This document discusses the concepts of tax shifting and incidence. It defines shifting as the process by which the burden of a tax is transferred from the initial taxpayer to another party. Forward shifting refers to passing the tax burden onto consumers through higher prices, while backward shifting lowers prices paid to suppliers. Tax incidence is defined as who ultimately bears the economic burden of a tax. The document examines how demand elasticity determines whether a tax on commodities is borne by producers through lower sales or shifted to consumers through higher prices. It concludes that tax incidence depends on the price elasticities of demand and supply, not who remits the tax payment.
This slide contains:
Incidence of Tax, its shift-ability, effect of residental status of assesse on taxability of income, effect on tax in different demand situations.
MEANING
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
This slide contains:
Incidence of Tax, its shift-ability, effect of residental status of assesse on taxability of income, effect on tax in different demand situations.
MEANING
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
here in Keynesian theory of income and employment is explained in deep so all those people who want to get keenly into this theory must at least have a look at the same as it can improve your knowledge.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
here in Keynesian theory of income and employment is explained in deep so all those people who want to get keenly into this theory must at least have a look at the same as it can improve your knowledge.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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2. Traditional concept
In the process of taxing, Seligman distinguishes three concepts:
• A tax may be impose on some person.
• It may be transferred by him to a second person.
• It may be ultimately borne by this second person or transferred to
others by whom it is finally assumed.
3. Escape from
tax
Revenue to No Revenue to
government government
Through Through
process of process of Legitimate Illegitimate
exchange production
Smuggling or
Shifting Capitalization Transformation Intentional
tax dodging
Forward Unintentional Deterioration
Backward
4. Definitions
Shifting: The process of transfer of a tax, while its impact lies on the
person who pays it at first instance. Or Shifting is the process through
which a taxpayer escapes the burden of a tax.
Forward shifting: Tax burden from the producer to the consumers in
the form of higher price of the commodity. Price serves as the vehicle
through which a tax is shifted.
Backward shifting: When the imposition of a tax caused a reduction in
the prices paid to the factor-owner.
5. Definitions
Incidence of tax: is the settlement of the tax burden on the
ultimate taxpayer. It is thus the ultimate resting of a tax upon
individuals or class who cannot shift it further.
Musgrave’s concept of Incidence:
A change in the budget policy produces three
effects, namely- Resource transfer effect, Distributional effect and
Output effect.
Distributional effect: The resulting change in the distribution of
income available for private use is referred to as incidence.
6. Definitions
•Incidence is thus applied distribution theory where the focus is on
how various tax systems affect returns and commodity prices.
•A budget has two sides- the tax side and the expenditure side.
But concern with incidence has traditionally focused on the tax side of
the picture only.
7. Incidence of taxes: Individual Case
•Incidence of commodity Taxes:
Traditional view: The tax constitutes an addition to the costs
and prices must increase to cover the rise in costs.
Whether the price will increase to enable the firm to shift the tax
depends on –
• The nature of the tax,
• The economic environment under which the tax is levied, and
• Taxpayers practice in taking advantage of any possibility of shifting.
8. • A tax cannot be shifted:
(i) when it is purely personal and
(ii) when it is levied upon “economic surplus”.
• A commodity tax is levied on the product of a firm.
• The tax leads to the price and cost adjustments and the burden of the
tax may be borne by the enterprise that pays the tax at the first
instance or it may be shifted forward to the consumers of the product.
9. It is proposed to be examined under demand elasticity how
the price rise compares with the size of the tax rise.
Price
T P T
R SS- Supply curve before any tax levied
S S TT- The imposition of tax shifts supply
Q curve
D R- commodity purchase
P- Commodity purchase at higher price
Quantity
(A) Highly elastic Demand
10. Demand Elasticity
T’ P’ T’ T’’ P’’ T’’
Price
Price
S’ R’ S’ S’’ Q’’ S’’
Q’ R’
’
D’
D’’
Quantity Quantity
(B)Moderately elastic demand (C) Absolutely Inelastic demand
When commodity is produced at constant cost, the relative elasticity of demand
exclusively determines the long -term reaction of price and output to the
imposition of the tax.
11. Summery
The key concept is that the tax incidence or tax burden does not
depend on where the revenue is collected, but on the price
elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply.