Sheet1Genesis Energy WACCItemAmount ($000)%InterestWeighted TotalRateRateAccounts Payable300,0007.50%Short-term Note Payable100,0002.50% Total Current Liabilities 400,000Long-term Note Payable400,00010.00%Mortgage Payable1,200,00030.00% Total Liabilites1,600,000Common Stock Equity1,500,00037.50%Operating Equity500,00012.50%Total Liabilities and Equity4,000,000100.00%Genesis Energy Captial ProjectsInitial InvestmentCash FlowCash FlowCash FlowCash flowCash FlowCashflowY1Y2Y3Y4Y5Y6-10Project A: 25-emp facility2000-200-300-4002004001000Project B: 40-emp facility2500-200-2001004004001500Project C: 75-emp facility3000-300-400-1006007002000Equipment 1 - fully automatic1500-100100200400200800Equipment 1 - semi-automatic1000-50-100200200300600Equipment 1 - manual750150150150150150750Equipment 2 - Standard800-175200250250300700Equipment 2 - top of line1500-1002753253253251500Equipment 3 - 3-man machine700-200-150250300350Equipment 3 - 2-man machine600-175-100175175175Equipment 3 - 5-man machine750-300-200300400400In-house inspection1800100500500300300800Contract inspection200200200100100
RESEARCH REPORT
Childhood and adolescent antecedents of
substance use in adulthood
Margaret E. Ensminger, Hee Soon Juon & Kate E. Fothergill
Til-- loin I'. H : ) | ) k i i i , U n .,':'> •,\\f. B . i l l i n ' ! . •?.. M D , L I V \
('onv^poiulnnr lo: ABSTR ACT
VUii'iiMrcl !•'. I'ltsintiijicr
lll'LliirlNU'ltl III lll.Mllil I'diicV 4 • r,- . I •! I L 1 . 1 J r' -• 1
Aims Id examine childhood iiiitwcdcnls ol rn;jnju:iaa and cocaine use in
antl Vl'iiliigi'iili'iil
Tln'Hlo,i(iihiTg,Sili.Mlur I'ublJt lliMllh ildllllhood,
ilii'liihris iii)|)kiiisiiiiiv,Tsiiy l^osiyii I'pidetniiilogjcyi, liingiluditial cohorl study ol' African A m e r i c a n lirst
(.24 Norlh linKidwnv gradcrs (agi' h] followed to age M.
li.iiliniijR'. Ml) 1 I 2ns i i . • . . . . .1 -I J , \ r 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 c I- . . I .• 1 1
['articipiints t hildren (,\ = I 242] and lamilies in t h e ' ) / lirsl grade classrooms
Irom VVdodliuvn. an inner-city conitnunity in Chicago, l-'irst grddc teachers,
Subiiiiiirtl I i lirtcinlxT 211011: molhcrs and children provided assessments over the life course. During adult-vi.'vv .,i,ii|.kird 11 .\pril 2001: (,(,,^1, 9^2 participants were re-intcrvicwed.
.Measurements first yrade teaeher behavior ratings, rt-adiness lor school lests,
seM'-reports of adolescent drug ui:ic. s{)cial bonds and adult self-reports of drug
use were the primary variables.
I'indings Males who were boili .shy and aggressive in lirst grade were more
likely lo be adult drug users compared to those who were neitlier. Shy females
in tirst grade were less likely to he adult marijuana users than non-shy females.
Adolescent social bonds did not moderate the relationships of earlier childhood
behavior to adult drug use. Males who had a 'high/superior' readiness to learn
scores in lirst grade were less likely to be cocaine users as adults, even though
in earlier work we showed that they were .
Substance abuse among the adolescents with hearing impairmentAdigun Olufemi
This study investigated the determinants of knowledge and attitudes towards substance use among adolescents with hearing impairments in Ibadan, Nigeria. 213 adolescents with hearing impairments participated in the study. The results showed that the adolescents had knowledge about the harmful effects of substance use but lacked knowledge about availability and routes of intake. Factors like hearing loss, depression, peer influences, and deaf culture were associated with substance use. Adolescents with low self-esteem also had poorer knowledge and more positive attitudes towards substance use than those with high self-esteem. The study concluded that personal and environmental factors affect substance use among these adolescents and recommended developing awareness programs and counseling to improve self-esteem.
Term Paper Assignment CRIJ 3300 Applied Research and Methods.docxjacqueliner9
Term Paper Assignment
CRIJ 3300 Applied Research and Methods
9 Pages
Introduction
In the American Criminal Justice System, many young adults commit delinquency acts. In this paper, the goal of this research is to find out if the use of any controlled substance or any illegal drug incite male juveniles in high school delinquency. I hypothesize that if male juveniles that attend high school consume any controlled substances or illegal drug, then their crime commission or delinquency rates will increase. If male juveniles that attend high school commit crime or delinquency acts, and they do not consume controlled substances or illegal drugs, their crime rates will go down or remain the same.
Population of Interest
For this research, the population of interest will be male juveniles of American nationality who attend a public high school in Chicago, Illinois.
Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis proposed to analyze for this research will be individuals. Individual students who get studied in a research can be less likely to be influenced by peers or any outside source.
Variables of Interest
Attributes of the variables are important in this research. The male juveniles chosen will be between the ages of 12 to 17. The ethnicity or race of the juveniles are not important to this research, because it is not quantitative. It might be important for a research that is looking to know how many juveniles from certain race commit delinquent acts, but in this research, the goal is to find out if the consumption of any controlled substance or illegal drug alter juvenile delinquency rates. A controlled substance is any substance or medication that people use to get high. An illegal drug, is any substance that cannot be used under a certain age, or that cannot be used at all in the United States. These definitions bring us to the meaning of juvenile delinquency, which is any deviant behavior or delinquent act that juveniles commit during the course of adolescence or at a certain age that is between twelve and seventeen. This definition relates to the questions in the survey that ask about the juvenile committing any delinquent acts or deviant behaviors. The independent variable in this research is the drug or illegal substance that the juvenile consumes before the commission of a delinquent act. The dependent variable is the delinquent act itself depending on the consumption of illegal drugs or controlled substances. It is the dependent variable because as we hypothesized, if the juvenile does not take drugs or if he does not use controlled substances then the delinquency rate will probably go down. The control variable is the situations that happen to the juvenile when he is outside of school. Problems at home, child abuse, child neglect, being a victim of bullying, parents that abuse illegal substances, parents or family members that abuse alcohol in front of the juvenile amongst other, are examples of what could be considered the control variab.
Serieswww.thelancet.com Vol 379 June 23, 2012 2373.docxlesleyryder69361
Self-harm and suicide are major public health problems among adolescents. Around 10% of adolescents report having self-harmed, with rates being higher in females. Important contributors include genetic, psychiatric, psychological, familial, social, and cultural factors. Prevention requires both universal measures for all youth and targeted initiatives for high-risk groups. There remains little evidence about effective treatments, and identifying successful prevention initiatives and treatments is a key need.
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docxevonnehoggarth79783
708
T
here is a wealth of literature highlighting the
negative physical (eg, type II diabetes, car-
diovascular problems) and psychosocial (eg,
depression, low self-worth) consequences of ado-
lescent obesity.1-3 However, less attention has been
given to the role adolescent weight status plays in
future health-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use. With adolescent overweight and
obesity rates remaining high (33.6% overweight,
18.4% obese 12-19 years),4 and substance use
more prevalent in young adulthood than any other
developmental period,5 identification of adolescent
weight status as a predictor of future problematic
substance use behavior is likely to have a signifi-
cant impact on research and clinical work aimed to
reduce multiple health risks in the transition from
adolescence to adulthood.
Adolescence is a crucial period for prevention ef-
forts aimed to reduce problematic substance use in
young adulthood. According to the National Survey
of Drug Use and Health,5 young adults have the
highest rates of current tobacco use (39.5% overall
including 33.5% cigarette use) and illicit drug use
(21.4%), with 19.0% using marijuana in the past
month. Binge drinking has been reported for 39.8%
and heavy alcohol use for 12.1% of 18- to 25-year-
olds. In the past 30 years, many epidemiological
longitudinal studies have identified several key
risk factors for problematic substance use, includ-
ing regular cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and
marijuana use, in adolescence and young adult-
hood. Temperament,6 behavioral disinhibition,7 ex-
ternalizing behaviors,8 poor parental monitoring,9
lack of parental support,10 negative peer interac-
tions,11 and affiliation with deviant peers12 have
been well-established as critical factors involved in
the development of problematic substance use.13-15
Considering the array of risk factors in adolescence
contributing to future problematic substance use,
it is likely that other health-risk conditions, such
as overweight or obesity status, are linked to prob-
lematic substance use behavior.
Little is currently known about the relationship
between adolescent weight status and future prob-
lematic substance use; however, use of an adoles-
cent developmental framework is likely to increase
our understanding of why this relationship may be
a significant one to address. One explanation may
be that a shared underlying factor like impulsivity
may explain co-occurring obesity and problematic
substance use. As children learn to self-regulate
behaviors, those who have difficulties with self-
control are more likely to over-consume energy-
dense food contributing to obesity risk16,17 and en-
gage in antisocial behaviors leading to substance
abuse and dependence.18,19 Although a shared
underlying factor explanation is plausible, under-
standing adolescent behavior without considering
the social context is incomplete.
H. Isabella Lanza, Research Associate and Chri.
This study examined trajectories of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in a sample of 1,170 male adolescent offenders to predict later violence and substance use. It identified three trajectories of CU traits (low, moderate, high) and found that membership in the high CU trajectory, particularly combined with elevated early conduct problems, predicted higher levels of violence and substance use over time. It also found that the effects of high CU trajectory combined with elevated conduct problems were stronger for those with higher executive control. This highlights how identifying subgroups based on CU trajectories can improve understanding of developmental pathways leading to severe antisocial behavior.
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency in the Higher Secondary School Studentsiosrjce
The present investigation aims at studying the contribution of the areas related to causes of juvenile
delinquency in higher secondary school students of Imphal West District of Manipur. From the results of the
research the causes of juvenile delinquency are-personal factors contribute the development of juvenile
delinquency, social factor also contributes the development of juvenile delinquency, psychological factors also
contribute the development of juvenile delinquency and academic factors also contribute to the development of
juvenile delinquency. The findings may help to improve the solution of the problems requires preventive as well
as curative measures of juvenile delinquency in our society
Causal Argument Essay
Qualitative Research Summary
Social Learning Theory
Teenage Alcohol Abuse Essay
Essay On Causal Argument
Jeremy Rifkin Enemies Of Promise
Confirmation Bias Essay
Causal Essay
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Substance abuse among the adolescents with hearing impairmentAdigun Olufemi
This study investigated the determinants of knowledge and attitudes towards substance use among adolescents with hearing impairments in Ibadan, Nigeria. 213 adolescents with hearing impairments participated in the study. The results showed that the adolescents had knowledge about the harmful effects of substance use but lacked knowledge about availability and routes of intake. Factors like hearing loss, depression, peer influences, and deaf culture were associated with substance use. Adolescents with low self-esteem also had poorer knowledge and more positive attitudes towards substance use than those with high self-esteem. The study concluded that personal and environmental factors affect substance use among these adolescents and recommended developing awareness programs and counseling to improve self-esteem.
Term Paper Assignment CRIJ 3300 Applied Research and Methods.docxjacqueliner9
Term Paper Assignment
CRIJ 3300 Applied Research and Methods
9 Pages
Introduction
In the American Criminal Justice System, many young adults commit delinquency acts. In this paper, the goal of this research is to find out if the use of any controlled substance or any illegal drug incite male juveniles in high school delinquency. I hypothesize that if male juveniles that attend high school consume any controlled substances or illegal drug, then their crime commission or delinquency rates will increase. If male juveniles that attend high school commit crime or delinquency acts, and they do not consume controlled substances or illegal drugs, their crime rates will go down or remain the same.
Population of Interest
For this research, the population of interest will be male juveniles of American nationality who attend a public high school in Chicago, Illinois.
Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis proposed to analyze for this research will be individuals. Individual students who get studied in a research can be less likely to be influenced by peers or any outside source.
Variables of Interest
Attributes of the variables are important in this research. The male juveniles chosen will be between the ages of 12 to 17. The ethnicity or race of the juveniles are not important to this research, because it is not quantitative. It might be important for a research that is looking to know how many juveniles from certain race commit delinquent acts, but in this research, the goal is to find out if the consumption of any controlled substance or illegal drug alter juvenile delinquency rates. A controlled substance is any substance or medication that people use to get high. An illegal drug, is any substance that cannot be used under a certain age, or that cannot be used at all in the United States. These definitions bring us to the meaning of juvenile delinquency, which is any deviant behavior or delinquent act that juveniles commit during the course of adolescence or at a certain age that is between twelve and seventeen. This definition relates to the questions in the survey that ask about the juvenile committing any delinquent acts or deviant behaviors. The independent variable in this research is the drug or illegal substance that the juvenile consumes before the commission of a delinquent act. The dependent variable is the delinquent act itself depending on the consumption of illegal drugs or controlled substances. It is the dependent variable because as we hypothesized, if the juvenile does not take drugs or if he does not use controlled substances then the delinquency rate will probably go down. The control variable is the situations that happen to the juvenile when he is outside of school. Problems at home, child abuse, child neglect, being a victim of bullying, parents that abuse illegal substances, parents or family members that abuse alcohol in front of the juvenile amongst other, are examples of what could be considered the control variab.
Serieswww.thelancet.com Vol 379 June 23, 2012 2373.docxlesleyryder69361
Self-harm and suicide are major public health problems among adolescents. Around 10% of adolescents report having self-harmed, with rates being higher in females. Important contributors include genetic, psychiatric, psychological, familial, social, and cultural factors. Prevention requires both universal measures for all youth and targeted initiatives for high-risk groups. There remains little evidence about effective treatments, and identifying successful prevention initiatives and treatments is a key need.
708There is a wealth of literature highlighting the ne.docxevonnehoggarth79783
708
T
here is a wealth of literature highlighting the
negative physical (eg, type II diabetes, car-
diovascular problems) and psychosocial (eg,
depression, low self-worth) consequences of ado-
lescent obesity.1-3 However, less attention has been
given to the role adolescent weight status plays in
future health-risk behaviors, such as problematic
substance use. With adolescent overweight and
obesity rates remaining high (33.6% overweight,
18.4% obese 12-19 years),4 and substance use
more prevalent in young adulthood than any other
developmental period,5 identification of adolescent
weight status as a predictor of future problematic
substance use behavior is likely to have a signifi-
cant impact on research and clinical work aimed to
reduce multiple health risks in the transition from
adolescence to adulthood.
Adolescence is a crucial period for prevention ef-
forts aimed to reduce problematic substance use in
young adulthood. According to the National Survey
of Drug Use and Health,5 young adults have the
highest rates of current tobacco use (39.5% overall
including 33.5% cigarette use) and illicit drug use
(21.4%), with 19.0% using marijuana in the past
month. Binge drinking has been reported for 39.8%
and heavy alcohol use for 12.1% of 18- to 25-year-
olds. In the past 30 years, many epidemiological
longitudinal studies have identified several key
risk factors for problematic substance use, includ-
ing regular cigarette smoking, binge drinking, and
marijuana use, in adolescence and young adult-
hood. Temperament,6 behavioral disinhibition,7 ex-
ternalizing behaviors,8 poor parental monitoring,9
lack of parental support,10 negative peer interac-
tions,11 and affiliation with deviant peers12 have
been well-established as critical factors involved in
the development of problematic substance use.13-15
Considering the array of risk factors in adolescence
contributing to future problematic substance use,
it is likely that other health-risk conditions, such
as overweight or obesity status, are linked to prob-
lematic substance use behavior.
Little is currently known about the relationship
between adolescent weight status and future prob-
lematic substance use; however, use of an adoles-
cent developmental framework is likely to increase
our understanding of why this relationship may be
a significant one to address. One explanation may
be that a shared underlying factor like impulsivity
may explain co-occurring obesity and problematic
substance use. As children learn to self-regulate
behaviors, those who have difficulties with self-
control are more likely to over-consume energy-
dense food contributing to obesity risk16,17 and en-
gage in antisocial behaviors leading to substance
abuse and dependence.18,19 Although a shared
underlying factor explanation is plausible, under-
standing adolescent behavior without considering
the social context is incomplete.
H. Isabella Lanza, Research Associate and Chri.
This study examined trajectories of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in a sample of 1,170 male adolescent offenders to predict later violence and substance use. It identified three trajectories of CU traits (low, moderate, high) and found that membership in the high CU trajectory, particularly combined with elevated early conduct problems, predicted higher levels of violence and substance use over time. It also found that the effects of high CU trajectory combined with elevated conduct problems were stronger for those with higher executive control. This highlights how identifying subgroups based on CU trajectories can improve understanding of developmental pathways leading to severe antisocial behavior.
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency in the Higher Secondary School Studentsiosrjce
The present investigation aims at studying the contribution of the areas related to causes of juvenile
delinquency in higher secondary school students of Imphal West District of Manipur. From the results of the
research the causes of juvenile delinquency are-personal factors contribute the development of juvenile
delinquency, social factor also contributes the development of juvenile delinquency, psychological factors also
contribute the development of juvenile delinquency and academic factors also contribute to the development of
juvenile delinquency. The findings may help to improve the solution of the problems requires preventive as well
as curative measures of juvenile delinquency in our society
Causal Argument Essay
Qualitative Research Summary
Social Learning Theory
Teenage Alcohol Abuse Essay
Essay On Causal Argument
Jeremy Rifkin Enemies Of Promise
Confirmation Bias Essay
Causal Essay
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Substance Abuse in Adolescents1Substance Abuse in .docxpicklesvalery
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
1
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
I chose the Addictions psychology field
The highlights of substance abuse in adolescents is the period of life that starts with physical changes of puberty and ends at the age at which an individual attains a stable independent role in society.
Adolescents are the ages between 13 years of age and 18
Adolescents are vulnerable for engaging risky behaviors.
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
Substance abuse is one such behavior according to 2011 youth risk behavior survey surveillance.
44.7 % of high school students have smoked
18.1% of students were reported to be currently using cigarettes
7.7% of students use smokeless tobacco ( e.g. chewing tobacco ,snuff or dip)
70.8% of students reported to have drank alcohol
39.9% of students had used marijuana
6.8% students had used cocaine
All these statistics point to growing epidemic of substance abuse in adolescents
Personal Experience
My personal experience with substance abuse teens is when I worked in the hospital in the mental health unit dealing with patients that were detoxing from cocaine, meth, marijuana, Heroin etc.
Almost all of the time when a patient is using heroin or is shooting up drugs they run the risk of Hepatitis C which studies show that in 2014 there were 2.3 cases per 100,000 people that had become infected with acute hepatitis C
Acute Hepatitis: Hepatitis that lasts less then 6 months
Chronic Hepatitis: Hepatitis that lasts longer then 6 months
Studies show that 68% of people that do IV drug use responded with that they had injected drugs within the past 6 months prior to onset of symptoms.
Personal Experience
As a Phlebotomist of 5 years you can tell when a patient is IV drug using.
Examples include: Statements like “I wrecked my veins.” “Good luck finding a vein.” “You can go here and no where else.”
Other examples include: Scar tissue, Red swollen hands, fingers, arms no vein sites to take blood from and or taking 5-6 tries before getting blood going through multiple phlebotomists,
I also find patients that come in through the emergency room that have cellulitis which is an infection most common with using are ashamed because they are in pain and cant believe they have gotten to the point of drug use.
Treatment
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
Research and studies show that most of these users had initiated some sort of substance abuse during the ages of 15-18 years of ages with peer influence, curiosity, and the sense of growing being the chief reason for initiation.
A majority of users were aware of the negative potential side effects of the substances and yet they chose to use them anyways.
These users continued use of the substance abuse habits reasons that were given included “feeling good” and the ability to socialize.
Users also stated the reasons for maintaining drug habits consist of getting high and escaping stress but also not limited to a sense of belongingness with a pee ...
Adolescents health and management of sexual risk taking behaviour among selectedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed adolescents' health and management of sexual risk-taking behaviors among secondary school students in Osun State, Nigeria. The study involved a sample of 810 students who completed a questionnaire. The results showed that the majority of respondents were between 13-15 years old and identified as Christian. Most respondents had little knowledge about sexual and reproductive health. Regarding sexual experiences, 25.8% of respondents willingly had their first sexual encounter while 52.4% took no precautions during their first intercourse. The study concluded opportunities are needed to increase adolescents' awareness of sexuality and health.
The Centers for Disease Control developed the Youth Risk Behavior Su.pdfamritjewellay
The Centers for Disease Control developed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(YRBSS) to monitor six categories of priority health risk behaviors among youth: behaviors that
contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual
behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases; unhealthy
dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity. A multistage sample design is used to produce
representative samples of students in grades 9 to 12, who then fill out a questionnaire on these
behaviors. The data below are for the questionThe Centers for Disease Control developed the
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) to monitor six categories of priority health
risk behaviors among youth: behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence;
tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended
pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical
inactivity. A multistage sample design is used to produce representative samples of students in
grades 9 to 12, who then fill out a questionnaire on these behaviors. The data below are for the
question
Solution
Description of the System: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young
adults: 1) behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; 2) tobacco use; 3)
alcohol and other drug use; 4) sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection;
5) unhealthy dietary behaviors; and 6) physical inactivity. In addition, YRBSS monitors the
prevalence of obesity and asthma. YRBSS includes a national school-based Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS) conducted by CDC and state and large urban school district school-based
YRBSs conducted by state and local education and health agencies. This report summarizes
results from the 2011 national survey, 43 state surveys, and 21 large urban school district surveys
conducted among students in grades 9–12. Results: Results from the 2011 national YRBS
indicated that many high school students are engaged in priority health-risk behaviors associated
with the leading causes of death among persons aged 10–24 years in the United States. During
the 30 days before the survey, 32.8% of high school students nationwide had texted or e-mailed
while driving, 38.7% had drunk alcohol, and 23.1% had used marijuana. During the 12 months
before the survey, 32.8% of students had been in a physical fight, 20.1% had ever been bullied
on school property, and 7.8% had attempted suicide. Many high school students nationwide are
engaged in sexual risk behaviors associated with unintended pregnancies and STDs, including
HIV infection. Nearly half (47.4%) of students had ever had sexual intercourse, 33.7% had had
sexual intercourse during the .
This document discusses juvenile delinquency in Jamaica. It defines juvenile delinquency as illegal acts committed by minors. The document examines juvenile delinquency as a social issue, how it is recognized in schools, existing measures to address it, and its implications for teachers and students. Suggestions to combat the problem include implementing safe school officers, effective parent-teacher associations, and workshops for students, parents and counselors. Statistics are presented from medical journals on youth violence and crime rates.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
This document discusses a study that uses latent class analysis to identify patterns of health behaviors among adolescents ages 10-19 using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The study examines eight health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physician visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and tattoos. Latent class analysis identified three distinct classes of adolescents - healthy, moderately healthy, and unhealthy - based on their responses to questions about these behaviors. The classes differed for males and females. The study aims to characterize adolescent health behaviors without including parental attributes.
This document provides an overview of research conducted in Wales on child sexual exploitation over a 3 year period. The research analyzed data from 1,487 cases across 3 local authorities involving children aged 10-22 who were known to social services or the youth offending service. 9% of these vulnerable children were found to be at significant risk of sexual exploitation. Factors like experiences of abuse, family issues, isolation, and drug/alcohol use were linked to higher risks. Behaviors like going missing, having older boyfriends, and phone misuse were direct risk indicators of current exploitation. The briefing highlights the need for improved identification of at-risk youth and coordinated multi-agency responses to address this abuse.
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should al.docxSALU18
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should also enlighten the extent to which genes participate to alcohol issues, both in youngsters and adults (Foster, et al., 2013).
Socioeconomic Model:
Researchers have keen interest to find the link between behavioral health conditions in adulthood and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Some studies revealed that the youngsters with low SES are susceptible towards substance use in young age. Huang and Goodman studied the first wave cross-sectional; he found that having low SES was linked with greater alcoholic consumption. Goodman found that lower income or the financial crisis and low educational status of the parents led to individual complexes and thus more significant depression.
Reinherz along with his fellows, from the year 1977-2000 observed 360 suspects and concluded that low SES of family and large family were linked with substance abuse and alcoholism issues at the early age of life (Masten, et al., 2014). Hamilton and his fellows, Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, found that youngsters (12-19) having educated parents were less prone or susceptible to get involve in risky or dangerous drinking or drug abuse.
Although we have confirmation those boys with high SES may also be liable for having the substance addiction. Alcohol use is sensitive to price, according to research consumption declines as the price rises. For youngsters with raised SES, with sound financial status show that the cost of substance abuse is lower than that of the boys with low SES. Bellis and his fellows found that kids who spend more money drink more, heavy drinking in public as well while the ones with low SES drink less (Miller, et al., 2010).
Binge drinking is associated with driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and homicidal or accidental deaths of college going students. The fact that illegal drugs are considered illegal in the USA, the substance abuse causes youngsters to get themselves involve in criminal justice. Thus, the substance abuse can cause extraordinary adverse effects for boys.
The rationale of the study is to determine that the adolescents with high SES, having a financial status and educated parents, are susceptible to get involve in alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse, using the nationally-representative sample of college students in the USA. Bellis and his fellows collected cross-sectional data on alcohol consumption in the UK and Martin along with his colleagues who examined pervasiveness of alcohol consumption among college students in the USA (Levy, et al., 2011). As a lot of literature is being written on adults with low SES, the results of this research can guide the parents and teachers to recognize the students who are at risk for substance abuse in future.
The result of this study how that high SES, a linked with high parental educational status and the healthy financial situation is associated with high rates of substance ab ...
Running head DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION1DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 1
DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 6
Drug Abuse and Addiction
XXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
Public Safety Issue: Drug Abuse and Addiction
Public safety issue refers to any problem which threatens the wellbeing of people and prosperity of communities. A solution to such challenges is crucial in order to ensure that safety of people is protected and safeguarded. The issue of drug abuse and concern among school going teenagers has become a major problem in United States. According to a survey conducted by Monitoring the Future (MTF), on average, 29 percent of the school kids between grades 8, 10, and 12 were found to be using drugs. This has raised a major concern that requires the government to work closely with relevant public safety organizations in order to contain this issue.
Research Topic: The Importance of Introducing Drug Abuse Unit in The Curriculum of the American Education System
Overview
According to findings of Monitoring the Future survey released in 2018, there is a significant increase in number of school going youths engaging in drug abuse activities. Marijuana, opioid abuse, alcohol, synthetic drugs, tobacco, and nicotine are among the top drugs and substances abused by teenagers and school going kids. These statistics are alarming since they present one of the major challenge to the wellbeing and prosperity of the future generation. Many anti-drug abuse and addiction organizations such as National Institutes on Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) have been working relentlessly to curb this rising level of drug abuse and addiction among teenagers. Despite all the efforts by these organizations, their programs have failed to achieve any substantial success as far the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers is concerned. This research is aimed at exploring the relevant literature from books, peer-reviewed journals, publications, and other academic effort in the effort to present the dire need to integrate drug abuse into the curriculum of the American education system. The findings of the research will be a boost to the government and other public safety organizations in the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers and school going youths.
Annotated Bibliography
Duncan, D. T., Palamar, J. J., & Williams, J. H. (2014). Perceived neighborhood illicit drug selling, peer illicit drug disapproval and illicit drug use among US high school seniors. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 9(1), 35.
The paper explores the problem of marijuana use among the students in U.S. high schools. Notably, more than 45.5 percent of the respondents revealed that they have used marijuana once on their lifetime while the other 36.4 percent revealing that they have used marijuana in the last one year. Additionally, another 22.7 percent of the respondents noting that they have been consta ...
This document provides an overview of child abuse. It begins with definitions of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as neglect. Statistics on child abuse victims in the US from 2008-2012 are presented. Younger children, especially infants, are most at risk of abuse. The effects of different types of abuse are discussed, including physical and psychological impacts. Prevention programs and challenges in identifying abuse are also examined.
Treatment Track, National Rx Drug Abuse Summit, April 2-4, 2013. Treatment Options for Juveniles
presentation by Michelle Lipinski and Dr. Marc Fishman.
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol.docxAASTHA76
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol lading to illegal behavior that is common in the college going students. Attachment theory stands on the concept that human beings have a natural desire and innate requirement of being appreciated and accepted by others. Survey then led to the confirmatory analysis which enforced two-factor of attachment theory, comprising parental affection or attachment and peer attachment, both these types of accessories represent trust, non-estrangement, and communication, Which means that all the adults or youngsters are emotionally attached to their parents or the people of their group (Foster, Vaughan, Foster, & Califano Jr, 2013).
The results manifested the hypotheses that sheltered peer attachment positively concluded behavioral control and values towards alcohol, but protected maternal affection inversely completed behavioral control and values towards alcohol. Alcohol norms, behavioral control and attitudes individually elaborate alcohol objective, which showed an elevation in this behavior within a month. All these findings reinforce recommendations for agenda created to shorten the risk levels of underage drinking using the idea of Attachment theory and Theory of planned behavior TPB.
I. Social Learning Theory:
This research is associated with the methods of getting alcohol in underage, use of substance, underage drinking and this kind of other deviations, this study consider the application of social learning theory. Youngsters under adulthood age are getting alcohol illegally. Past researches show that young alcohol abusers use other persons for this purpose, and these other individuals include any stranger who is adult enough to drink legally (Miller, Levy, Spicer, & Taylor, 2010).
This procedure of getting alcohol is called black marketing. It has been observed that black market organization was made while taking alcohol illegally in association with the other black market organization, other black market anomaly or global anomaly. For study purpose, use of black market sources defined as the utilization of an unknown person trying to obtain illegal substance like alcohol, drugs, etc. thus sources was labeled black market, if the individual participating was an unknown. The materials under consideration in this study include alcohol and marijuana. The study sample was comprised of undergraduate’s students from the organizational pool from a southeastern university.
The questionnaire was filled through the online survey and analyzed statistically by multivariate statistical techniques (Foster, et al., 2013).Youth alcohol consumption includes a lot of research work. This study covers almost all the aspects from divergence related to underage drinking to the hazardous results it causes on health. A huge part of the sample population is the college students. Binge drinking, underage drinking, and general drinking are considered by average or dominant America ...
ARANTXA DOMINGUEZ media and tv influence in adolescenceArantxa Dominguez
This document discusses media and TV influence on adolescents. It begins with an example of a teenager setting himself on fire after seeing a stunt on the TV show Jackass. It then provides background on Generation Z and defines adolescence. Several ways that TV can influence teens are discussed. Specifically, it notes that adolescent brains are still maturing and more susceptible to peer influence. It also discusses how TV time exposure correlates with earlier sexual initiation and drug use in teens. The document analyzes how TV can act as a "super peer" and powerful socialization agent for adolescents.
Recent studies have revealed common risk factors for adolescent drug abuse and deliquency. The relationship between substance abuse and juvenile deliquency sketches a bleak portrait of juvenile justice system overwhelmed by drug and alcohol abusing and addicted 10 "“ to -17- years old. Juvenile crime is one of the nation' serious problems. Government policy on juvenile deliquency must often struggle with the balance of concern over the healthy developments of children and adolescents who violate the law and public desire to punish the criminals. Neverthless, children and adolescents who commit criminal acts must be educated and supported in a growth process. A number of cognitive and social features of childhood and adolescene influence the context of juvenile crime policy. They were likely to have been neglected and abuse by parents. Many had grown up in impoverished and dangerous neighborhoods. Schools, teachers, and administrators had been unable to engage them. The provider' had failed to diagnose their problems. It further gives the high rate of drug use among deliquents, drug-abuse intervention and treatment programs clearly needed for deliquent populations. This paper explores the linking about adolescent drug ue and deliquency, distinguihing factors, implications for preventions and treatment. Simran Chhallani"Juvenile and the Abuse" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17027.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/17027/juvenile-and-the-abuse/simran-chhallani
Chapter 5 5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000,.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5
5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000, sells its units for $66, and has variable costs of $36 per unit.
Break-even analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute the break-even point.
b. Ms. Eaton comes up with a new plan to cut fixed costs to $200,000. However, more labor will now be required, which will increase variable costs per unit to $39. The sales price will remain at $66. What is the new break-even point?
c. Under the new plan, what is likely to happen to profitability at very high volume levels (compared to the old plan)?
10. The Sterling Tire Company’s income statement for 2013 is as follows:
Degree of leverage
(LO5-2 & 5-5)
STERLING TIRE COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Sales (20,000 tires at $60 each)
$1,200,000
Less: Variable costs (20,000 tires at $30)
600,000
Fixed costs
400,000
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)
$ 200,000
Interest expense
50,000
Earnings before taxes (EBT)
$ 150,000
Income tax expense (30%)
45,000
Earnings after taxes (EAT)
$ 105,000
Given this income statement, compute the following:
a. Degree of operating leverage.
b. Degree of financial leverage.
c. Degree of combined leverage.
d. Break-even point in units.
14. International Data Systems information on revenue and costs is only relevant up to a sales volume of 105,000 units. After 105,000 units, the market becomes saturated and the price per unit falls from $14.00 to $8.80. Also, there are cost overruns at a production volume of over 105,000 units, and variable cost per unit goes up from $7.00 to $8.00. Fixed costs remain the same at $55,000.
Nonlinear breakeven analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute operating income at 105,000 units.
b. Compute operating income at 205,000 units.
Chapter 6
Short-term versus longer-term borrowing
(LO6-3)
Intermediate Problems
9. Sauer Food Company has decided to buy a new computer system with an expected life of three years. The cost is $150,000. The company can borrow $150,000 for three years at 10 percent annual interest or for one year at 8 percent annual interest.
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
9. Analyze violence, crime, and vandalism in schools.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 11:
Community Policing and Drugs
Chapter 12:
Bringing Youths into Community Policing
Unit Lesson
There are many correlations to crime. Correlations of crime include factors such as poverty, unemployment,
mental illness, IQ, and substance abuse. Many studies have been devoted to looking specifically at the
connection between drugs and crime. Youth throughout the entire United States are surveyed annually to
assess their initial and continued exposure to drugs through self, friends, and/or family use. Data describing
drug use across age groups report alarming trends. For example, more than half of young adults will have
tried at ...
Substance Abuse among Adolescents: 1. Prevalence and Patterns of Alcohol Use ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Types of Maltr.docxmalbert5
Risk Factors for Child
Maltreatment
Types of Maltreatment
Physical abuse – nonaccidental injury
inflicted by a caregiver
Sexual abuse – the use of a child for the
sexual gratification of an adult
Psychological maltreatment
◦ Includes emotional abuse and emotional neglect
Neglect – act of omission
◦ Physical neglect
◦ Medical neglect
◦ Educational neglect
Types of Factors
Potentiating: increase risk for maltreatment
Compensatory: buffers, decreases risk
------------------------------------------------------
Transient – temporary
◦ Temporary unemployment, loss of a loved one
Enduring – ongoing; chronic
◦ Chronic unemployment; untreated mental health
issues
------------------------------------------------------
Applied to each level of analysis
http://faculty.weber.edu/tlday/1500/systems.jpg
Levels of Analysis of Each Instance of
Maltreatment
Macrosystemic: broad cultural values and beliefs
in the larger society
Exosystemic: social structures that form the
immediate context in which families and
individuals function (e.g., neighborhood, school)
Microsystemic: environmental setting that
contains the developing person (e.g., family,
classroom)
Ontogenetic: factors within the child
Macrosystemic Issues
Acceptability of violence
◦ Levels of violent crime, presence of weapons
◦ Levels of violence in media
◦ Acceptance of corporal punishment
Sexualization of children
Individualism
◦ Focus on nuclear family both fully responsible for and
controlling of children
◦ Geographical isolation of families with children
Values/definitions of work
Exosystemic Issue:
Poverty
Poverty as a stressor: inadequate resources,
feelings of disempowerment (becomes a
microsystemic issue)
Poverty places individuals in less safe
environments, requiring more parental effort to
protect
Poverty places individuals in resource scarce
environments
Increasingly poor urban areas are places to which
people are not committed - less sense of
community
Microsystemic Issues
History of abuse in parents
Mental illness in parents
Substance abuse in parents
Domestic violence
Problematic parenting practices
Lack of social support
Mental Health Issues in Parents
Mental illness impacts childrearing
Mental health issues increase risk of
substance abuse, especially in women
Personality disorders are thought to be
most common mental health problem
◦ Core component of an individual’s way of
perceiving the world
◦ Often go unrecognized as mental illness
among child welfare workers
History of Child Abuse in Parents
Child abuse in parents may result in
mental health issues (depression, PTSD)
Attachment impairment
Lack of modeling of appropriate parenting
behaviors
Substance Abuse
Direct physical effects on fetus
◦ Critical issue: should prenatal maternal
substa.
This document discusses bullying in the digital age and related issues. It covers:
1) The impact of bullying on individuals, families, and schools, including mental health issues and increased tensions.
2) The rise of cyberbullying among youth and its negative health impacts.
3) Issues around youth sexuality, technology, and the law, including sexting and its legal risks. The document aims to raise awareness and identify prevention strategies.
The document discusses bullying and cyberbullying among youth. It covers the impact of bullying on individuals, families, schools and communities. Key points include increased mental health issues for victims, family tensions, pressure on schools to address incidents, and rising cyberbullying rates due to more time online and anonymity. The second half examines youth sexuality issues like sexting and legal ages of consent.
study of high risk behaviors and their association with personality factorsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper focuses on studying the issue of risky behavior and its relation to personality factors in students. method: The sample included 100 students who were selected via cluster random sampling from among all students of the university. To collect data on Eysinck personality questionnaire and Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale, Zuckerman sensation seeking inventory and Beck Depression Inventory was used .The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Finding: Pearson correlation coefficient showed that high-risk behavior personality traits of extraversion, neuroticism and psychosis-oriented, but a significant positive correlation with introversion personality characteristic and significant negative relationship. Multiple regression analysis showed that personality factors can be used to predict their risk behaviors. Conclusion: Considering the role of personality factors in high-risk tendency of people to different behavior.
InstructionsFor this assignment, select one of the following.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
For this assignment, select
one
of the following options:
Option 1: Imperialism
The exploitation of colonial resources and indigenous labor was one of the key elements in the success of imperialism. Such exploitation was a result of the prevalent ethnocentrism of the time and was justified by the unscientific concept of social Darwinism, which praised the characteristics of white Europeans and inaccurately ascribed negative characteristics to indigenous peoples. A famous poem of the time by Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden," called on imperial powers, and particularly the U.S., at whom the poem was directed, to take up the mission of civilizing these "savage" peoples.
Read the poem at the following link:
(Links to an external site.)
After reading the poem, address the following in a case study analysis:
Select a specific part of the world (a country), and examine imperialism in that country. What was the relationship between the invading country and the native people? You can select from these examples or choose your own:
- Belgium & Africa
- Britain & India
- Germany & Africa
- France & Africa
Apply social Darwinism to this specific case.
Analyze the motivations of the invading country?
How did ethnocentrism manifest in their interactions?
How does Kipling's poem apply to your specific example? You can quote lines for comparison.
Writing Requirements (APA format)
-Length: 2-3 pages (not including title page or references page)
-1-inch margins
-Double spaced
-12-point Times New Roman font
-Title page
-References page
.
InstructionsFor this assignment, analyze the space race..docxmaoanderton
This document provides instructions for a writing assignment analyzing the space race between the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War, discussing whether space exploration is still relevant considering costs, and how the space program benefits the national economy and world. The assignment requires a 2-3 page paper in APA format that addresses what the space race meant for the two superpowers, the ongoing relevance of space programs, and economic and social benefits to the U.S., its economy, and globally.
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Substance Abuse in Adolescents1Substance Abuse in .docxpicklesvalery
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
1
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
I chose the Addictions psychology field
The highlights of substance abuse in adolescents is the period of life that starts with physical changes of puberty and ends at the age at which an individual attains a stable independent role in society.
Adolescents are the ages between 13 years of age and 18
Adolescents are vulnerable for engaging risky behaviors.
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
Substance abuse is one such behavior according to 2011 youth risk behavior survey surveillance.
44.7 % of high school students have smoked
18.1% of students were reported to be currently using cigarettes
7.7% of students use smokeless tobacco ( e.g. chewing tobacco ,snuff or dip)
70.8% of students reported to have drank alcohol
39.9% of students had used marijuana
6.8% students had used cocaine
All these statistics point to growing epidemic of substance abuse in adolescents
Personal Experience
My personal experience with substance abuse teens is when I worked in the hospital in the mental health unit dealing with patients that were detoxing from cocaine, meth, marijuana, Heroin etc.
Almost all of the time when a patient is using heroin or is shooting up drugs they run the risk of Hepatitis C which studies show that in 2014 there were 2.3 cases per 100,000 people that had become infected with acute hepatitis C
Acute Hepatitis: Hepatitis that lasts less then 6 months
Chronic Hepatitis: Hepatitis that lasts longer then 6 months
Studies show that 68% of people that do IV drug use responded with that they had injected drugs within the past 6 months prior to onset of symptoms.
Personal Experience
As a Phlebotomist of 5 years you can tell when a patient is IV drug using.
Examples include: Statements like “I wrecked my veins.” “Good luck finding a vein.” “You can go here and no where else.”
Other examples include: Scar tissue, Red swollen hands, fingers, arms no vein sites to take blood from and or taking 5-6 tries before getting blood going through multiple phlebotomists,
I also find patients that come in through the emergency room that have cellulitis which is an infection most common with using are ashamed because they are in pain and cant believe they have gotten to the point of drug use.
Treatment
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
Research and studies show that most of these users had initiated some sort of substance abuse during the ages of 15-18 years of ages with peer influence, curiosity, and the sense of growing being the chief reason for initiation.
A majority of users were aware of the negative potential side effects of the substances and yet they chose to use them anyways.
These users continued use of the substance abuse habits reasons that were given included “feeling good” and the ability to socialize.
Users also stated the reasons for maintaining drug habits consist of getting high and escaping stress but also not limited to a sense of belongingness with a pee ...
Adolescents health and management of sexual risk taking behaviour among selectedAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed adolescents' health and management of sexual risk-taking behaviors among secondary school students in Osun State, Nigeria. The study involved a sample of 810 students who completed a questionnaire. The results showed that the majority of respondents were between 13-15 years old and identified as Christian. Most respondents had little knowledge about sexual and reproductive health. Regarding sexual experiences, 25.8% of respondents willingly had their first sexual encounter while 52.4% took no precautions during their first intercourse. The study concluded opportunities are needed to increase adolescents' awareness of sexuality and health.
The Centers for Disease Control developed the Youth Risk Behavior Su.pdfamritjewellay
The Centers for Disease Control developed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(YRBSS) to monitor six categories of priority health risk behaviors among youth: behaviors that
contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual
behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases; unhealthy
dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity. A multistage sample design is used to produce
representative samples of students in grades 9 to 12, who then fill out a questionnaire on these
behaviors. The data below are for the questionThe Centers for Disease Control developed the
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) to monitor six categories of priority health
risk behaviors among youth: behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence;
tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended
pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical
inactivity. A multistage sample design is used to produce representative samples of students in
grades 9 to 12, who then fill out a questionnaire on these behaviors. The data below are for the
question
Solution
Description of the System: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young
adults: 1) behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; 2) tobacco use; 3)
alcohol and other drug use; 4) sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection;
5) unhealthy dietary behaviors; and 6) physical inactivity. In addition, YRBSS monitors the
prevalence of obesity and asthma. YRBSS includes a national school-based Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS) conducted by CDC and state and large urban school district school-based
YRBSs conducted by state and local education and health agencies. This report summarizes
results from the 2011 national survey, 43 state surveys, and 21 large urban school district surveys
conducted among students in grades 9–12. Results: Results from the 2011 national YRBS
indicated that many high school students are engaged in priority health-risk behaviors associated
with the leading causes of death among persons aged 10–24 years in the United States. During
the 30 days before the survey, 32.8% of high school students nationwide had texted or e-mailed
while driving, 38.7% had drunk alcohol, and 23.1% had used marijuana. During the 12 months
before the survey, 32.8% of students had been in a physical fight, 20.1% had ever been bullied
on school property, and 7.8% had attempted suicide. Many high school students nationwide are
engaged in sexual risk behaviors associated with unintended pregnancies and STDs, including
HIV infection. Nearly half (47.4%) of students had ever had sexual intercourse, 33.7% had had
sexual intercourse during the .
This document discusses juvenile delinquency in Jamaica. It defines juvenile delinquency as illegal acts committed by minors. The document examines juvenile delinquency as a social issue, how it is recognized in schools, existing measures to address it, and its implications for teachers and students. Suggestions to combat the problem include implementing safe school officers, effective parent-teacher associations, and workshops for students, parents and counselors. Statistics are presented from medical journals on youth violence and crime rates.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
This document discusses a study that uses latent class analysis to identify patterns of health behaviors among adolescents ages 10-19 using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The study examines eight health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physician visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and tattoos. Latent class analysis identified three distinct classes of adolescents - healthy, moderately healthy, and unhealthy - based on their responses to questions about these behaviors. The classes differed for males and females. The study aims to characterize adolescent health behaviors without including parental attributes.
This document provides an overview of research conducted in Wales on child sexual exploitation over a 3 year period. The research analyzed data from 1,487 cases across 3 local authorities involving children aged 10-22 who were known to social services or the youth offending service. 9% of these vulnerable children were found to be at significant risk of sexual exploitation. Factors like experiences of abuse, family issues, isolation, and drug/alcohol use were linked to higher risks. Behaviors like going missing, having older boyfriends, and phone misuse were direct risk indicators of current exploitation. The briefing highlights the need for improved identification of at-risk youth and coordinated multi-agency responses to address this abuse.
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should al.docxSALU18
environment to result in alcohol addiction. More studies should also enlighten the extent to which genes participate to alcohol issues, both in youngsters and adults (Foster, et al., 2013).
Socioeconomic Model:
Researchers have keen interest to find the link between behavioral health conditions in adulthood and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Some studies revealed that the youngsters with low SES are susceptible towards substance use in young age. Huang and Goodman studied the first wave cross-sectional; he found that having low SES was linked with greater alcoholic consumption. Goodman found that lower income or the financial crisis and low educational status of the parents led to individual complexes and thus more significant depression.
Reinherz along with his fellows, from the year 1977-2000 observed 360 suspects and concluded that low SES of family and large family were linked with substance abuse and alcoholism issues at the early age of life (Masten, et al., 2014). Hamilton and his fellows, Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, found that youngsters (12-19) having educated parents were less prone or susceptible to get involve in risky or dangerous drinking or drug abuse.
Although we have confirmation those boys with high SES may also be liable for having the substance addiction. Alcohol use is sensitive to price, according to research consumption declines as the price rises. For youngsters with raised SES, with sound financial status show that the cost of substance abuse is lower than that of the boys with low SES. Bellis and his fellows found that kids who spend more money drink more, heavy drinking in public as well while the ones with low SES drink less (Miller, et al., 2010).
Binge drinking is associated with driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and homicidal or accidental deaths of college going students. The fact that illegal drugs are considered illegal in the USA, the substance abuse causes youngsters to get themselves involve in criminal justice. Thus, the substance abuse can cause extraordinary adverse effects for boys.
The rationale of the study is to determine that the adolescents with high SES, having a financial status and educated parents, are susceptible to get involve in alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse, using the nationally-representative sample of college students in the USA. Bellis and his fellows collected cross-sectional data on alcohol consumption in the UK and Martin along with his colleagues who examined pervasiveness of alcohol consumption among college students in the USA (Levy, et al., 2011). As a lot of literature is being written on adults with low SES, the results of this research can guide the parents and teachers to recognize the students who are at risk for substance abuse in future.
The result of this study how that high SES, a linked with high parental educational status and the healthy financial situation is associated with high rates of substance ab ...
Running head DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION1DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 1
DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION 6
Drug Abuse and Addiction
XXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
Public Safety Issue: Drug Abuse and Addiction
Public safety issue refers to any problem which threatens the wellbeing of people and prosperity of communities. A solution to such challenges is crucial in order to ensure that safety of people is protected and safeguarded. The issue of drug abuse and concern among school going teenagers has become a major problem in United States. According to a survey conducted by Monitoring the Future (MTF), on average, 29 percent of the school kids between grades 8, 10, and 12 were found to be using drugs. This has raised a major concern that requires the government to work closely with relevant public safety organizations in order to contain this issue.
Research Topic: The Importance of Introducing Drug Abuse Unit in The Curriculum of the American Education System
Overview
According to findings of Monitoring the Future survey released in 2018, there is a significant increase in number of school going youths engaging in drug abuse activities. Marijuana, opioid abuse, alcohol, synthetic drugs, tobacco, and nicotine are among the top drugs and substances abused by teenagers and school going kids. These statistics are alarming since they present one of the major challenge to the wellbeing and prosperity of the future generation. Many anti-drug abuse and addiction organizations such as National Institutes on Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) have been working relentlessly to curb this rising level of drug abuse and addiction among teenagers. Despite all the efforts by these organizations, their programs have failed to achieve any substantial success as far the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers is concerned. This research is aimed at exploring the relevant literature from books, peer-reviewed journals, publications, and other academic effort in the effort to present the dire need to integrate drug abuse into the curriculum of the American education system. The findings of the research will be a boost to the government and other public safety organizations in the fight against drug abuse and addiction among teenagers and school going youths.
Annotated Bibliography
Duncan, D. T., Palamar, J. J., & Williams, J. H. (2014). Perceived neighborhood illicit drug selling, peer illicit drug disapproval and illicit drug use among US high school seniors. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 9(1), 35.
The paper explores the problem of marijuana use among the students in U.S. high schools. Notably, more than 45.5 percent of the respondents revealed that they have used marijuana once on their lifetime while the other 36.4 percent revealing that they have used marijuana in the last one year. Additionally, another 22.7 percent of the respondents noting that they have been consta ...
This document provides an overview of child abuse. It begins with definitions of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse as well as neglect. Statistics on child abuse victims in the US from 2008-2012 are presented. Younger children, especially infants, are most at risk of abuse. The effects of different types of abuse are discussed, including physical and psychological impacts. Prevention programs and challenges in identifying abuse are also examined.
Treatment Track, National Rx Drug Abuse Summit, April 2-4, 2013. Treatment Options for Juveniles
presentation by Michelle Lipinski and Dr. Marc Fishman.
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol.docxAASTHA76
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol lading to illegal behavior that is common in the college going students. Attachment theory stands on the concept that human beings have a natural desire and innate requirement of being appreciated and accepted by others. Survey then led to the confirmatory analysis which enforced two-factor of attachment theory, comprising parental affection or attachment and peer attachment, both these types of accessories represent trust, non-estrangement, and communication, Which means that all the adults or youngsters are emotionally attached to their parents or the people of their group (Foster, Vaughan, Foster, & Califano Jr, 2013).
The results manifested the hypotheses that sheltered peer attachment positively concluded behavioral control and values towards alcohol, but protected maternal affection inversely completed behavioral control and values towards alcohol. Alcohol norms, behavioral control and attitudes individually elaborate alcohol objective, which showed an elevation in this behavior within a month. All these findings reinforce recommendations for agenda created to shorten the risk levels of underage drinking using the idea of Attachment theory and Theory of planned behavior TPB.
I. Social Learning Theory:
This research is associated with the methods of getting alcohol in underage, use of substance, underage drinking and this kind of other deviations, this study consider the application of social learning theory. Youngsters under adulthood age are getting alcohol illegally. Past researches show that young alcohol abusers use other persons for this purpose, and these other individuals include any stranger who is adult enough to drink legally (Miller, Levy, Spicer, & Taylor, 2010).
This procedure of getting alcohol is called black marketing. It has been observed that black market organization was made while taking alcohol illegally in association with the other black market organization, other black market anomaly or global anomaly. For study purpose, use of black market sources defined as the utilization of an unknown person trying to obtain illegal substance like alcohol, drugs, etc. thus sources was labeled black market, if the individual participating was an unknown. The materials under consideration in this study include alcohol and marijuana. The study sample was comprised of undergraduate’s students from the organizational pool from a southeastern university.
The questionnaire was filled through the online survey and analyzed statistically by multivariate statistical techniques (Foster, et al., 2013).Youth alcohol consumption includes a lot of research work. This study covers almost all the aspects from divergence related to underage drinking to the hazardous results it causes on health. A huge part of the sample population is the college students. Binge drinking, underage drinking, and general drinking are considered by average or dominant America ...
ARANTXA DOMINGUEZ media and tv influence in adolescenceArantxa Dominguez
This document discusses media and TV influence on adolescents. It begins with an example of a teenager setting himself on fire after seeing a stunt on the TV show Jackass. It then provides background on Generation Z and defines adolescence. Several ways that TV can influence teens are discussed. Specifically, it notes that adolescent brains are still maturing and more susceptible to peer influence. It also discusses how TV time exposure correlates with earlier sexual initiation and drug use in teens. The document analyzes how TV can act as a "super peer" and powerful socialization agent for adolescents.
Recent studies have revealed common risk factors for adolescent drug abuse and deliquency. The relationship between substance abuse and juvenile deliquency sketches a bleak portrait of juvenile justice system overwhelmed by drug and alcohol abusing and addicted 10 "“ to -17- years old. Juvenile crime is one of the nation' serious problems. Government policy on juvenile deliquency must often struggle with the balance of concern over the healthy developments of children and adolescents who violate the law and public desire to punish the criminals. Neverthless, children and adolescents who commit criminal acts must be educated and supported in a growth process. A number of cognitive and social features of childhood and adolescene influence the context of juvenile crime policy. They were likely to have been neglected and abuse by parents. Many had grown up in impoverished and dangerous neighborhoods. Schools, teachers, and administrators had been unable to engage them. The provider' had failed to diagnose their problems. It further gives the high rate of drug use among deliquents, drug-abuse intervention and treatment programs clearly needed for deliquent populations. This paper explores the linking about adolescent drug ue and deliquency, distinguihing factors, implications for preventions and treatment. Simran Chhallani"Juvenile and the Abuse" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17027.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/17027/juvenile-and-the-abuse/simran-chhallani
Chapter 5 5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000,.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5
5. Eaton Tool Company has fixed costs of $255,000, sells its units for $66, and has variable costs of $36 per unit.
Break-even analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute the break-even point.
b. Ms. Eaton comes up with a new plan to cut fixed costs to $200,000. However, more labor will now be required, which will increase variable costs per unit to $39. The sales price will remain at $66. What is the new break-even point?
c. Under the new plan, what is likely to happen to profitability at very high volume levels (compared to the old plan)?
10. The Sterling Tire Company’s income statement for 2013 is as follows:
Degree of leverage
(LO5-2 & 5-5)
STERLING TIRE COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2013
Sales (20,000 tires at $60 each)
$1,200,000
Less: Variable costs (20,000 tires at $30)
600,000
Fixed costs
400,000
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)
$ 200,000
Interest expense
50,000
Earnings before taxes (EBT)
$ 150,000
Income tax expense (30%)
45,000
Earnings after taxes (EAT)
$ 105,000
Given this income statement, compute the following:
a. Degree of operating leverage.
b. Degree of financial leverage.
c. Degree of combined leverage.
d. Break-even point in units.
14. International Data Systems information on revenue and costs is only relevant up to a sales volume of 105,000 units. After 105,000 units, the market becomes saturated and the price per unit falls from $14.00 to $8.80. Also, there are cost overruns at a production volume of over 105,000 units, and variable cost per unit goes up from $7.00 to $8.00. Fixed costs remain the same at $55,000.
Nonlinear breakeven analysis
(LO5-2)
a. Compute operating income at 105,000 units.
b. Compute operating income at 205,000 units.
Chapter 6
Short-term versus longer-term borrowing
(LO6-3)
Intermediate Problems
9. Sauer Food Company has decided to buy a new computer system with an expected life of three years. The cost is $150,000. The company can borrow $150,000 for three years at 10 percent annual interest or for one year at 8 percent annual interest.
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
9. Analyze violence, crime, and vandalism in schools.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 11:
Community Policing and Drugs
Chapter 12:
Bringing Youths into Community Policing
Unit Lesson
There are many correlations to crime. Correlations of crime include factors such as poverty, unemployment,
mental illness, IQ, and substance abuse. Many studies have been devoted to looking specifically at the
connection between drugs and crime. Youth throughout the entire United States are surveyed annually to
assess their initial and continued exposure to drugs through self, friends, and/or family use. Data describing
drug use across age groups report alarming trends. For example, more than half of young adults will have
tried at ...
Substance Abuse among Adolescents: 1. Prevalence and Patterns of Alcohol Use ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment Types of Maltr.docxmalbert5
Risk Factors for Child
Maltreatment
Types of Maltreatment
Physical abuse – nonaccidental injury
inflicted by a caregiver
Sexual abuse – the use of a child for the
sexual gratification of an adult
Psychological maltreatment
◦ Includes emotional abuse and emotional neglect
Neglect – act of omission
◦ Physical neglect
◦ Medical neglect
◦ Educational neglect
Types of Factors
Potentiating: increase risk for maltreatment
Compensatory: buffers, decreases risk
------------------------------------------------------
Transient – temporary
◦ Temporary unemployment, loss of a loved one
Enduring – ongoing; chronic
◦ Chronic unemployment; untreated mental health
issues
------------------------------------------------------
Applied to each level of analysis
http://faculty.weber.edu/tlday/1500/systems.jpg
Levels of Analysis of Each Instance of
Maltreatment
Macrosystemic: broad cultural values and beliefs
in the larger society
Exosystemic: social structures that form the
immediate context in which families and
individuals function (e.g., neighborhood, school)
Microsystemic: environmental setting that
contains the developing person (e.g., family,
classroom)
Ontogenetic: factors within the child
Macrosystemic Issues
Acceptability of violence
◦ Levels of violent crime, presence of weapons
◦ Levels of violence in media
◦ Acceptance of corporal punishment
Sexualization of children
Individualism
◦ Focus on nuclear family both fully responsible for and
controlling of children
◦ Geographical isolation of families with children
Values/definitions of work
Exosystemic Issue:
Poverty
Poverty as a stressor: inadequate resources,
feelings of disempowerment (becomes a
microsystemic issue)
Poverty places individuals in less safe
environments, requiring more parental effort to
protect
Poverty places individuals in resource scarce
environments
Increasingly poor urban areas are places to which
people are not committed - less sense of
community
Microsystemic Issues
History of abuse in parents
Mental illness in parents
Substance abuse in parents
Domestic violence
Problematic parenting practices
Lack of social support
Mental Health Issues in Parents
Mental illness impacts childrearing
Mental health issues increase risk of
substance abuse, especially in women
Personality disorders are thought to be
most common mental health problem
◦ Core component of an individual’s way of
perceiving the world
◦ Often go unrecognized as mental illness
among child welfare workers
History of Child Abuse in Parents
Child abuse in parents may result in
mental health issues (depression, PTSD)
Attachment impairment
Lack of modeling of appropriate parenting
behaviors
Substance Abuse
Direct physical effects on fetus
◦ Critical issue: should prenatal maternal
substa.
This document discusses bullying in the digital age and related issues. It covers:
1) The impact of bullying on individuals, families, and schools, including mental health issues and increased tensions.
2) The rise of cyberbullying among youth and its negative health impacts.
3) Issues around youth sexuality, technology, and the law, including sexting and its legal risks. The document aims to raise awareness and identify prevention strategies.
The document discusses bullying and cyberbullying among youth. It covers the impact of bullying on individuals, families, schools and communities. Key points include increased mental health issues for victims, family tensions, pressure on schools to address incidents, and rising cyberbullying rates due to more time online and anonymity. The second half examines youth sexuality issues like sexting and legal ages of consent.
study of high risk behaviors and their association with personality factorsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper focuses on studying the issue of risky behavior and its relation to personality factors in students. method: The sample included 100 students who were selected via cluster random sampling from among all students of the university. To collect data on Eysinck personality questionnaire and Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale, Zuckerman sensation seeking inventory and Beck Depression Inventory was used .The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Finding: Pearson correlation coefficient showed that high-risk behavior personality traits of extraversion, neuroticism and psychosis-oriented, but a significant positive correlation with introversion personality characteristic and significant negative relationship. Multiple regression analysis showed that personality factors can be used to predict their risk behaviors. Conclusion: Considering the role of personality factors in high-risk tendency of people to different behavior.
Similar to Sheet1Genesis Energy WACCItemAmount ($000)InterestWeighted TotalR.docx (20)
InstructionsFor this assignment, select one of the following.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
For this assignment, select
one
of the following options:
Option 1: Imperialism
The exploitation of colonial resources and indigenous labor was one of the key elements in the success of imperialism. Such exploitation was a result of the prevalent ethnocentrism of the time and was justified by the unscientific concept of social Darwinism, which praised the characteristics of white Europeans and inaccurately ascribed negative characteristics to indigenous peoples. A famous poem of the time by Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden," called on imperial powers, and particularly the U.S., at whom the poem was directed, to take up the mission of civilizing these "savage" peoples.
Read the poem at the following link:
(Links to an external site.)
After reading the poem, address the following in a case study analysis:
Select a specific part of the world (a country), and examine imperialism in that country. What was the relationship between the invading country and the native people? You can select from these examples or choose your own:
- Belgium & Africa
- Britain & India
- Germany & Africa
- France & Africa
Apply social Darwinism to this specific case.
Analyze the motivations of the invading country?
How did ethnocentrism manifest in their interactions?
How does Kipling's poem apply to your specific example? You can quote lines for comparison.
Writing Requirements (APA format)
-Length: 2-3 pages (not including title page or references page)
-1-inch margins
-Double spaced
-12-point Times New Roman font
-Title page
-References page
.
InstructionsFor this assignment, analyze the space race..docxmaoanderton
This document provides instructions for a writing assignment analyzing the space race between the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War, discussing whether space exploration is still relevant considering costs, and how the space program benefits the national economy and world. The assignment requires a 2-3 page paper in APA format that addresses what the space race meant for the two superpowers, the ongoing relevance of space programs, and economic and social benefits to the U.S., its economy, and globally.
InstructionsFor the initial post, address one of the fol.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
For the initial post, address
one
of the following:
Option 1: Middle East
Examine the origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict from its beginnings some 4000 years ago and how it has evolved/devolved over the centuries to the current time? Analyze the role of the Balfour Declaration on Israel's rebirth in 1948 and its effectiveness in helping Jewish people in their quest to reclaim their ancient homeland.
Option 2: African Nation State Development
Examine some of the main (internal or external) reasons why the African people were to develop into nation states later than most experts feel was appropriate/normal. Examine the role of European imperial powers and the role of tribal chieftans in the international slave trade and African nation state
Writing Requirements
1 page (excluding reference page)
Minimum of 2 sources cited
APA format for in-text citations and list of references
.
InstructionsFollow paper format and Chicago Style to complete t.docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Follow paper format and Chicago Style to complete this analytical written assignment on the Holocaust Museum(Houston).
Also, attach museum ticket with your final submission(not needed if you attended my only tour).
Paper will need to be formatted with the following information:
Student Name
Date of Museum Attendance
Name of Museum: Holocaust Museum(Houston)
Year Founded:
Physical Address:
5401 Caroline St, Houston, TX 77004
Museum Layout:
In two paragraphs, describe the 1st floor exhibitions. This includes the permanent and featured exhibitions.
Artifacts:
In two paragraphs, describe the Holocaust artifacts on exhibition. This includes personal belongings, clothing, furniture and transportation objects.
Photos, Maps and Films:
In two paragraphs, describe the photos, maps and films that depict the Holocaust.
.
InstructionsFind a NEWS article that addresses a recent t.docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Find a
NEWS
article that addresses a recent technological development or the impact of a technological innovation on society. For example, there are many news articles about the impact of cell phone use on human cognition, social media on self-esteem or elections, gene editing, renewable energy, etc. (A news article is an article from a media source like a newspaper or magazine such as the New York Times, FOX, The Washington Post, VICE, etc. that
addresses a current event
. It does not include sources like Wikipedia, eHow, dictionaries, academic journals, or other information websites.)
Write a minimum 300 word essay that answers the following questions:
Based on the article you chose, how is the technological innovation described?
According to the article, what is the impact of the technological innovation on human society and culture? How is this similar to previous technological innovations discussed in the book?
How do you imagine the technology discussed will develop in the future, i.e. what do think the long-term impact will be?
Guidelines
Your essay should:
be a total of
300 words or more
.
The 300 word limit DOES NOT include the questions, names, titles, and references.
It also does not include meaningless filler statements
have
factual information from the textbook and/or appropriate articles and websites
.
be original work
and will be checked for plagiarism.
.
InstructionsFind a NEWS article that addresses a current .docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Find a
NEWS
article that addresses a current social problem facing your community (local, national, or global) that you are concerned about. (A news article is an article from a media source like a newspaper or magazine such as the New York Times, FOX, The Washington Post, VICE, etc. that
addresses a current event
. It does not include sources like Wikipedia, eHow, dictionaries, academic journals, or other information websites.)
Write a minimum 300 word essay that answers the following questions:
Based on the article you chose, what is the social problem and who does it impact?
How can the social sciences be used to research the issue? Name specific methods and disciplines from Chapter 1.
What are some solutions you can think of to address the issue?
Guidelines:
Your essay should:
be a total of
300 words or more
.
The 300 word limit DOES NOT include the questions, names, titles, and references.
It also does not include meaningless filler statements
have
factual information from the textbook and/or appropriate articles and websites
.
be original work
and will be checked for plagiarism.
You will receive a zero if substantial portions of your work are taken from other sources without proper citation
have
references and citations
for your sources, including the textbook
Cite your sources in-text and provide references for each sources according to the
APA Style Guide
. FYI web addresses or links are not full references!
.
InstructionsFinancial challenges associated with changes.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Financial challenges associated with changes to how healthcare organizations are reimbursed for healthcare services, the cost of implementing new technology and professionals to comply with federal requirements for electronic health records, and the increasing numbers of individuals who cannot pay for their healthcare represent only one issue for healthcare executives in the healthcare delivery system. But it has significant consequences for the viability and solvency of healthcare organizations. Healthcare executives don’t have a crystal ball; however, they do engage in forecasting the future based on what is currently known and examination of trends (Lee, 2015). To do this type of forecasting, healthcare executives are demonstrating techniques found in anticipatory management. According to their seminal research, Ashley and Morrison (1997) reported there are severe consequences for not anticipating future trends in a rapidly changing and complex society. The anticipatory management process they describe begins with scanning the environment to identify issues; creating issues briefs to inform stakeholders; prioritizing issues; assembling the team of experts; creating, implementing, and evaluating action plans and outcomes; and adjusting the course when necessary.
Last week, you compared healthcare delivery and costs in the United States with those in developed countries. This week, you will focus U.S. healthcare executives and how they prioritize the challenges confronting them to minimize the impact to their organizations.
As you prepare your assignment, consider these questions:
What challenges you have experienced in the healthcare workplace or when you have accessed your own healthcare provider?
Have you observed changes to how your personal health information is gathered and documented?
What technology is now being used which may be new to your workplace?
Were you required to take additional training in your current healthcare position due to the implementation of new technology?
Have you experienced a shortage of healthcare personnel in your workplace or at your healthcare provider’s office?
What effect have these situations had on you as the employee and patient?
After your examination of current literature on the trends, issues, and challenges for healthcare executives and their organization's review Ashley and Morrison’s seminal article (1997) on anticipatory management and utilize the sample chart shown for this assignment.
You may recreate this four-column table in a Word document and insert your issues/trends, identify which organizational area is/will be impacted by each issue/trend, and provide your rationale for the priority level you assigned each issue/trend. Be sure to use a title page for this assignment and a reference page in APA format. You will add rows to your tabl.
InstructionsExplain the role of the U.S. Office of Personnel.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Explain the role of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management and its impact on public administration.
Write a two-page paper (maximum) that explains the role of the
U.S. Office of Personnel Management (Links to an external site.)
and its impact on public administration.
Be certain to include the website of this and any other organizations used to access the information by creating a References page as a document.
Follow APA style format.
Include in-text reference citation and a References page in APA format.
.
Instructions
Evaluate: Personality Tests
Evaluation Title: Personality Assessments
Select
two
of the personality assessments from the
Personality Tests
list below. Compare the two personality assessments and respond to the following questions:
Describe the history of each test.
Who developed it and why?
Where would it be administered? (as part of job interview, in a psychiatric setting, to determine a field of study, to set up a good dating match)
What is your opinion of each test? Be sure to include evidence to support your opinion.
What are the pros and cons or strengths and weaknesses of each test?
Personality Tests
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Rotter’s Internal Locus of Control Test
The NEO-PI Test
The MMPI-2 Test
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Your assignment should be typed into a Word or other word processing document, formatted in APA style.
Please include 2 to 3 credible resources as evidence to support your comparisons.
The assignments must include:
Running head
A title page with Assignment name
Your name
Professor’s name
Course
.
InstructionsEach of your responses will be graded not only for .docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Each of your responses will be graded not only for its mastery of content, but also upon its efficacy as an academic essay. As such, it is expected that each response include an introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs which build upon each other, and a conclusion. Additionally, it is imperative that you use precise information when supporting your claims – remember to always cite your sources. Finally, proofread and edit your responses to ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and fully answers the prompt. Please do not plagiarize from the web. We check and if we do discover plagiarism we will immediately report it.
For writing assistance, you may want to contact Learning Support Services (located in the Academic Resource Center).
Formatting Papers:
400 words minimum (2 page maximum) response
per prompt
(1200 word minimum in total for all three responses)
Number your essays so that we understand which prompt (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) you are answering
List all citations on a separate page, keeping the works cited page specific to and directly after each prompt question response (3 separate works cited pages)
Helvetica or Times New Roman, 12 point
Double spaced
1 inch margin on all sides (No header with name, title etc)
Saved as .pdf
Please
choose three
of these six questions to answer. EACH answer must be at least four paragraphs (400 words) but no longer than two pages. Each page should be double spaced, Times, 12pt.
What does “What you do to the land you do to your body” mean and where did it come from? (Some independent research might be necessary here.) Discuss three artists whose artwork directly addresses the concepts in this statement. In your answer be sure to describe at least one artwork by each artist and clearly state how the artworks relate to the statement.
Pick one environmental artist (eco-artist) that has been part of the modules so far. Do some outside research on them and explore their website and artworks. Choose one of their artworks to discuss, paying careful attention to choose one that has not mentioned so far in the readings/interviews/modules. Clearly state what materials and methods they use to make their artwork. Describe what influenced the artwork. Explain how this work can be or is considered environmental art? Use Linda Weintraub's readings to help you to define environmental art (eco-art) and defend your arguments as to how the work can be considered environmental art. Also look at other writings and articles to help understand and explain the context in which the artist makes their work.
How have different artists used walking to activate connections to land/landscape and how can artists represent an environmental issue through walking? Please name at least 2 specific artists we have discussed in class and cite examples of their walking pieces. Describe how these artists use embodiment in their work and are they effective in terms of heightening awareness.
InstructionsEffective communication skills can prevent many si.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Effective communication skills can prevent many situations from escalating to a physical altercation. Officers revert to their training when involved in situations. For this assignment, prepare a PowerPoint training presentation for officers on how to communicate with hostile citizens. Include recommended techniques in verbal and nonverbal communications, along with how technology can play a role. Be sure to explore any legal and ethical considerations the officers must remember and do when dealing with hostile individuals.
Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as speaker notes for each slide. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists and should cite material appropriately. Add audio to each slide using the
Media
section of the
Insert
tab in the top menu bar for each slide.
Support your presentation with at least three scholarly resources
.
In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources may be included.
Length: 10-12 slides (with a separate reference slide)
Notes Length: 200-350 words for
each slide
.
InstructionsEcologyTo complete this assignment, complete the.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Ecology
To complete this assignment, complete the steps below.
Download the Unit V Assignment Worksheet.
Save the document to your computer using your name and student ID in the file name.
Follow the directions to review and research the website.
After selecting and studying your species, answer the questions in the “What Information Did You Find?” section.
Once you have completed the worksheet, upload it to Blackboard for grading (make sure your name and student ID are provided).
.
InstructionsDevelop an iconographic essay. Select a work fro.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Develop an iconographic essay. Select a work from this module to write the essay on. Utilize the objectives and above information to develop the statement. The essay must include a thesis statement/introduction, supporting body, and conclusion. The conclusion should provide a synthesis of the statements and thesis into a final idea about what the audience should remember and take away from the assignment.
List the objects and subjects included in the painting
Provide an iconographic definition (ala dictionary or glossary for each item)
Identify the narrative source for each item (artist invention, poem, narrative, biblical, greco-roman, other presence, real life historical or cultural artifact as symbol, other artworks and ideas as symbols, etc.) (
ex. Alexander the Great as a symbol; American Flag as a symbol; Greek mythology as symbols; The hammer and sickle in Russia, the american eagle, a soldier, etc.)
Is there more than one context for the iconographic or symbolic representation of the idea? How many contexts or roles is each symbolic object fulfilling in presenting, adding, or relaying meaning about the subject; (current age vs. past age; multiple metaphors; multiple layers of ideas etc.)
Symbols and Icons in different contexts - define how the symbols and subjects make one idea serve another idea (A Greek god is rebranded and used in Rome. What does this act mean for Rome to use a Greek Religious concept)
What do the symbols mean in the age, or multiple ages, and how are we supposed to connect to them in the context of the work? - ex. How are greco-roman subject and symbols used and perceived in a Renaissance age? Why would someone in the Renaissance care about Ancient Greco-Roman gods and subjects, what’s in it for a Renaissance Italian or Renaissance Italy for that matter?
Analysis through Iconology
This kind of analysis usually is most useful for narrative works and art before the Modern period. Non-objective art or art with arbitrary subjects (such as DADA) don't work as well with this kind of analysis because narratives and conventional symbols are not a part of these works. Here you will look for a particular element that occurs in the object (an object, action, gesture, pose) and explain either:
when that same element occurs in other objects through history and how this object’s representation of it is unique, or
what that element means generally in art or to art historians—in other words, the traditional association an art historian might make between that depiction and some other thing.
The following video provides an example of Iconological analysis. The video speaks to the meaning of the gestures, iconography, meaning of certain types of depiction, and other narrative imagery and symbolism related to those narrative elements. https://youtu.be/rKhfFBbVtFg
If you are confused, read Erwin Panofsky’s essays on iconology and iconography, in which he defines these terms more extensively. Be w.
InstructionsDEFINITION a brief definition of the key term fo.docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
DEFINITION:
a brief definition of the key term followed by the APA reference for the term; this does not count in the word requirement.
SUMMARY:
Summarize the article in your own words-this should be in the 150-200-word range. Be sure to note the article's author, note their credentials and why we should put any weight behind his/her opinions, research or findings regarding the key term.
DISCUSSION:
Using 300-350 words, write a brief discussion, in your own words of how the article relates to the selected weekly reading assignment Key Term. A discussion is not rehashing what was already stated in the article, but the opportunity for you to add value by sharing your experiences, thoughts and opinions. This is the most important part of the assignment.
REFERENCES:
All references must be listed at the bottom of the submission--in APA format.
.
InstructionsCreate a PowerPoint presentation of 15 slides (not c.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation of 15 slides (not counting title and reference slides) that provides an overview of the three major environmental, health, and safety (EHS) disciplines. Include each of the following elements:
summary of the responsibilities for the discipline,
evaluation of types of hazards addressed by the discipline,
description of how industrial hygiene practices relate to safety and health programs,
description of how industrial hygiene practices relate to environmental programs,
evaluation of types of control methods commonly used by the discipline,
interactions with the other two disciplines, and
major organizations associated with the discipline.
Construct your presentation using a serif type font such as Times New Roman. A serif type font is easier to read than a non-serif type font. For ease of reading, do not use a font smaller than 28 points.
.
Instructions
Cookie Creations (Continued)
Part I
Natalie is struggling to keep up with the recording of her accounting transactions. She is spending a lot of time marketing and selling mixers and giving her cookie classes. Her friend John is an accounting student who runs his own accounting service. He has asked Natalie if she would like to have him do her accounting.
John and Natalie meet and discuss her business. John suggests that he do the tasks listed below for Natalie.
Hold cash until there is enough to be deposited. (He would keep the cash locked up in his vehicle). He would also take all of the deposits to the bank at least twice a month.
Write and sign all of the checks.
Record all of the deposits in the accounting records.
Record all of the checks in the accounting records.
Prepare the monthly bank reconciliation.
Transfer all of Natalie’s manual accounting records to his computer accounting program. (John would maintain all of the accounting information that he keeps for his clients on his laptop computer.)
Prepare monthly financial statements for Natalie to review.
Write himself a check every month for the work he has done for Natalie.
For Part I of the assignment, identify the weaknesses in internal control that you see in the system that John is recommending. Can you suggest any improvements if Natalie hires John to do the accounting?
Part I should be a minimum of two pages in length. Please use APA format. While there are no required resources, please be sure that any sources used have proper citations.
Part II
Natalie decides that she cannot afford to hire John to do her accounting. One way that she can ensure that her cash account does not have any errors and is accurate and up-to-date is to prepare a bank reconciliation at the end of each month. Natalie would like you to help her. She asks you to prepare a bank reconciliation for June 2020 using the information below.
Additionally, take the following information into account.
On June 30th, there were two outstanding checks: #595 for $238 and #604 for $297.
Premier Bank made a posting error to the bank statement: Check #603 was issued for $425, not $452.
The deposit made on June 20 was for $125, which Natalie received for teaching a class. Natalie made an error in recording this transaction.
The electronic funds transfer (EFT) was for Natalie’s cell phone use. Remember that she uses this phone only for business.
The NSF check was from Ron Black. Natalie received this check for teaching a class to Ron’s children. Natalie contacted Ron, and he assured her that she will receive a check in the mail for the outstanding amount of the invoice and the NSF bank charge.
For Part II of the assignment, complete the tasks below.
Prepare Cookie Creations’ bank reconciliation for June 30.
Prepare any necessary adjusting entries at June 30.
If a balance sheet is prepared for Cookie Creations at June 30, what balance will be reported as cash in the Current Asse.
InstructionsCommunities do not exist in a bubble. Often changes .docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Communities do not exist in a bubble. Often changes made in the larger society, driven by technology, have an unexpected effect on local communities. Consider the effects of the advancements in transportation technologies on communities. Routes of transportation have evolved from water to train to the road and then to air. Each of these advancements led to job displacement and changes in travel routes. In the United States, prior to the mid-1800s, the communities that thrived had water access and ports where the exchange of goods and services occurred. With the building of the transcontinental railway and the growth of transportation by rail, the communities that thrived had train depots. With the building of major highways in the 1900s, access to those roads became critical to survival. With each advancement, local communities were impacted, such that many communities that grew around train depots became ghost towns full of poverty, homelessness, and despair once train travel was no longer the primary means of human transportation.
In this assignment, you are asked to create a presentation on one of the following topics:
Green Energy
Globalization
Communication Technology
Remote Elementary Education
Remote High School Education
Remote Work
You can create your presentation in your choice of presentation media. For example, you could choose to create a PowerPoint presentation, a video, or use Prezi. (refer to the Unit 1 assignment) If you choose to use video, you are required to supply a script as well as the URL of the video.
In your presentation, you must address the following:
Describe the specific technological development and its association with your chosen topic.
Explain why you chose that topic and the technological advancement associated with it.
Discuss which demographic (income, age, sexual preference, ethnicity) and/or geographic feature (urban, suburban, rural) might be most affected by the changes. Support your opinion with three (3) external references.
Explore the societal impacts (good and bad) associated with the technology. include a discussion for each of the following:
Economic impacts (unemployment, loss of revenue, poverty), include one (1) external reference
Health impacts (including mental health), include one (1) external reference
Privacy concerns, include one (1) external reference
Community life, include one (1) external reference
Be sure to use appropriate sources for the external references required for this assignment.
.
InstructionsChoose only ONE of the following options and wri.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Choose only
ONE
of the following options and write a post that agrees OR disagrees with the assertion.
Cite specific scenes and/or use specific quotes
from the novel to support your position. Your answer should be written in no fewer than
200 words
.
When you are done posting your response, reply to at least
one classmate
in no fewer than
75 words
.
Although the novel is titled
Sula
, the real protagonist is Nel because she is the one who is transformed by the end.
80% - Thoughtful original post that includes specific scenes from the novel to support your position
(at least 200 words)
.
InstructionsChoose only ONE of the following options and.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Choose only
ONE
of the following options and write a post that agrees OR disagrees with the assertion.
Cite specific scenes and/or use specific quotes
from the novel to support your position. Your answer should be written in no fewer than
200 words
.
When you are done posting your response, reply to at least
one classmate
in no fewer than
75 words
.
Although the novel is titled
Sula
, the real protagonist is Nel because she is the one who is transformed by the end.
80% - Thoughtful original post that includes specific scenes from the novel to support your position
(at least 200 words)
.
InstructionsBeginning in the 1770s, an Age of Revolution swep.docxmaoanderton
This document provides instructions for a student to write a 5-7 paragraph essay analyzing the outcomes and impacts of one of three suggested revolutions: the French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, or American Revolution. Students are asked to provide background on the revolution they choose, key events and turning points, and consider how the revolution impacted different groups of people in varying ways. They are to cite evidence from suggested sources using APA style citations and references.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Sheet1Genesis Energy WACCItemAmount ($000)InterestWeighted TotalR.docx
1. Sheet1Genesis Energy WACCItemAmount
($000)%InterestWeighted TotalRateRateAccounts
Payable300,0007.50%Short-term Note Payable100,0002.50%
Total Current Liabilities 400,000Long-term Note
Payable400,00010.00%Mortgage Payable1,200,00030.00%
Total Liabilites1,600,000Common Stock
Equity1,500,00037.50%Operating Equity500,00012.50%Total
Liabilities and Equity4,000,000100.00%Genesis Energy Captial
ProjectsInitial InvestmentCash FlowCash FlowCash FlowCash
flowCash FlowCashflowY1Y2Y3Y4Y5Y6-10Project A: 25-emp
facility2000-200-300-4002004001000Project B: 40-emp
facility2500-200-2001004004001500Project C: 75-emp
facility3000-300-400-1006007002000Equipment 1 - fully
automatic1500-100100200400200800Equipment 1 - semi-
automatic1000-50-100200200300600Equipment 1 -
manual750150150150150150750Equipment 2 - Standard800-
175200250250300700Equipment 2 - top of line1500-
1002753253253251500Equipment 3 - 3-man machine700-200-
150250300350Equipment 3 - 2-man machine600-175-
100175175175Equipment 3 - 5-man machine750-300-
200300400400In-house
inspection1800100500500300300800Contract
inspection200200200100100
RESEARCH REPORT
Childhood and adolescent antecedents of
substance use in adulthood
Margaret E. Ensminger, Hee Soon Juon & Kate E. Fothergill
Til-- loin I'. H : ) | ) k i i i , U n .,':'> •,f. B . i l l i n ' ! . •?.. M
2. D , L I V
('onv^poiulnnr lo: ABSTR ACT
VUii'iiMrcl !•'. I'ltsintiijicr
lll'LliirlNU'ltl III lll.Mllil I'diicV 4 • r,- . I •! I L 1 . 1 J r' -• 1
Aims Id examine childhood iiiitwcdcnls ol rn;jnju:iaa and
cocaine use in
antl Vl'iiliigi'iili'iil
Tln'Hlo,i(iihiTg,Sili.Mlur I'ublJt lliMllh ildllllhood,
ilii'liihris iii)|)kiiisiiiiiv,Tsiiy l^osiyii I'pidetniiilogjcyi,
liingiluditial cohorl study ol' African A m e r i c a n lirst
(.24 Norlh linKidwnv gradcrs (agi' h] followed to age M.
li.iiliniijR'. Ml) 1 I 2ns i i . • . . . . .1 -I J , r 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 c I- .
. I .• 1 1
['articipiints t hildren (, = I 242] and lamilies in t h e ' ) / lirsl
grade classrooms
Irom VVdodliuvn. an inner-city conitnunity in Chicago, l-'irst
grddc teachers,
Subiiiiiirtl I i lirtcinlxT 211011: molhcrs and children provided
assessments over the life course. During adult-vi.'vv .,i,ii|.kird
11 .pril 2001: (,(,,^1, 9^2 participants were re-intcrvicwed.
.Measurements first yrade teaeher behavior ratings, rt-adiness
lor school lests,
seM'-reports of adolescent drug ui:ic. s{)cial bonds and adult
self-reports of drug
use were the primary variables.
3. I'indings Males who were boili .shy and aggressive in lirst
grade were more
likely lo be adult drug users compared to those who were
neitlier. Shy females
in tirst grade were less likely to he adult marijuana users than
non-shy females.
Adolescent social bonds did not moderate the relationships of
earlier childhood
behavior to adult drug use. Males who had a 'high/superior'
readiness to learn
scores in lirst grade were less likely to be cocaine users as
adults, even though
in earlier work we showed that they were more likely to initiate
adolescent drug
use. i'cinales scoring as poor periormcrs in lirst grade were less
likely to ever use
cocaine compared to females witti higher scores.
Conciusions The combination of sliy and aggressive behavior is
an important
anieeetlent for later male drug use and may help distinguish
those who will be
persistent users in adulthood from those who experiment in
adolescence.
K E Y W O R D S African Ameriean. aggressive and withdrawn
4. behavior,
cocaine use, etiology, longitudinal sludy, school achievement,
st)cial bonds.
INTRODUCTION adolescent social bonds predicted drug use in
adolescence.
in this paper we extend these inquiries into adulthood.
I'oliey makers often describe drug use as a crucial issue We
examine two fretjucntly cited risk factors for drug
alfectiiig thehciiltli and wellheinj; wilhiii inner-city com- use
across tfie life course: antisocial or aggressive hehav-
mimities. However, few studies have focused on examin- ior
and school achievement, further, we examine the
ing either the £-ourse of drug use or the etiology of drug
combination of sliy and aggressive behavior as a risk
use within such populaiions. hi this study we follow a factor for
adult drug use. In addition, we lest the hypoth-
cohorl of inner-city children inio adulthood in order to esis that
social bonds during adolescence may moderate
imderstand better the antecedents of drug use within the relation
between childhood antisocial behavior and
such populaiions. In previous work with this population, later
adult drug use,
we found that aggressive and shy-aggressive behavior The
cohor! of children that we follow hegan lirst grade
5. m lirst iirade, readiness for school at an early age and in
VVoodlawn, an inner-city community in Chicago in
' • 2 0 ( 1 2 S o r i n y ( o r l f i r . S i i i d y o f . A d i l i i - l i
u n I n . k ' o h o l i i i i d O I I I . T D r i i j i s AMrliim 9 7
.S i i - K 4 4
Rnsmitiiicr ci ai.
- 67. These cliildrcn were al bigli risk I'or drug use
Inr Ivvo rciison.s. Firstly, llic'v were at risk
hefuii.se ol' Lheir age coiiorl. 'I'hc' assessment ot iidoleseent
clruj.; use comlucled every year siiu't' 1 9 7 T by lhe
LniwrsJty ol' Michigan in lhe moiiiloringlheruture study
shows lliiil lhe Iwo liigliesl years of illicit ilrug use by
Ivvell'lh jiraders iialion-wide were in 197S and 147'̂ J
l|ohnslnn.()*Mailcy&i5aehrnaii 1S)99); lhe cxpeticd dale
o[ gradualiiiii from high school for Ihe VVoodiawii cohorl
was 1978.
Sceoiidly. these children were also al risk because
of Iheir residenee during iirst grade within a high-risk
6. commiinily. in I 9 d 5 . VVoodlawn had high rales di' u n -
einpioyment and ranked among lhe most impoverished
neighborhoods in fhicagd. Over 9 5','ii of VVoddlavvn resi-
dents were Alrican Ameriean |l)e Vise i 4 6 7 ] . Altfiough
rales oi drug use by /M'ritan Aiuerican adolescents are
less than rates ibr white ackilescents (i5achiuaii et id.
I 9 9 i | . roruparisons (if adults suggest that African
Americans develup more priiblematic use during
adult hood li ietd l9S(i: National institute (if h-ug
,'bi.ise I 9 9 i | . C'oniparistms ol' the adull drug use oi'
the VVnodlawn population with a ruitiotuil population
of their age cdiiorl. assessed in the NalioTia! LS C'li-
morbictity Stutly (Kessier ct (//. 1994). showed that the
pasl year prevalence of the two mosl widely used illicit
drugs, marijuana and cocaine, were considerably iiigher
within the VVoodlawn populatinn. tiieir lil'c-timeand past
year priivaieneeoi' heroin was higher, and that their lirug
use was more problematic in terms of rales oi' abuse and
7. dependence (ijisininger. Anlhony & Met)rd i 9 9 7 i .
Many stLklies have examined cither ronciu'rent iir lon-
giludinal predictors uf adoleseenl drug use, but i'ewcr
stutlies have examined eansal iniluences irom childhood
to adulLhoiid. One dl' the most cdnsistent findings in Lhe
IdiigHndinal studies of drug use that do span this age
range is that addlesccnt aiul adult drug use is preeeded
by a history of ciutdhood anlisdcial bebavior (Kdbins
196(1. I97.S; IJlock, IJIock ^i Kcyes i 9 8 « ; MeCord I98S;
Hawkins. Ciitalano & Miller 1 9 9 i ; Brook cl al. I 9 9 T ) .
Wliile less examined, some studies (including our
ovvnl have Umnd tbaL children who are botb shy and
aggressive have later risk of antisocial behavior dnring
adolescence. .Shy betiavior and aggressive behavior are
ol'leii thought td be polar tipposites, but in some chiidren
(hey docd-deeur (i.add & liurgcss 1999). iSeverai inves-
tigators lernuhisbehavi))r as withdrawn ralherLhan shy;
we use t!ie lerms interchangeably bere.l These ebildren.
8. while lacking in sneial contael wiLh others, engage in
behaviors thought of as aggressive, such as bitting, bul-
lying or other misbehavior. Shy or withdrawn behavior
withoul aggression is protective I'or later drug use or
otber aiitisoeial behavior Ilinsminger el al. i 9 8 5: Kerr
el il/. 1497); bowever. the combination df withdrawn
(shy) behavior w i t h aggressive behavior is assoeiated
with higher levels df drug use and delinquency in
ad(.)lescence ll''nsminger ct al. 19S J; Kellam H al. 198 5:
Moskowitz. Schwarlzman ^ l.edingham 19SS; I5loek
etal. l9HS;McCdrd. 198N: Kerr c( <!/. 1997).
1'he adoleseent period is a peak time in the life eourse
I'or bdth drug use and delinquent aetivities. and with
Ihe transitidii to adullh(Hid lhe prevalente o[' anti-
sticial behavior declines (Ilirschi & llditlredsoti I9N5:
VVdlfgang. Thornberry & I'iglio 1 987: Mol'litt I 99 5: Chen
c-v Kandel 1995: DeWi! cl al. 19951. Some evidence sug-
gesls that those who continue having behavior problems
9. sueh as drng abuse as adults have distinet characterislits
eompared to those wiidse problems are limited to adti-
lesccnce. Moffiti's ( i 99 5| developmental theory, for
example, distinguishes 'life-course-persistent' antisocial
behavior IVdm 'addlesccnce-limited' anlisoeial bebavior.
She propcises thai Ihe majorily of adolescent antisocial
behavior is lemptirary. beginning and ending in adoles-
cence, but tbat ibere are some teens wtiose antisocial
behavior is rooted in cbildbood problems, and these teens
are more likely to continue wilh antisocial behavior inlo
adulthood.
In this paper, we focus tin whether ehildhoiid anli-
soeial behavior, parlicnlarly the combinatitin o! shy and
aggressive bebavior. increases the risk of marijuana use
and eoeaine use in young adulthotid. We hypothesize
that the early combination of shy/wilbdrawn bebavior
and aggressive behavior is one of lhe early risk faelors
that distinguishes among ttiose who continue w i l h anti-
10. social bebavior. including drug use. and tfiose whodcmoi
(in .Moflit's lerms, the lil'e course persisienl versus Ihc
adoleseent limiteiil.
We also examine whetber soeial bonds during ailoles-
eenee predict adult drug use and/nr serve as moderator
ol' the relalionship helween early aggressive or shy-
aggressive behavior and later substanee use. Aeeording
U) social control thetiry. sirong !ies to sticielal institutions
such as I'amily. sehool, or work decrease the likelihood
that individuals will engage in deviant behavior (Ilirschi
19641. Social bonds during adolescence may inlkienee
drug use behaviors in several ways. I'irst, strong soeial
bonds increase the likelihood of monitoring by teacliers
and i'amily members, w b i d i would alfecl bolh laler inili-
ation (or no initiation) and less use of ilJieit stibstances.
Secondly, tbe mutual responsibilities entailed by strong
ties to school and I'amily lead t(t more self-regulation of
bebavior. I'here is ample evidence that social bonds
11. (family bonds, school bonds, and parental supervision!
during adoleseenee intluences adolescent drug use
(Rnsminger. Hrown & Kellam 1982: Klliott. Hui/inga
& Ageton 1985; White, i^andina & l.aCrange I9S7:
Hawkins c( ((/. 1999, 1992).
'I'he quest ion is whether adolescent bonds continue lo
•c 201)2 Socjflv ibr Ihc Study of Addifliiiii lo Alfohol and
Other . 97. SH S44
Anleeedents of adult stibstiwte use
remain iniporlttiil as itilluL'nccs on aduli drug LI.SL". Both
sthool iiiid I'tiniily rcprL'scnl iniporluril social inslitulions
Ibr aciolL'sc[?nls. hul doe.s lhe imptift of these adolcsft^nt
lies l;isl into adttllhood? Adok-sfciit social bonds may
inllucncc adull drttg use by setting a trajcetory leading
to etlttcational achieveiiient and family tics ttiat would
itthibit the initiittion or roniinuatioti of drtig use as an
adult. Kesearcfi has demonstrated tliat aduli soeial ties
are relatetl to aiittit ri.sk htihaviors (Lewis & Rook 1944:
12. Hinberson 1487: Satiipsort & Latib I ')4<)). btit few studies
liavr looked at ihe lons^itudinal effeet of adoieseent soeial
ties on subsequent tlrtig itse in adultbood. An important
exei'ption is Brunswick's prospecti'e sltidy of African
.American adolesceiUs (Brunswick, .Messei & Titus I 9921.
which Ibtmd that adolescent lies to relij^ioiis institutions
were protective against heay drtig tise in adultbood.
I'urthermore, tliere is iittle research on adolescent
social bonds as a moderator ot the relationship hetween
childhood risk factors and adult drug use. There is sotne
evidence that adtilt siicial honds moderate childhood pre-
diciors of adult deviant behaviors. Sampson & l.anb
I I 9901 have showi! thiit children Iblkiwetl longi!it(iinally
were less likely to con tin tic in deviant behavior ii they haci
adult social attacliments to jobs atul spouse iiiui commit-
ment toeilucational. work and economic goals.'I he Social
ncvciopment VloLlel (Catalaiio î Hawkins 2I)(I()). whicb
synthesizes social control, social learning aitd differential
13. assoeiation theories, also supports the hypothesis that
adolescent social honds would nioderale the impact ol
early chiklhood risk laetors on adult substaiu e use.
Poor s( hool performance has been linked Irequently to
tlie initiation of drug use in adolescence (|obnston I 97 i:
Kandel 1978: Kandel. Kessler^ .Viarguiies 1978)- I'ariier
lindings irom the VVoodlawn sttidy showed the opposite
relationship. We Ibund that liiiiher school-readiness test
scores in lirst grade were associated with earlier initiation
of alcobol aitd niiirijiiana use and delinquency in
adolescence (ijisrninger et ul. I 9 S J : I'leniing. Kellani &
BrovMi I9N21. In reporting ihese results, we speculated
that ebikiren wlio were more ready Ibr (irst grade tasks
might also be more ready ti) initiate drug use earlier as
part of adolescent experimentation, hut would not be at
risk lor heavy drug use ov continuation of drug tise. We
now have tbe data to test this speculation. In tbi.s paper,
we will examine wbetber school readiness test scores are
14. rehited to substance use in young adtilthood and, if so, if
tbe relationship is reverseil from tbe earlier (inding.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
'I'he analyses are designed lo iinswer the following
qtiestions:
I Does early childhcmd beha'ior, particularly the cotnbi-
nation of shy and aggressive behavior, increase the iike-
lih{)od of substance use in adultbood.-
2 Do family and school bonds in adolescence decrease
the likelihood of drug use in adultbood.^
5 Do lamily and school bonds moderate lhe relationship
between early ehiidhood aggressive behavior or the com-
bination of shy and aggressive behavior and adult sub-
stance use.'
4 i)o high readiness lo learn scores in lirst grade, wbich
increased the risk of drug use in adolescence, cotitiiiue lo
inlinence tlriig use in adulthood.'
METHODS
15. Study design and data collection
Tbe priispective study started in i 9hh-h7 in W(H)dlawn.
an inner-city neighborhood on the south side of Chieago,
VVoodlawn was the tilth poorest of tbe 7h Chicago
neighborhoods when the study began: however, there
was diversity within the neighborhooi! w i t h pockets of
middle-class residents who owned their own homes and
had steady employment. Virttially all the residents
of Woodlawn were African American. Nearly all lirst
graders ( f i = 1 2421 iiUhe nine public and three parochial
schools in tbe fhicagii neighborliood of Woodlawn were
enrolled in tbe study. There were I 5 families who did not
consent for their child to he included in the project.
Teachers assessed the children three times in lirsl grade,
and mothers also provided ratings of their lirst graders in
a home interview iKellam et id. 197S),
In I 9 7 5 - 7 h , when lhe children were teenagers, they
and their mothers were reintervieweii. The detailed
16. methodology for tbis follow-np has been published else-
where (Kellani, llnsminger ^ Simon 1980: Knsminger
149(1). In terms of attrition bias, we Ibtind that mothers
not reassessed were more likely to have been teen parents
and to have moved frequently before the child was in (irst
grade, but otherwise they were not different from the
mothers we assessed. We (bund no signidcant dilTerenccs
in the early child behavior ratings or psychological well-
being between the teenagers who were interviewed and
those who were not (Kellani el dl. I 480: Hnsminger cl til.
19821.
In 1492-9 i we again tracked the cohort at age 12.
The aim was to rcinterviewall 1242 original participants
regardless of where they lived: lOJS (8 },S%| were
located successfully. Of these. 9S2 were re-interviewed,
59 refused to participate, 44 were tieccascd and three
were (00 incapacitated to participate. The young adults
who were interviewed were compared to those not
17. interviewed in terms t)f their (Irst grade and adolescent
characteristics to examine attrition bias, Inhere were no
.ilitpi1juii In .•ildinioii. 97. S i i-S44
8 56 Manjiircl i:. Ensuiiuiicr
dilTcrences between the individubils who were ynd were
not interviewed iii tidLiltliood in terms of their mothers'
cdtieiitioruii uttiiirnnenl. their mothers' age :it lirst birth,
Lhe lirst grade teachers' behavior ratings or adolescent
dru^ use (hlnsmiTiger cl ui 1497; |uon & linsminger
I 997l.'rheydiddiircrbv their poverty stat us in lirst grailc
and latnily type, 'I'hose in fauiilies who were living below
tlie ol'tieial poverty line in first grade (7V,'ijl were less
likely lo be iiucrvicwed than thi>se who were not (8 ".'>,).
"Those who were interviewed were more likely to eome
from mcither-i'athcr I'auiilics 18 i",i> than those who were
nol (7V;;il. These dilTerenees were relatively small, but
statistically signilieant.
Interviews eondueted with the young adidts lasted
between 40 minutes and J hours and included questions
on laniily, work, erimirud activity, health, neighborh(H)d
eharaeteristies. social support, psychiatric symptoms
and sell'-reporLs of drug and alcohol use. The National
Opinion Research Center eondueted the interviews Ibr
the study. Interviewers were trained extensively hoth in
iiUeriewing skills and in location and reeruitment ol'the
cohort, Viosi interviewers lived in the Chicago area, and
all were AlVican .American.
Measures
18. .•diiil subsluiicc use measures were based on self-reports
of drug and alcohol u.se obtained irom the adulis in
1942-4 5 with Ihe Miehigan version of the Composite
International Diagnostic Interview (Cll)ll, which was
useil in Ihe Nalional i!S Co-Morbidity Study (Kessler cf ai
19441 to assess psychiatric diagnoses and substance use
disorders among a nationally representative sample. The
queslions focused on age of initiation, frequency, quan-
tity ol use and abuse and dependence. I'or this paper, we
locus on uiarijuana and cocaine use, Kesptiridents were
asked how often they bad ever used marijuana in their
life-time and how often they had done so in ihe past year,
A three-eategiiry variabie was created that classilied
respondents according to whether they had never used
marijuana, had used marijuana but not in Ihe past year
(previous userl or had used (narijmina in the past year
(current user), A siuiilar 'ariable wasereuted for cocaine
(see Knsminger ct ui 194f>, for a more detailed deserip-
tion of the alcohol anil drug use measure}. We foeus on
previous use as well as current use so we can examine tbe
hypothesis of adtilescent bmitcd drug use compared tn
persistent drug use into adulthood,
Adok'scciil nuirijuuiiu use was measured by asking ado-
lescents the frequency of using marijuana during the
past month and in their life-time. We use the life-time
reports here. Adolescents could choose from six cate-
gories ranging from never (= 11 to tnore than 40 times
(r-- (-,]. 'î hc responses were tJien divided into three cate-
gories based on distribution in this cohort: 0-2. 5-i4
times and more tban 40 times. These categories eorre-
spond to low, moderate and frequen! use. The frequencies
of these respoiisi^s are shown in Table f for males and
females,
19. I'irsl ijradc lUjijrcssm' bchuvior uiul shij bcliuvior were
assessed by tcacfiers' ratings of the student's social
adaptation to the classroom. The leacher's observa-
tion of elassroom adaptation (TOCAI contains rating
scitlcs ill live different domains: achievement, concentra-
tion, social withdrawal (sbynessl, authority acceptance
(aggression! anii maturity. These live domains were
designed originally by teachers as being important indi-
cators of how the child was doing al adapting to lirst
grade (Kellam cl ul. I97S), Children rated as aggressive,
shy, or those rated as both shy and aggressive were com-
pared with those rated as neither shy nor aggressive (see
fable 11,
h'irsi (jnidc iiiclropolitaii rcadiucss lesl IMRT) is a s t a n -
dardized test used to measure a child's readiness for
scbool learning by scoring the I'hild's initial responses to
the cognitive tasks of lhe classroom (Anastasi 1968). It
was administered either by the (irst grade teachers or
seliooi staff in the public schools, Tbe test designers
(lelined the MKT levels of readitiess: unready, low normal,
average, high normal and superior. We combined
high/normal and superior scores (see Table 1),
.'dalcscciit sociul bonds were measures of the teenager's
attachments and commitments to two imptirtant social
contexts ol' adolescence, family and sclmol, I'lirentiil
supervision ol' drug use was also included, Stlwol bonds
(tive Items, alpha = 0,6N) rcllected the teenager's attach-
ments and commitments to sdiool (i.e. how important is
doing well in school, how do your teachers think you are
doing, how satisfied are you with your teachers' opinion,
how far would you like to g<i in sehool. and how far do
20. you think you will go in sehool), h'(unihi bands Itbree
items, alpha = 0,76) were reports oi ieenagers ahout their
family attachments {i.e, enjoy being witii members of
family, how your parents think you are doing at bome,
antl how satislicd with yvur parents' opinion of bow you
arc doing). These measures were dichotomized as liigh
and not high, lnvi!Ud snpcrviHioii (three items, alpha =
0,641 asked teenagers what kinds of rules their parents
have about their use of (I} beer and wine, (21 drugs and
( J) eigarettcs. Responses ranged from parents absolutely
forbidding the use to leaving the decision up to tbe ad{)-
leseiMit, Tbese three items were summed together Io uiake
a parental supervision on drug rule seale from > to 18,
Th{)se who scored about a balf standard deviation above
the mean were considered to bave high parental super-
vision (see Table 1).
Iwuihi kiihiivund ineluded measures of poverty and
residential mobility based on mothers' reports. The ofli-
I i .SoLit̂ l> Inrlhf Sillily nl' .Xtldirtioii lo Ak'ohiil <ind 01 her
•,klh-lui}}. 4 7 , ^ S 5 H44
Antecedents of adult suhstamr use 8 17
Table I C h i k i h o o l rtnd ."idolescent
'intecedenl^. .ind .idult ^ubitanrc uic, by
."•cndcr
Femaler, (%) A'lci/cs i%) p-vclue
l--t fyadc . , 0 - 1242)
21. Family backj;i"Qund
p!;ver ty ir'dex, 1967 I'below poverty)
Moljilily, biiih to 196/ C'- +)
C'"'ildhood behavior
•leithi^r :,h/ rior .lgtye'v'iivf?
•v.y nnlv
iy,gi p-.sive oniy
i"x')th sh/ .md dggre'̂ sive
M l ! i ^(orcb ('. ^ 1029;
rnndture
',)A' . O'TTl.ll
. i v e i ,v-]i?
iii:nn al/;upcTior
Adolcsce-:c (n = 705)
I :ig'"̂ •KhccI bonds
Hifh ramily Donds
|-'.'ient(il iJiJcrvision
l-l;?,h Tiariiuana u^e ('10+;
24. r.iirient use"
Cocairie use
novel
|i'"evious L.ser
(Ul lenl usei
'1 /.6
"37. :
15.3
79.4
111
7.5
37.5
37.9
24.6
70.2
18.0
1 1.8 <0.01
ciiil l.S gdVLTtiMicMi di'linilioti ol povLTly based on house-
hold income iind liimily size vviis used. .Mobility was
measured as Ibc luiniber (if limes < child's residence
eluuiged trom birlli Id lirsl grade, (.liildren wbo moved
25. Iwo or more limes before iirsi griitie were considered
mobile (see Table ! ).
Analyses
I'irsily, we exriinlne Ihe relations ol" early first grade
bebavior. adolesceni iTiarijuana use and adolescent soeial
bonds lo fater marijuana and coe;iine use in adulthtiod in
inullivariate logistic analyses. We ais{) Ies! for iiiler-
actions belween the early first grade behaviors and ado-
lescent soeial bonds in relation to later drug use. We iben
examine tlie relation ol' early ilnidbood readiness lo
iearn and adull dru;; use In hivariate and mullivariate
analyses.
.All analyses were performed for males and females
separately for several reasons. I-'irsI, otber investifiators
bavc emphasized Ibe need lor examining; Ibe etiology of
drng use separately for nudes and females (Dunean H al.
1^97; Newfomb 1997). Secondly, for several import;int
predictors tfiat we study (lirst grade aggressive and shy
behavior, soeial bunds and adolescent drug use), the fre-
quency of lhe responses and the pattern of Ihc responses
differ for males and females (see Table 11. Thirdly, in pre-
vious analyses of Woodlawn data, males and females
differ in iheir eliology of drug use. I'or example, lirst
gntde aggressive and sliy and aggressive behavitir biis
been relaled lo adolescent subsiance use, delinquency
and sebool dropoul for boys bul nol Ibr girls (linsminger
(•/ al. i4SJ; Kellam [•( al. 19S3; IJisminger, lamkin &
[acobson 1 99fi|. Family bonds were related to adolescent
subslance use for females bul nol males (Hnsmiiiger ctd/.
19S i). Ik'cause of Ibesc pasl ctiological differences, we
bave stratified the analyses by gender.
26. Longitudinal sludies always eneounter some missing
data problems, mosl ofien because of allrition. One
nielboJ for di'aling with missing dala is Ui delete all eases
for which dala are missing, whicb deereases the sample
si/e and use of available data signilieanlly. In some analy-
ses we have calegorized tbose who were missing as one of
the data categories that is analyzed. Thus, we can sec
whelher Ihe missing category is significant in tbe analy-
ses. When the missing data are not signiHcant. eonclu-
2iUl2 Sofk-ly Ibr llR'Siuily nl .Addii-liun In .lL-nliol aiul 1)1
h e r
ii. 4 7 . K i i - S 4 4
8 5N r.. I'.nsmingi'rei al.
sions can be drawn with some ;isstir;inct' ihat iittrilion is
not hiiising Ihc rcsuils. ['Or (liosc iiiUilysL's in vviiicii l]f
inissing d;itii fiilcgnry is signilicant. we nceci lo L-oncltjdc
lh;it those pnrliriptinls wJio were nttl iisscsscd ;il ;i spe-
cilie pdinl dilTered on tlie ottteome hcing exiimined.
For tlie iidiileseenl mcasnrcs. we crcalcd un additionai
eatcgory ol" missing Ibr tluise wlio did not eonipletc an
adolesfcnt iiilervievv but ediiipleted an atlult interview
(II == tS il. These respondents were ineluded in the analy-
ses by creating it inissinj; data eategory Ibr aM adiileseent
variabies in order to eotitrol Ibr any bias related io noL
completing an adolesecnl interview: We perlbrnied wo
dilTerent sets of atialyses: 1 1) including respondents
present al all three time points in = bOO): and |2l Inelud-
ing responilcnis interviewed in adulthood with an
adciitioiial eategory of missing in adoleseenee {n = 4^2]
lor those not assessed during adolescence. These sets of
27. analyses were eoiiipared to ensure that any assoeiation
between early eharaeteristies and iaicrdrtig tise would be
eonseri'ative. In the analyses tfuiL ineiuded adolescent
missing category, no dilYerenees ol' Ihe eslimales ol otids
ratio were noted (results nol shown).
RESULTS
Frequency of youny adult drug use
Of the 4S2 young adults, ahotil 20';;. were eurrent mari-
juana usiTs. )7.S"'i. were previous users ILhey had u.sed
niarijuana but not in the past year) and 42.H"i, reported
ihey had never tised marijtiariii. Vor eoeaiiie tise, l)%
were ctirrcTit cocaine tisers, ! S% were prev ious users and
7S'!'i) reported ihey htui never used cocaine. Males were
more likely than females io be ctirrcTit inariiiiana i25".i
males. 1 SVii females) and ciK'aine users (i 2";) males. H%
fenialesl.
Shy/aggressive behavior, adolescent school bonds and
drug use in younj- adulthood
We examine lirst whether adolesccn! social bonds oiotl-
erale the relations between lirsl grade behaviors and
young adult nse. None of the interactioti terms lor
Tnales or females was signiticant. so we did not include
these inienietions in the mnltivariak' tnoLtels o' stib-
stanee tise.
Mariiutum use
28. The multivariate analyses of predictors of adult mari-
juana and cocaine use include the shy-aygrcs.sive be-
havior from lirsl. grade, adolescent school bonds and
adi>lescent mariitiana tise. Parental supervision, family
bonds and sehotil bonds were highly intercorrelated so
we ran separate multivariate tests Ibr eaeh one without
the other two. We ordy diseuss here the resulls for school
bonds. We also ran two separate mtiltivariate analyses to
lest the effect o' parental supervision and tamily hoTids.
I'amily poverty and family mobility from lirst j;rade were
included as eoTitrols.
Male iidult use oj iiuiriiwuni. In the multivariate analysis,
both the eotnbinaticin of shy/withdrawn and aggres-
sive behavior in childhood and adolescent marijtiana
tise were assoeiated with mak^ adult marijtiana nse,
while ad{)!csccnt school bonds were not assoeiated (see
Table 2). Those males raied as both shy aiid aggressive in
childhood were more likely than those who were neither
to be etirrent marijtiana tiscrs (OK = 2.66] than pre ions
users in adullhood. Maie adults whti hat! used marijuana
more than 41) times tiuring adiilescence (heavy iisersi
were more likely to be previous users of marijuana
(OK = i.4S) or eurrent users (OK = 4.40) compared to
those who liatl used marijuana 0 - 2 times (low users) as
an adoleseenl. Those who had used marijnana three to
59 times during adolescence (moderate users) were more
likely lo he previous users eompared lo those who were
low users as adolescents (OK = J.Sfi). Neither of ihe
family background ariables were asstieiatcd with adtill
marijuana tise.
29. I'e)}uile (tduh use of iiianjmuui. In the multivariate analy-
sis, shy behavior in lirst grade and adolescent marijuana
use were assiieialed with female marijuana use in adtilt-
hood. Those rated as shy were less likely to be a eurrent
marijuana user than a previous user in adullhood
(OK = i).2h. eompared to those rated as neither shy nor
aggressive in tirsi grade. Adult females who were heavy
users of marijuana as an adolescent were more likely to
reporl beinga curreni user (OK = (>.69) than a never user,
eompared lo those with low use as an adolescent. Those
who were moderate marijuana users during adolescence
were also more likeiy lo he a current user (OK = 2.98)
or a previous user (OK = 2.46) than a never user, in
comparison to low users in adolescence. Adolescent
school bonds were associated marginally: those Ibmales
with low bonds lo schoi)! as an adoleseent were more
likeiy to currenlly be using marijuana a( age 52 than
those with high bonds (OK = 2.17. /' = 0.05 5) (see
Table 2].
Although nol shown here, we suhstituted parental
stipervision or faniily bonds for school bonds hi separate
analyses. 'The lindings were similar in that neither
parenlai supervision nor family boiids were related to
marijuana use among adult males, but family bonds were
proteetive against marijuana use among adult females at
a marginal />-level value (OK = 1.76, p = 0.1)5 !).
21)02 Sociciv i u r l h c S l i i i l v of A d i i i r h o n io Acam
;iiul D I I U T l)rus;s Aildii'thni 97. S 1 i-S44
AnU'cedcnls of luiull siih.slancc usi' H
Table 2 Odds ratios of the effects of iamily background,
30. childhood behavior, school bonds, and adoiescenl marijuana use
on adult
rr,,ii iju.ina use '.>y .jendei:
rarriily uatiigi ound
Poverty index ! i
MobilityT
(_hildhood bc^i.ivioi
neitnor i = Oj
ihy onlv
a.ijgressive only
Doth
School Donds I'H .. 0|
lole'v; e.n'i mtir yuana
{0 2 •--- 01
,'Vlen ('n
Ckkii .•!/
cm rent
use fve,
.neve. .,'.
31. !.O4
[ .06
- 275)
,0,' ei lou'i
v,^ Kse f . e f q j .
0.67
0.65
OdJi, of
cu!'cn!
use (Versus
1,55
1 63
Woir)en (n =
Od(/s of
f.uncnt
use fvefsus
' " ' ' ' • ' ' " ' ' ' '
0.63
32. 1 43
/9/i)
O(kh of
pi'.VIOUS
use (versus
nevc^u^ej ^
0.60"
0.68
Ocids of
current
use (Versus"
pievious use)
1.06
2.1 1'
.54
I.BJ
4.40
0.74
34. I 21
2,94''
0 '0: ;̂ < COS • n ..: 0,01
Ctxuinc use
Bcfausc of snuill numbers of cticainc users, we compare
current users to never users und previous users to never
users, und we exclude the comparison of current users to
previous users. As with theiiutilysisof miirtjuaiiti use, we
show !hc' results with school bonds in the model,
Male adiill u.se of eoeaine. ht the midtivariate ;inijiysis,
btith Ibe combinatitin of sbv and aggressive behiivior in
lirst yrade anci atioleseent marijuana use were associated
with cocaine use in young adulthood, while adolesceni
schooi bonds were no{ associated. Those rated as botb shy
and aggressive were more likely to be current eoeaine
users a.s jidulls (OK = i. 51) tbaTi lliose wbo were neither
shy ntir aggressive in lirst grade. Those who were higti
users of marijuana during adolesccucc uere more iikely
to be a current cocaine user (OR = 2,56| or a previous
user (OR = 2,fiSl thtin those who Iiad low marijuiina u,se
as a teenager. Neither childhood poverly tuir mobility was
related to adult drug use isee'l'able ]•].
Vemule adult use uf eoeaine. l-irst grade poverty und ado-
lescent marijuana use were associated with cocaine use
in young adult tcmales. Those who had lived in poverty
in childhood were less likely to have used eoeaine in
adulthood (previous user) than those who had not lived
in poverty (OR ---^ 0,28). Females who were high users of
35. marijuana in adoieseenee were more likely tban those
wbo were low or moderate marijuana users to be a
current cocaine user (OR - 4.(-> or previous cociiine
user (OR = 4.7()| in adultbood. I lowever, tirst grade
shy and aggressive behaviors were not associated with
adull female cocaine use, Adolesceni. school bonds were
associated marginally with previous use ol' cocttine
(OR = 2.1 J,/;<(),()S),
In two separate muitivariate analyses we substituted
parental supervision or family btinds for school bonds,
rind tbe lindings remained similar. Thai is, for males
neither of the honds was related to adult cocaine use. For
females, those with bigb family bonds were more likely to
be a never user tban a previous user, while females with
low parental supervision in adolescence were more likely
to be a current user tban a never user (OR = S,69) (these
results are nttt sbown).
First tirade readiness lo learn (MRTj seores and
adult drutj use
We eondueted separate multiviiriate analysis of first
grade MRT scores on adult drug use, controlling for
family background and adolescent marijuana use. MRT
scores were not related to adult marijuana use and those
results are not shown here. MRT seores were associated
witb aduU eoeaine use. For males, those with high
normal/superior MRT scores were less likely to be current
S,jci.'lylorIlu',Slui;lyiir A ID Alcohol ijiid OIIUT Aihiinion. y?,
K i 5 - « 4 4
36. 8 4 0 Margaret I'., i'.nsmingcr el u.
T a b l e 3 O d d : , raiios o f t h e effects o f family
background, childhood behavior: ;>chool bond^, and ddolescenl
maniuana use on adult cocaine
use by j^encl-ei.
iniiiy bdc kgrOLind
Povorly index, 9 6 /
M o o i h ! / , t j i r l n t o 1967 ("3 +)
Men
d'ds of aneiit
VVISU IH'W! ii'S
09
C h i l d h o o d Dehavior
neither shy :ior aggressive
shy onlv
aggressive onlv
b o t h shy and aggressive
School hnnds (high - 0)
'ovy/mcdium
Ac^olescent mannjana use
37. (0 / limes ^ 0)
3- 39 times
4 0 + times
1,60
1.68
•i 5 r
1 0/
1 93
2.56'
Odd-, Of
0.80
0.96
0.83
1.84
0,97
Wonien (n = 296)
"eviOLi's (jse Cki:ls oi current use
't-f ;j.s-e) l','er:,US nevtf USe)
39. 1 o w norm-ii
Averag;^
0 ]
Oa<k at
curreri!
use ('ve,'SL.'s
n<yv! LAf-;
0./9
0.90
OdLh ol
j)>ev!oui
use (versus
liVVC U<C)
1 )(>
1.05
Odns 0
cu'ieu!
L(se (w
p!ev:ou
40. 0 6]
0 86
li,qn noi-mal/su|5erior 0 I / ' 2 19 O.O
HT'I ;'n = 39
Odds o; O d N
0,8/
use (v'ecsiJ^
r/evef use)
4.65'
6 40''
5.68'
0 10, ','••• OD'.i î .i ,;r,id" povei : / ,inr| i-'obilrty j n 4 ,i(lolc-
,:ciT. mj'i|u.in,i use.
T a b l e 4 O d d s ratios of the effect o l l i i - , ! -
O'Vide reading readiness scores ( M i l l ) o n
adult cocaine use by gender
cdcaine users t.han those wilh the lowest scores
(OR = O.Ofil. I'or i'cnmles. those who seored in the lowest
catt;gory (i.e. immature) were k̂ ss likely to he a previous
eoi'aine ust-r than Ihose in the highei- eategories (see
41. Table 4),
Summary (il findings
1 Adoleseents who had used marijuima Trequently were
more likely than adtiiescents who were never or less Ire-
queni users lo use marijuana und eoeaine as adults. This
was true Ibr hoth males and Icmales.
2 iuirly aggressive behavior was not assoeiated direetly
with either marijuana use or cocaine use Ibr male or
female adults. I lowever. males who were rated as hoth
shy ami aggressive in lirst grade were more Ihan two
times as likely to he current users of marijuana in adult-
htiod eompared to those who were neither shy nor
aggressive. I'irsI grade males who were both shy aiid
aggressive also had Ihree times lhe odds of being a
eurrent eoeaine user as an adull than those who
were neither shy nor aggressive in lirst ynide. Ciiven
Ihat adoleseent drug use was included in lhe mndel.
these resulls indicale lhe importance of shy and
aggressive behavior in inilueneing drug nse beyond
adoleseenee.
^ I'emales rated as shy in lirst grade were iess likely to be
current marijuana users as young aduits than females
who were neither shy nor aggressive in childhood.
4 Adoleseent soeial honds were related to adult mari-
juana aTid eoeaine use ibr females |at a p < II. Id level),
but noi for males. More speeilieally. sehool bonds, lamily
21)02 Siwiflv lor 11 If Sluily o' A d d i d i n n l o A l and
(IIIKT
'iklh'lioii. 4 H44-
42. Antecedents of adult substance use 841
bonds and ptirental supt'rvision during adolescence were
proleclive iigainst ll-malc drug use.
T There was no evidence that adolescent social bonds
modi'rtitcd ihc relalionship of early lirsl gr;idc be-
havior with later adult drug use Ibr eitlicr males or
lemalL's.
fl Males who had 'high/superior' readiness Lo learn
scnrcs in lirsl t^raile werr much it'ss likely thaii those who
IUKI 'inmialnre' readiness to learn scores to be current
cocaine nsers as aclults. The lindings were reversed for
tile fetnales—females seorinji in the immature rant^e in
lirst grade were less likely to repor! ever using cocaine
compareil to lemales with hight-r rcaditu'ss to learn
scores.
As indicated in lhe above summary statements, pat-
terTis of relationships differed ibi' males and lemales.
While not a main researeh L]uesiion. we did iind that
early childhooii pnvcrty vvas proteciive for females, both
with regarii to use of marijuana and cocaine.
DISCUSSION
This researc'h extends our longitiuiinai study of a cohort
o!' African Americans Irtim Woodlawn. ('hicag<i. Having
begini our research when this poiiidatidii was in tirst
grade, we now e|ilore facUirs that increase ihe risk of
drug use in young adulthood. In particidar, we inesli-
43. gate whether lhe risk factors we identilied when Ihe
cohort vvas in adoleseenee conlinni. lo increase tlie like-
lihood of drug usv in young adidthood.
Allhougii we lound previously thai childhood aggres-
sive behavior inereased Ihe likelihood of drug use among
iTiale teenagers, we do not lindil lo be related signilieantly
fo atlult drug use lor eilher mak's <;r lemales. Whatever
impac! of early aggressive bchav ior on later adnll drng
use Ihere is. il appears to be medialed ihnmgh its initial
impael on adoleseenl drug usi;. Tiiere seems lo he no
additional diR-cl contribution.
1 lowever, we diii lind Ihat Ihc combination ol' aggres-
sive and shy behavior continues to inerease Ihc risk of
male drug use in adulthood, suggesling that it not (inly
inlluences indirectly adult drug use through adoleseent
ilriig use. but also contributes directly to atlnl! tirug
use for [nales. This is an important tinding since 'cv
studies have examined the impact of this conihination o(
behaviors, and fewer ha'c examined it prospcttively
for JS years. These data suggest that thi- combination of
shy and aggressive behavior is an indicalor of who will
become a 'persislent' rather than an 'adoleseenl limiletl'
(using Moflit's terminology} user as an adull.
The iinilings Ihat the niities with the i-ombination of
shy anti aggressivL> behavior had j!,reatcr risk of ilrug
problems in ailulth<iod ma liave Sk'verai explanations.
First, these results are consistent with lhe notion that
multiple risks increase an individual's vulnerability
IRultcr 1980; SamerolT et al. 1993). A second explana-
tion, as suggesled hy Ladd & Burgess (1999). is Ihat
others may interpret aggressive behavior wilh with-
drawn heliavior differently Ihan aggressive behavior
44. alone. 'J'hat is. when individuals are both aggressive and
withdrawn, others may perceive the withdrawn hehavior
as a sign of arrogance or conlempl for others. This may
set up a pattern of difticull relalionships with leachers
and peers that persists across the life course with impli-
cations for relationships during adulthood. Thirdly, the
[)resenceof withdrawn hehavior may signal other delicits
that inereaselhe likelihood of eonlinued problems. Those
who are bolh withdrawn and aggressive may be laeking
social skills that inhibit their relationships with others. In
turn, this would decrease the expectations and obliga-
tions that others have for them. Roth the secfind and third
explanations are consistent with earlier lindings that
children who are witlidrawn and aggressive lended to
develop relational difliculties with teachers and peers
li.add & iiurgess 1999). We suggest that these relational
difficulties persist across the life eiiiirsc and are related to
the piTsistetice of drug use during adulthood,
Childhood shy hehavior. which was protective during
adolescence for males, Init not females, is protective lor
adult lemales. It appears that shyness did nol hincicr
adolescent cxperimentatitm among these females (as it
did anmng the males), but it did decrease their chance
of conlinuing marijuana use in young adulthood. Shy
behavior may solicit protectiveness trom others in the
environmen!. In addition, those who are shy may be
more anxious about Iheir interpersonal hehavior and this
might translate into a relnclance to engage in hehavior
ihat is perceived as tlangerous or deviant. Kerr ct ai
(1997) argue thai lhe proteetive parl of shy heliaviiir
is hchavioral inhibition. Behavioral inhibition may de-
crease the risk of antisoeial behaviors hy interfering with
exposure to deviant peers and by inereasing the anxiety
or fear surrounding participating in strange or new activ-
ities, as snggested above.
45. llxplanalions by Kerr ct al. (1997) imply thai while
shy behavior results in behavioral inhibition, there
may be dilTerent elTeels from 'withdrawn' hehavior as
indicaletl by a lack of social interactitins. Thus the
consirncis of shy and withdrawn may be contbnnded.
Measures of shy behavior may nol ditferentiaie these
two aspeds. Withdrawn behavior may be nn)re likely to
be measnred when I'hildren were rated as heing both
shy anil aggressi'c while behavioral inhibilion would be
lhe aspec! of the eonsiruct mosl likely when children
were only rated as shy. Therefore, current measure-
ment schemes should attempt to differentiate these two
constructs.
2 S i i r J t ' l y I b r w S l i i d v o l . X i l i l i c l i i i n t o
l i - i ) l u ) l i i i k l O l i i i T Aiklirlioii. 97. S i i-S44
8 4 2 Margaret K. Hnsmingcr et al.
liarlicr we found thai a child with high normal/
superior mcfropDlitan readiness tcsl (MRT) scores was
at an increased risk of drug use in adolescence (Kellam
(•; ((/, I 480: I'Icminy ct ai 1982|, 1'his had hcc-ii a sur-
prising linding, given the exicnsivc litcriJlurc dcTnon-
slrating Ihc inverse relationship bcivvccn iiUclligciicc and
later drug use, and we had hypothesized that Ihis result
was due to ihc priiclivity of those with higher sfores to
t'xpcrinicn! wiih drugs lor a short-term perioii. The lind-
ings in this paper support this hypoihesis, t'nmhininy Ihc
results in this paper with our earlier tindings. tnales
having high normal/superior MRT scores in childhood
were more likely to initiate drugs in adolescence but were
also nuirc likely tii diseiintinue this behiivior as young
46. adults. Rather than conclutiL' 1hat school readiness in
chiklhood is a risk factor lur drug use, we ean now show
Ihat while it is u risk for 'iidolescent liruilCLl' initiiition til
drug use, it seems In be protective in terms t>' long-term
or persisU'iil use for males,
I'or I'cntales, scoring in the lowest o' the lour cate-
gories on the lirst grade MK'!' was protective iti terms of
iidult drug use. These low-scoring i'emalcs srem id have
othi'r protective mechanisms ai work; other work has
shown that these girls are more likely io he comiected
to family and less likely to have strong peer bonds
(Knsminger 19901,
In U'rms of prevention and early intervention, our
results suggest that those children who exhibit both shy
and aggressive behavior can be a focus of programs.
Several prevention programs have targeted early aggres-
sive behavior (Coic !'»9(); Kellam ^ Anthony IM9S:
Kellam d al. 14981 as a risk Ibr later drug use and
antisocial behavior: ihese lindings suggest that those
cbiklrcn. especially males, who have both aggressive and
withdrawn behavior may be important targets as well.
Several limitalions of this study should be noted.
He-cause the cohiirt members were initially Irom a single
comtnunity area in Chicago, we do not know whelher
similar results would lie found in other populations.
While Woodlawn is unique in several ways, the results we
loufKl in this paper are consistent with others' lindings
both from similar and dissimilar populations, HOVVCVIT,
lhe generalizability of these lindings can he answered
(iiily by replications in other populations from different
|{)cales atui icihorts.
Sample attrition is always present in longitudinal
47. studies, evi-n those with fairly high rates of retrieval such
as ours hacj. Our analyses indicate that poverly and
i'amily lypc were related lo who was ri'interviewed as
adults and may inlluence the tindings, Hariy poverty was
related to aduli. drug use for females, but in a contrary
direction than we would have hypothesized, i.e, thtise
who lived in poor i'ariiiiics Initially were less likely to be
current drug users as adults. If there had been no attri-
tion bias, we might have reported even lower rates of
drug use for the females. However, il is important to
remember that no otber variables that we examined were
related to who was successfully interviewed, including
self reports of adolescent drug use, early teacher ratings
of beiiavion adolescent psychological wellbeing or olher
characteristics of the families (Hnsmingcr ct id. 1947:
)uon ^ Mnsminger 19971,
I'inally, our assessment of adult drug use relied on self-
reports which may lead to an underestimation of drug
use, liarlier analyses (I'nsmingcr, Anthony & ,McCord
1497) indicated that Woodlawn study participants who
reported no illicit drug use were willing to disclose antiso-
cial, criminal and otherwise socially undcsirabk' eveiits,
1'herc was also relatively high agreement between oflicial
crime reports am! self reports of crimijial involvement.
These' lindings suggest that the study participants were
willing to report many adverse behaviors, and thus
increases onr conlidence in the self reports of drug use.
The strengths of the study are its initial cpidcminlogi-
caliy delined cohorl nf children starting school in an
inner city followed prospectively to adulthood and the
generally high levels of success in locating and inter-
viewing participants. Since we had a delined population
to begin with we k[U)w who is missing from the atlull
48. survey, A Hmitation of many cross-sectional surveys is
that they often have high initial refusal rates: they may
miss itmer-city populatitins Ihat arc likely to be mobile
and/or arc incarcerated. It is difticuli in such surveys to
know who is missing from the surveyed populalii>n,
hecause we had a delincd cohort of lirst graders we know
who was not found, who was incarcerated and who was
dead. Similarly, school sur'cys that begin later in a child's
career may miss studetits who have dropped out of school
or are altentling school very ini'reqtiently. This is less
likely when iirst grade is the point of initial cotitad.
Ltingitudinal studies provide a rare (ipportunity to
study risk behaviors over the life course. This study
allowed us to examine the relation between childhood
and adolescent risk factors and adult drug use within an
inner-city community. Overall, we lind thai chiklln)od
behavior and readiness to learn, social bonds in adoles-
cence, and adolescent marijuana use are relaU'd to the
risk oi' drug use in adulthotul, but Ihese risk factors vary
by gender. In order to understand belter both the iiiitia-
lion and maintenance (if drug use, it is critical ihat we
stttdy lhe antecedents o' male and female drug use sepa-
rately and over a long period of time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is supported by National Institute of Drug
Abuse DA0b6M), Vac their supporl and cooperaiion in
,Sncii'lv l(ir tlic S(inl of AiidiclJon In Alrolml Uiul Oilier
.d(lk-lion. 9
Aiiteecilcnts of adult substance use H4 3
49. this project over many years, we wish to thank the
Woodlawn Community and the participants and their
families. We acknowledge our colleagues |eannette
liranch MA. Sheppard (!, Kellam MO and Deiian King
and the Woodlawn Project Board,
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