causes a G protein's alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP and dissociate from the beta-gamma subunits to activate downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors generate second messengers such as cAMP or IP3/DAG to amplify the signal and regulate cellular processes.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES
The document summarizes different mechanisms of hormone signal transduction. It describes how hormones bind to cell surface or intracellular receptors which then activate intracellular signaling pathways using second messengers like cAMP, IP3, DAG, calcium. These second messengers go on to affect cell functions like glycogen breakdown, lipid metabolism, transcription etc. through kinases and other effector proteins. The document also discusses G-protein coupled receptor pathway and steroid hormone signaling pathway involving hormone-receptor complexes in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Second Messenger(F-28).pptx
Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that amplify signals received at cell surface receptors and help transmit them to target molecules within the cell. They include cyclic nucleotides like cAMP and cGMP, calcium ions, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and nitric oxide. These second messengers activate intracellular enzyme and protein targets that trigger cellular responses like changes in metabolism, gene expression, and cell growth. Earl Sutherland discovered cAMP as the first second messenger and won the 1971 Nobel Prize for this foundational discovery in cell signaling pathways.
GLYCOGENOLYSIS & REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
- Glycogenolysis is the degradation of glycogen stores in the liver and muscle into glucose. It is carried out by independent cytosolic enzymes.
- Glycogen phosphorylase breaks alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds in glycogen, producing glucose-1-phosphate. A debranching enzyme then breaks alpha-1,6 bonds to fully degrade glycogen.
- Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate which can be further converted to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver, releasing it into circulation. Muscle lacks this enzyme and uses its glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.
- Glycogen metabolism is regulated by hormones like
Phospholipids
This document discusses lipids and phospholipids. It explains that lipids are insoluble in water and composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Phospholipids are produced when a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid in a triglyceride. Phospholipids form bilayers with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails packed inside. The document outlines the synthesis and degradation pathways of various phospholipids and their roles in cell membranes and signaling. Prostaglandins are also derived from arachidonic acid and mediate inflammatory responses.
Second messengers cAMP and cGMP
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. They amplify and propagate intracellular signals. Examples include cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), inositol trisphosphate, and calcium. cAMP and cGMP are produced from ATP and GTP by adenylate and guanylate cyclases, respectively. They activate downstream effector proteins like protein kinase A and G. This leads to phosphorylation of various target proteins and physiological responses like metabolism, gene expression, cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. The document discusses the mechanisms, targets, functions and therapeutic applications of cAMP and cGMP second messenger systems in detail.
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7 glycogen metabolism
Glycogen metabolism involves glycogenesis (synthesis) and glycogenolysis (breakdown). Glycogenesis occurs in the cytoplasm and involves activation of glucose to UDP-glucose by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, then transfer of glucose units to glycogen by glycogen synthase. Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen via glycogen phosphorylase and releases glucose-1-phosphate. Both processes are regulated by hormones like insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine that activate or inhibit glycogen synthase and phosphorylase.
My dog is broken!
The document discusses erectile dysfunction in a champion Yorkshire terrier. It explains the biological process of erection, involving nitric oxide, cGMP, and PKG. Ginseng produces more nitric oxide to start the process, while Viagra inhibits PDE5 to prevent breakdown of cGMP. If neither treatment works, there may be a problem with another protein like PKG or phospho-proteins that are involved after cGMP in the cellular response process.
Chemical Messengers cAMP and cGMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are intracellular second messengers that mediate the effects of various hormones and neurotransmitters. cAMP mediates processes like steroidogenesis, secretion, ion transport and gene regulation through protein kinase A (PKA)-catalyzed phosphorylation of substrates. cGMP is involved in processes like vision, smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation through protein kinase G (PKG). Both cAMP and cGMP signals are terminated by phosphodiesterases, which hydrolyze them. Phosphatases also regulate phosphorylation state of substrates.
3.17.2010
The document summarizes key aspects of signal transduction pathways involving smooth muscle relaxation. It describes how acetylcholine binds to receptors on endothelial cells, activating a G protein which signals the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO then diffuses into the smooth muscle cell where it binds receptors and activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels. cGMP activates protein kinase G, which phosphorylates calcium channels and causes them to close. With reduced calcium levels, the smooth muscle relaxes. The document also provides an overview of different receptor types, molecular switches in pathways, and differences between heterotrimeric and small G proteins.
Gpcr signalling
General principles of signal transduction
G Protein-coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure and Mechanism.
GPCRs that Regulate Adenylyl Cyclase.
GPCRs that Activate Phospholipase C.
GPCRs that Regulate Ion Channels.
GPCRs that Regulate Gene Transcription.
Second messenger system
Secondary messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular signaling molecules known as first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. Common examples include cyclic AMP, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium ions. These secondary messengers help amplify and propagate intracellular signals by binding to target proteins and modulating their activity, often through phosphorylation. They allow cells to mount robust physiological responses despite the extracellular signals not directly crossing the cell membrane.
3.19.2010
Small G proteins bind either GDP or GTP and function as molecular switches. When bound to GTP, they interact with and activate target proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits and bind to G protein-coupled receptors in the cell membrane. When a ligand binds the receptor, it activates the G protein, causing the alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP. The alpha subunit then activates downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A and triggers phosphorylation of target proteins to elicit cellular responses.
Lec09 glycogen met
Glycogen metabolism is regulated by hormones through reciprocal control of glycogen breakdown and synthesis. The key enzymes involved are glycogen phosphorylase, which degrades glycogen, and glycogen synthase, which synthesizes glycogen. Epinephrine and glucagon activate phosphorylase through cAMP signaling, while insulin activates protein phosphatase 1, inactivating phosphorylase and activating synthase to stimulate glycogen synthesis. Liver glycogen phosphorylase is directly regulated by glucose levels, sensing glucose to control glycogen breakdown and maintain blood glucose homeostasis.
Prostaglandins
The document discusses prostaglandins, including their classification, biosynthesis, physiological effects, and inhibitors. It summarizes a 1971 study that discovered the mechanism of action of aspirin and other NSAIDs. The study found that incubating guinea pig lung tissue with arachidonic acid leads to increased production of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2α over time. Aspirin, indomethacin, and sodium salicylate were shown to inhibit this prostaglandin production in a dose-dependent manner. This established that aspirin-like drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme that synthesizes prostaglandins from arachidonic acid.
Reciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis; & Reciprocal Regulat...
Reciprocal Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis; & Reciprocal Regulation of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis.
GPCRs and their second messengers
GPCRs activate secondary messenger systems through G proteins. When a ligand binds a GPCR, it activates an associated G protein which then activates downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors produce second messengers, mainly cAMP or IP3 and diacylglycerol, which activate protein kinases and trigger cellular responses. PKA is activated by cAMP and phosphorylates target proteins, while IP3 mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores. These second messenger systems allow GPCRs to regulate diverse physiological processes.
Protein phosphorylation, kinases and phosphatases
This document summarizes protein phosphorylation and the enzymes involved in this process. It discusses serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases that add phosphate groups to proteins, as well as phosphatases that remove phosphate groups. It provides examples of important kinases like mitogen-activated protein kinases, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, protein kinase C, and AMP-activated protein kinase. The document emphasizes that phosphorylation is a key cellular regulatory mechanism controlled by kinases and phosphatases.
Cell signaling3
The document summarizes G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. It discusses how different GPCRs are coupled to different G proteins that activate various downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C or ion channels. It provides examples of specific GPCRs like beta-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and their signaling mechanisms. It also describes the role of second messengers like cAMP, IP3 and DAG in GPCR signaling.
Receptors and signal transduction
Receptor molecules have three domains: an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. G-protein coupled receptors have seven transmembrane alpha helices and activate intracellular signaling pathways by coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins. When a ligand binds to the receptor, it causes a G protein's alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP and dissociate from the beta-gamma subunits to activate downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors generate second messengers such as cAMP or IP3/DAG to amplify the signal and regulate cellular processes.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES
The document summarizes different mechanisms of hormone signal transduction. It describes how hormones bind to cell surface or intracellular receptors which then activate intracellular signaling pathways using second messengers like cAMP, IP3, DAG, calcium. These second messengers go on to affect cell functions like glycogen breakdown, lipid metabolism, transcription etc. through kinases and other effector proteins. The document also discusses G-protein coupled receptor pathway and steroid hormone signaling pathway involving hormone-receptor complexes in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Second Messenger(F-28).pptx
Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that amplify signals received at cell surface receptors and help transmit them to target molecules within the cell. They include cyclic nucleotides like cAMP and cGMP, calcium ions, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and nitric oxide. These second messengers activate intracellular enzyme and protein targets that trigger cellular responses like changes in metabolism, gene expression, and cell growth. Earl Sutherland discovered cAMP as the first second messenger and won the 1971 Nobel Prize for this foundational discovery in cell signaling pathways.
GLYCOGENOLYSIS & REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
- Glycogenolysis is the degradation of glycogen stores in the liver and muscle into glucose. It is carried out by independent cytosolic enzymes.
- Glycogen phosphorylase breaks alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds in glycogen, producing glucose-1-phosphate. A debranching enzyme then breaks alpha-1,6 bonds to fully degrade glycogen.
- Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate which can be further converted to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver, releasing it into circulation. Muscle lacks this enzyme and uses its glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.
- Glycogen metabolism is regulated by hormones like
Phospholipids
This document discusses lipids and phospholipids. It explains that lipids are insoluble in water and composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Phospholipids are produced when a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid in a triglyceride. Phospholipids form bilayers with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails packed inside. The document outlines the synthesis and degradation pathways of various phospholipids and their roles in cell membranes and signaling. Prostaglandins are also derived from arachidonic acid and mediate inflammatory responses.
Second messengers cAMP and cGMP
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. They amplify and propagate intracellular signals. Examples include cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), inositol trisphosphate, and calcium. cAMP and cGMP are produced from ATP and GTP by adenylate and guanylate cyclases, respectively. They activate downstream effector proteins like protein kinase A and G. This leads to phosphorylation of various target proteins and physiological responses like metabolism, gene expression, cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. The document discusses the mechanisms, targets, functions and therapeutic applications of cAMP and cGMP second messenger systems in detail.
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Signal Transduction Powerpoint
- 1. My Dog is Broken! A Case Study in Cell Signaling. By: Philip Wang and Emad Madha
- 2. How Erections Occur Nitric Oxide binds to a cell receptor (Guanylyl Cyclase) inside the cell. Guanylyl Cyclase is activated and GTP produces cGMP. cGMP binds to a regulatory subunit (PKG) and activates it. The activated PKG uses ATP and proteins to create phospho-proteins. The phospho-proteins help lower the concentration of calcium ions in the cell. This decrease of calcium ions causes the smooth muscle cells in the penis to relax, letting blood flow into the penis. Erection occurs.
- 3. Ginseng's Effect on Nitric Oxide Ginseng helps the body produce more nitric oxide. Since nitric oxide is the first messenger, having ginseng would help increase the nitric oxide available for use. This would lead to an increase of cGMP being activated, which would lead to an increase of PKG being activated. The increase of active PKG would decrease even more calcium ions, which would lead to relaxation of the smooth muscle cells. Erection occurs.
- 4. Viagra's Effect on PDE5 PDE5 is short for phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase normally accepts cGMP and breaks it down as a regulator for this pathway. PDE5 inhibitors prevent phosphodiesterase from breaking down cGMP This results in an increase in cGMP, which would result in an increase of PKG Calcium ion levels would decrease and the smooth muscle cells would relax. Erection occurs.
- 5. Another Possible Cause If both ginseng and Viagra don't work, then the only protein left that would consequently affect the entire process would be PKG. PKG is a protein kinase and it has many essential functions that it carries out to induce erection.