Community-supported agriculture (CSA) models emerged in response to concerns about the modern industrial food system and national food security. CSA aims to reconnect consumers and producers by having community members share the risks of food production through advance payments to farmers. This session reviewed different CSA structures in the UK, including community-owned cooperatives and farms that provide members with a share of produce. While CSAs promote alternative and localized approaches to food, their marginal scale and complex operations present challenges to significantly changing the mainstream food system.
By Matt Reed and Dan Keech
Presentation at Critical Foodscapes conference
Warwick University 7th July 2016
Matt Reed & Dan Keech, CCRI, University of Gloucestershire
Building Resilience Local Food Systems: Lessons Learned by a Local FunderLee Cruz
Presentation at the USDA OPPE/FPAC Event: Building Resilience in Agricultural and Food Systems through Strategic and Innovative Partnerships. The is an overview of the lessons learned while supporting partnerships to create and maintain resilient local food systems.
New Orleans Food & Farm Network's strategic plan for advancing food justice in New Orleans, increasing food growing in the NOLA foodshed, and supporting the development of the local food supply chain.
Food. Farms. Communities.
A presentation given by Dan Keech at East Devon AONB, covering alternative approches to orchard conservation management - with examples from England and Germany.
By Matt Reed and Dan Keech
Presentation at Critical Foodscapes conference
Warwick University 7th July 2016
Matt Reed & Dan Keech, CCRI, University of Gloucestershire
Building Resilience Local Food Systems: Lessons Learned by a Local FunderLee Cruz
Presentation at the USDA OPPE/FPAC Event: Building Resilience in Agricultural and Food Systems through Strategic and Innovative Partnerships. The is an overview of the lessons learned while supporting partnerships to create and maintain resilient local food systems.
New Orleans Food & Farm Network's strategic plan for advancing food justice in New Orleans, increasing food growing in the NOLA foodshed, and supporting the development of the local food supply chain.
Food. Farms. Communities.
A presentation given by Dan Keech at East Devon AONB, covering alternative approches to orchard conservation management - with examples from England and Germany.
Project proposal to Fingal County Council for the establishment of a 'Fingal Food Forest' as a community resource & anchor tourist attraction for north county Dublin.
An exploration of what is food resiliency, and how the Transition Town movement contributes towards it. Examines what is happening in Waterloo Region and beyond both nationally and internationally, with a special emphasis on the efforts of TransitionKW,
Reconstruction in Nepal - priorities and impressions - March 2017Magnus Wolfe Murray
An update from field monitoring and walking through earthquake affected communities in Rasuwa and Gorkha districts. As part of my work as reconstruction advisor with DFID Nepal
Project proposal to Fingal County Council for the establishment of a 'Fingal Food Forest' as a community resource & anchor tourist attraction for north county Dublin.
An exploration of what is food resiliency, and how the Transition Town movement contributes towards it. Examines what is happening in Waterloo Region and beyond both nationally and internationally, with a special emphasis on the efforts of TransitionKW,
Reconstruction in Nepal - priorities and impressions - March 2017Magnus Wolfe Murray
An update from field monitoring and walking through earthquake affected communities in Rasuwa and Gorkha districts. As part of my work as reconstruction advisor with DFID Nepal
James Kirwan discusses the issues of social innovation and localisation in relation to work carried out by the CCRI team looking at the Local Food Programme in England
Chris Short (CCRI) and Jenny Phelps (Gloucestershire FWAG) discuss their findings and experiences from work on developing an integrated approach to environmental outcomes - Integrated Local Delivery (ILD).
Professor Janet Dwyer discusses the implications of current issues and policies for rural areas and policy development in the next 25 years, in particular the issues around CAP reform, climate change, innovation and ongoing research needs.
Presentation given by Rhiannon Naylor, Damian Maye, Alice Hamilton-Webb and Ruth Little at the recent European Society for Rural Sociology Congress - 'Places of Possibility? Rural Societies in a Neoliberal World' in Aberdeen.
Dr Damian Maye presented a paper at the International M.bovis conference in Cardiff about farmer confidence in badger vaccination to control the spread of bTB from badgers to cattle
This study focuses on exploring the relationship between experience of climate change (flooding) and response to climate change amongst farmers in Gloucestershire. Findings from a postal survey with farmers, and follow up interviews are discussed and conclusions offered.
Programme from the forthcoming conference
Future of Rural Society: Opportunities for Rural Economic Development June 10th 2013
In association with CEDRA http://www.ruralireland.ie/
at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth http://www.nuim.ie/
The sun is potentially setting on the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. If the law expires as expected January 1, 2013, some estate planning and gifting opportunities will no longer exist. The options still available prior to the New Year will be the focus of a complimentary seminar presented by Chambliss attorneys Mark Addison, Ryan Barry, Dana Perry, and Greg Willett.
Federal and Tennessee Gifting Opportunities
An overview of the current lifetime gifting options provided by the 2010 Tax Act and the changes if Congress does not extend the 2010 Tax Act by the end of 2012.
Spousal Lifetime Access Trusts ("SLATs")
An overview of the use of Spousal Lifetime Access Trusts and other common techniques for capturing the current $5.12 million federal unified credit prior to its potential expiration on January 1, 2013.
The New Landscape of Gift and Inheritance Taxes in Tennessee
A discussion on the new laws affecting the Tennessee gift and inheritance taxes along with a discussion of potential pitfalls Tennessee residents may face when dealing with these issues.
Differences in Federal and Tennessee Gift Tax Structure
Practical examples illustrating how the two tax structures differ and what it means for you.
Janet Dwyer's presentation to the Land Economy Department at the University of Cambridge, discussing the implications for the agriculture sector since #Brexit.
Food Co-ops: Making Healthy, Local Food More Accessible, NOFA SC, 8.11.13NFCACoops
Bonnie Hudspeth, Outreach Coordinator for the Neighboring Food Co-op Association & Micha Josephy, Program Manager for the Cooperative Fund of New England, share how twenty-nine New England food co-ops are collaborating to make wholesome, nutritious food more accessible to all community members. This presentation explores the capacity of food co-ops to increase access to healthy food for individuals/families with limited food budgets, and strategies to increase collaboration among food co-ops for a larger collective impact.
Healthy Food Access: Lessons From The Field, CCMA 2013NFCACoops
Get the latest on what New England food co-ops are doing to make healthy food more accessible and affordable through the “Food Co-ops and Healthy Food Access” project, a collaboration between the Neighboring
Food Co-op Association and the Cooperative Fund of New England. This presentation shares the lessons learned to date, plans for future development, and resources so other food co-ops can more easily start healthy food access
programs at their co-ops.
Co-ops in the Food System: Conversions, Start-ups and Supply ChainsNFCACoops
This presentation covers worker and food co-ops in the Northeast and internationally that foster economically and environmentally sustainable food systems. The presentation covers the process for cooperative business development, the advantages of the co-operative model, and steps for
launching a new co-op or converting an existing business.
Developing a strong and sustainable food economy in Kirklees - Dr John LeverKirklees Council
A presentation about the food economy in Kirklees by Dr John Lever from the Centre for Sustainable and Resilient Communities at the University of Huddersfield. Part of the Future of Local Food in Kirklees event, February 2016. Visit www.foodkirklees.org.uk to find out more.
A Presentation on Sandhills Farm to Table Case StudyMatson Consulting
This PowerPoint was presented by James Matson at the 16th Annual National Value-Added Agricultural Conference in Baltimore, Maryland on May 13th. This is a presentation on the article written by James Matson and Jessica Shaw for the National Agricultural & Rural Development Policy Center. The presentation highlights the research and commentary on the operations of Sandhills Farm to Table.
Co-operatives: Resiliency in Action, NOFA NH Winter Conference 2013NFCACoops
The co-operative business model is, by definition, resilient. Co-ops have fared well during the economic downturn. Why? Because they are developed for and accountable to the needs of members rather than outside investors. We’ll share stories of how food co-ops in New Hampshire and throughout New England are meeting the needs of their communities, and a specific example of how food co-ops have used their unique structure to respond to changing community needs through the Food Co-ops & Healthy Food Access Project. Learn how neighboring New England food co-ops are making wholesome, nutritious food more accessible to families with limited food budgets.
Insuring Social Justice through Food SecurityBrian McConnell
Prepared by Hunter Hartley to facilitate a group discussion between Roanoke civic members, the presentation addresses the relationship between local "food security", "social" and "economic justice".
Presentation made to the Sunnyvale Neighborhood Association on November 14, 2011 by Wolfram Alderson, Executive Director, Sustainable Community Gardens.
http://www.fao.org/agroecology/en/ | Presentation by Parviz Koohafkan of the World Agricultural Heritage Foundation regarding the development of sustainable food systems. The presentation was delivered on January 31, 2017 at the CGRFA Side Event Biodiversity and Agroecology: The Agroecology Knowledge Hub.
The Eastern Ontario Local Food Conference (EOLFC 2013) provided a great opportunity to share information, learn about success stories and gather information on innovative local food businesses, projects and best practices. The conference was organized by KEDCO (Kingston Economic Development Corporation) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the Ministry of Rural Affairs. The theme of the conference was Innovation Driving Local Food and it was held December 3, 2013 at the Ambassador Hotel in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Betsy Donald presentation on Experiences in Innovative local food processing.
The Eastern Ontario Local Food Conference (EOLFC 2013) provided a great opportunity to share information, learn about success stories and gather information on innovative local food businesses, projects and best practices. The conference was organized by KEDCO (Kingston Economic Development Corporation) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the Ministry of Rural Affairs. The theme of the conference was Innovation Driving Local Food and it was held December 3, 2013 at the Ambassador Hotel in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Jim Slama of Familyfarmed.org keynote presentation on Good Food = Good Business.
Sania Dzalbe is a PhD student in economic geography at Umeå University in Sweden who studies how people in rural areas adapt to crisis and adversity. Drawing from her upbringing in rural Latvia, she notes the importance of social reproduction in sustaining rural livelihoods, which often goes overlooked in traditional regional economic analysis. She argues that the concept of resilience is connected to the concept of loss, as during moments of crisis and major restructuring, societies lose not only jobs and industries but also the very mechanisms through which they shape their environment, both physically and socially. Current resilience studies in economic geography tend to disregard the role of social reproduction and the losses experienced by individuals by predominantly focusing on firms and economic production. However, to understand the evolution of rural regions and communities amid various challenges they face, one must recognize that social reproduction cannot be separated from economic and knowledge production processes.
A presentation of participatory research methods and how CCRI has used them over time throughto the Living Labs approach now in use in a number of our grant funded research projects.
This presentation introduces the UK Treescapes Ambassador team and the research projects and research fellows they have funded under the programme.
The presentation also looks at some of the research being carried out at the CCRI on Trees, Woods and Forests.
This presentation highlights key methods and issues arising from the research in the EU Horizon funded projects MINAGRIS and SPRINT regading the presence and effect of pesticides and plastics in the soil.
This presentation considers the changing policy environment for public funding of agri-environment, the shift from entitlements to action-based funding and 'public good' outcomes, using a 'Test and Trials' case study.
Footage for the associated seminar: https://youtu.be/Z0Hkt7Sf0VA
The talk will focus on the current state of soil governance in Australia, alongside the recently released National Soil Strategy and debate how knowledge exchange on sustainable soil management is progressing. The need to maintain a healthy and functioning soil that is resilient and less vulnerable to climate change and land degradation is an ever-present goal. Yet to achieve this goal requires a critical mass of soil scientists who can effectively undertake research and more importantly people who can communicate such knowledge to farmers so that soil is protected through the use of landscape-appropriate practices. Decades of government de-investment and privatisation have led to a diminished and fragmented workforce that is distant from, rather than part of, the rural community, and farmers are also increasingly isolated with few functional social networks for knowledge exchange. Is it possible to chart a course that can see this decline in expertise and local soil knowledge corrected, and restore to it vitality and legitimacy?
Presentation made to CCRI as part of our seminar series. Footage of seminar: https://youtu.be/tWcArqtqxjI
Latvian meadows are inextricably connected to the Latvian identity. An identity built on the concept of the industrious peasant working their own land, free from the oppression of tyrannical regimes. This cultural association also feeds into the mid-summer festivals as the women weave the flower-filled crowns and people collect herbal teas to ward off illness over the winter. These biodiverse havens are under threat, as they are neglected or replaced with improved grasslands with their higher yields but lower diversity.
Complex agri-environmental issues cannot be solved through the work of an isolated farmer; rather, tackling these issues requires groups of farmers and land managers to work together, engaging with more sustainable practices. To ensure their work is effective, individuals must form a cohesive group in which all members are prepared to work towards a shared goal.
The Countryside Stewardship Facilitation Fund (CSFF) provides an intentional investment in the development of social and intellectual capital in farmer and land manager groups in England, such that they may work together successfully. This seminar draws on research with four CSFF groups to explore the extent to which group membership prepares individual farmers and land managers for collective action using Nahapiet and Ghoshal’s theory of social and intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. It examines the findings from 21 interviews with farmers and land managers, four interviews with group facilitators and four interviews with staff from group partner organisations. In addition, participant observation was conducted at six group events to examine group relationships and the process of intellectual capital exchange.
The results build on previous findings which demonstrate the importance of social capital in the collective management of natural resources. Specifically, this work explores the role of the facilitator in social capital development, the importance of continuity during group development, the drivers of, and barriers to, the combination and exchange of intellectual capital, and the preconditions required for collective action to occur. The findings are used to develop an extension of Nahapiet and Ghoshal’s framework. This seminar will demonstrate that the development of social and natural capital are interdependent. It will argue for policy which better supports the formation of relationships in which farmers and land managers feel able to work with their peers to deliver landscape-scale environmental change.
Professor Ian Hodge's seminar for the CCRI on 24th October 2022.
There are two emergent movements in the governance of rural land: voluntary and local government initiatives that assess, plan and enhance landscape and biodiversity and a largely separate central government initiative for the development of Environmental Land Management (ELM) schemes as a key element of national agricultural policy. This is developed and implemented by central government with a relatively large budget.
These two movements should be better integrated through the development of a system of Local Environmental Governance Organisations (LEGOs). A LEGO would stand as a ‘trustee’ with a remit to protect and enhance the quality of the local environment in the long term. It can assemble evidence on natural capital, co-ordinate amongst stakeholders and work with them to identify local priorities for nature recovery. It would search for synergies and collaborative partnerships and raise funds to support priority projects. A key point is that a proportion of central government funding should be devolved to LEGOs. This would link the vision being developed locally with the capacity to generate financial incentives for land managers to change land management.
Natural Cambridgeshire as the Local Nature Partnership is developing a number of the attributes of a LEGO. It is engaging with and appears to have support from a broad variety of stakeholders and is energising actions at several different levels. Through a local deliberative process, it can have a much clearer view of local opportunities and priorities than can be possible via central government. Natural Cambridgeshire has begun to raise funds but the likelihood is that this is will be too little, relatively short term and unsystematic. Longer term core funding would give Natural Cambridgeshire the capacity to back up proposals with financial support, potentially matching funding from other sources. It would then need to monitor and audit the implementation of projects and report on expenditure and outcomes. Over time it would adopt an adaptive approach to respond to outcomes and changing threats and opportunities.
National government needs to establish a framework for the development and operation of a system of LEGOs. It would continue to act in support of national standards, both through regulation and investment to meet international commitments, such as for biodiversity and climate change.
The presentation will give a brief overview of the 'UrbanFarmer' project and its various facets, including the integration of a cohort of Norwegian farmers and agricultural research organisations in the co-production of applied knowledge.
The main thrust of the presentation will be to present similarities and differences in the way that food in short food supply chains is marketed through different farm enterprise business models, and different sales channels. Differences in policy backdrops and other, related, contexts which help or hinder urban marketing through short food supply chains concluding with some ideas of emerging recommendations will also be explored.
Dr Anna Birgitte Milford is a researcher at Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, working on topics related to sustainable food production and consumption, including organic/pesticide reduced fruit and veg production, local sales channels and climate friendly diets. She was a visiting scholar at CCRI, University of Gloucestershire in autumn 2021 conducting field research on urban agriculture and local sales channels in Bristol.
Dr Dan Keech is a Senior Research Fellow at CCRI, University of Gloucestershire. His research topics cover European urban and alternative food networks, Anglo-German cultural geography and trans-disciplinary methods which link art and social science.
Slides from Damian Maye's Seminar - Using Living Labs to Strengthen Rural-Urban Linkages - Reflections from a multi-actor research project
Footage available at: https://youtu.be/Es1VHe69Mcw
Dr. Charlotte Chivers' presentation made at World Congress on Soil Science: Social Science approaches for integrating local knowledge when modelling the impact of natural flood management measures
Dr Charlotte Chivers' presentation made at the 2022 World Congress of Soil Science detailing the EU Horizon 2020 funded project MINAGRIS - MIcro- and Nano-plastics in AGRIcultural Soils
Presentation given by Dr Alessio Russ 8th July for CCRI seminar series.
Over the last few decades, the school of thought surrounding the urban ecosystem has increasingly become in vogue among researchers worldwide. Since half of the world’s population lives in cities, urban ecosystem services have become essential to human health and wellbeing. Rapid urban growth has forced sustainable urban developers to rethink important steps by updating and, to some degree, recreating the human–ecosystem service linkage. This talk addresses concepts and metaphors such as nature-based solutions and wellbeing, ecosystem services, nature-based thinking, urban regeneration, urban agriculture, urban-rural interface, rewilding.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
SF&FS Session 6th March
1. Sustainable food and food security
Session 2 – Alternative and community-led projects
FCH, Thursday 6th March 2014
Dan Keech, CCRI
dkeech@glos.ac.uk
2. Field trip 13th March
9.15 Meet at main entrance Bristol Temple Meads
10.00 Fareshare South West, St Jude’s
11.30 Bristol Pound, Corn Street
12.15 St Nicholas Market
c. 12.45 lunch and free time
2.00 Recap at Bristol Castle or Bordeaux Quay.
Need to bring – comfortable shoes and rain coats, note
taking materials, money and/or lunch
Should be finished by 3pm, return to Cheltenham under
your own steam
3. Session 2
This morning we will :
• Review the emergence of local food initiatives (as a
response to national food security concerns)
• Go through CSA models
• Go through FM case study, film, analysis method
Later, Matt will talk about:
• Personal, household, social food insecurity
• Different UK responses to economic food insecurity
(poverty) with film clips
But first – how is it going?
4. Alternative and community-led projects as
responses to concerns about food security
Matt will cover issues of personal and social food insecurity
this afternoon
In this session we will begin looking at food security from a
national policy perspective.
• How has policy on food security developed in the UK?
• Why did food security concerns spur alternative
responses?
• How is local/community food perceived as improving food
security?
5. Emergence of alternatives
In session 1 we heard how some of the consequences of the
modern food system stimulate concern among citizens:
• Concern about the disconnection between consumers and
producers
• Concern about who controls the food chain
• Concern about health and environment linked to the
industrial food system (‘externalities’ – Lang & Pretty 2004)
• The idea that some of these challenges are ‘locked in’ to
the places and the ways that we live and work
In this session we will hear about a two civil society responses to
these concerns – CSA and Farmers’ Markets.
6. Food security policy in the UK
• Increasing reliance on imports since Industrial Revolution
• Colonial trading networks
• Interruptions of food supply during Second World War
• Consequently policy of state intervention in agriculture
• Reduction in local diversity (standardisation)
• Increase in output productivity (green revolution)
• Increased dependence on imported agricultural resources
(oil and fertilisers) – 1973 oil supply crisis
• From 1970s EEC/EC/EU membership – 90% self-sufficient
• Global trade liberalisation during 1980s – we can buy our
way out of trouble
• New interest in national food security in 2000s as input
costs rise dramatically and food price spikes occur.
7. Year Imports (£
million)
Exports (£
million)
Balance of trade (£
million)
Self-sufficiency in
indigenous foods
1943 21,705 660 -21,045 n/a
1953 31,131 3,515 -27,616 n/a
1963 27,847 4,276 -23,571 54%
1973 30,736 7,728 -23,009 62%
1983 22,086 10,281 -11,805 76%
1993 22,991 13,652 -9,340 74%
2003 27,170 12,819 -14,351 64%
2011 36,715 18,159 -18,556 62%
UK balance of trade for food, drink and feed at 2011 prices in £s (source: Defra 2012)
1986
78%
8. Local food movement
Soil Association Food Futures programme
Sustain and food links federation
Foot and mouth/Curry Commission – local and regional
food as rural development
Lottery support:
• Food for Life
• Making Local Food Work
• Local Food programme (urban)
• Negligible contribution in terms of food output but
social innovation and new enterprise models.
• http://www.localfoodgrants.org/foodetube
10. 1. CSA - What is it?
CSA has a number of characteristics which may include:
• Shared risk between farmer and consumer (member)
• Advanced, or regular payment for food
• Co-operative/democratic management
• Contribution by members to labour
• Access to the farm for education, relaxation… etc.
Essentially, it is a way of planning cash-flow and cropping; and
may renegotiate the distinction between farmer, landholder,
customer – this is a political/conceptual challenge in the EU.
11. Current models include:
•Share in the harvest (a proportion of the harvest)
•Committed market (a minimum, or informal commitment)
•Support group around a farm (events, festivals, markets)
•Rent a tree (for fruit – can be non-local)
•Do the work yourself (labour for food)
•Shares or gifts in the farm capital (cf. Polanyi?)
•Community owned enterprise (see shares above and later)
We’ll discus some of these. Main point is to think about breadth
– one size will not fit all, all schemes are different.
12. North American and European
divergence
In its modern form, CSA emerged in the US, under Trauger Groh.
In general, the literature suggests the US and Europe have
slightly different approaches:
North America Europe
Peri-urban horticultural model
prevails – access to markets
More mixed produce and
locations (dairy, meat etc)
May be oppositional and
linked to the construction of
communities (cf. Lyson)
Some opposition; city self-
provision; also supporting
producers and connecting to
the land (rural development
and social solidarity)
Soil Association (2007) Cultivating Communities – Reconnecting food and farming.
SA, Bristol.
Henderson, E. & Van En, R. (2007) Sharing the Harvest – A citizen’s guide to
Community Supported Agriculture. Chelsea Green Publishing Co, White River Jct.
13. CSA No 1 Stroud Community Agriculture
- Community Owned Enterprise
• Operates solely to further a set
of principles (mission-led)
• 2 farmers paid wage £19k
• 46-acre organic mixed farm, 2 locations
• A rich community life around the farm
IPS members represent 200 households
£80,000 turnover (2009)*
*Ave. farm household income 2011: £63,000 (Defra, FBS 2011/12)
14. What is it for? What are their principles?
• To support organic and biodynamic agriculture.
• To pioneer new economic model and ensure the farmers have a decent
livelihood.
• Low income shall not exclude anyone. Practical involvement on all levels
encouraged.
• To be transparent in all affairs and make decisions on the basis of consensus.
• To offer opportunities for learning, therapy and re-connecting with the earth.
• To network with others to promote CSA to other communities and farms.
• To encourage members, in co-operation with the farmers, to use the farm for
their individual and social activities and celebrations.
15. How does it work?
• Members pay £2 subscription, plus £8 per week for a vegetable
share, which they collect.
• Members can buy meat from freezer, and eggs – honesty box and
swap box.
• Members decide all matters, delegated to a core group, many
volunteers.
• Farmers have delegated responsibility for farming.
• No compulsion for members to be active.
• Open access to the farm.
• Two rented sites, one very close to Stroud.
16. No 2: Tablehurst & Plaw Hatch CSA
• Tablehurst (125 ha.) is arable and stock, Plaw Hatch (50 ha.
acres) is dairy and horticulture
• Both are biodynamic. T’hurst was a loss-making college farm
put up for sale in 1994. Local people raised capital to buy it.
• A co-op (IPS) owns both farms, with shares held by local
members. Membership does not give entitlement to food.
• Together employ 20 f/t and 40 p/t and voluntary staff –
inefficient or rural job creation? Several staff live on the farm –
community inside the farm & links to social care.
• Annual turnover £1.3 million
19. Tablehurst & Plaw Hatch - Farming for farmers?
• Shares cost £100 and there are 600 members. No yield or trade.
• 1,000 customers a week in farm shop and bakery.
• Occasionally members are asked to provide loan capital – for
buildings (incl. homes) or loans equipment (over 5 years)
• Total capital stock is c.£250k
• In exchange for that capital and that goodwill, farmers
undertake to farm well. They do.
• Farmers appreciate the strong sense of community, faith in
their professionalism and freedom from burden of inheritance.
They farm for the future, not for their own wealth (it’s fixed) or
for their children.
21. Community development
finance instruments
Somerset Land for Food community
share issue
• People buy shares in CBS
• That investment provides capital for
groups to buy land
• Land is rented by growers
• Rental income pays dividends (2%)
and secures more land purchase
• Option for growers to buy after 5
years
More info: www.communitylandtrusts.org.uk
22. Group exercise: CSA critique
Divide into 2 groups. Think about the CSA story.
Group 1 – Consider three key general strengths of the CSA
models we have described as you see them.
Group 2 – CSAs are a good idea but they are not the
mainstream of farming. Please provide 3-5 critical points
about the difficulties or weaknesses of CSA.
10 mins and 5 mins feedback per group.
23. Some critiques of CSA
• CSAs are marginal do not really change the food ‘landscape’
• Their pricing policies may be exclusive for some citizens – often
educated and wealthy
• They can be complex and hard work – relies on high degree of
farmer and business skills
• Land is very hard and expensive to find
• Farmers may appreciate the support of their communities but
find the limited sales volumes hard to accommodate
• Potentially risky; have to eat what grows – choice?
24. Summary
• CSA takes many forms but most expect consumers to
share production risks with farmers
• CSAs may be ideologically led but are businesses
• CSAs have made successful links with other
alternative food projects – farmers’ markets, organic
box schemes and have produced innovative methods
and financial models
• Potentially transferable? – housing and energy
generation
• Community supported agriculture or agriculture
supporting the community?
25. Some reading
Butler Flora, C. and Bregendahl, C. (2012) Collaborative Community-
supported Agriculture: Balancing Community Capitals for Producers and
Consumers. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food Vol
19 No 3 pp. 329-346.
DeLind, M. (1999) Is This a Women’s Movement? The Relationship to
Gender of Community Supported Agriculture in Michigan. Human
Organisation Vol 58 No 2 pp. 190-200
Guthman, J., Morris, A. and Allen, P (2006) Squaring Farm Security in Two
Types of Alternative Food Institutions. Rural Sociology Vol 71, No 4, pp.
662-684
Keech, D., Alldred, S. and Snow, R (2009) An analysis of seven CSA
enterprises. Making Local Food Work Discussion Paper. Soil
Association, Bristol.
Schnell, S (2007) Food with a farmer’s face: CSA in the United States.
Geographical Review Vol 97 Iss 4, pp.550-564.