Seven myths of spanish conquest
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This document summarizes the key themes and chapters of the book "Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest" which aims to debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest of the Americas. It discusses how the conquest was not just due to exceptional individuals like Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro but was a larger process involving many Spaniards and native allies. It also challenges the myth that the conquest was solely by white conquistadors, noting that Africans and natives played major roles in the Spanish invasions. Finally, it rejects the idea that the Spanish were inherently superior, arguing that views of native inferiority were used to justify conquest and that different cultural approaches to war were mistaken as signs of weakness.
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Seven myths
The document summarizes the key chapters and arguments from the book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". It debunks common myths about the conquest, including that it was led by exceptional men like Columbus and Cortes, that it was achieved by white conquistadors alone, and that the Spanish viewed themselves as superior to Native Americans. It concludes by examining conflicting accounts of Cuauhtemoc's betrayal from Spanish and Maya perspectives.
7 myths of the spanish conquest
Cortes and other conquistadors are often portrayed as exceptional military leaders, but in reality they led small groups of only 100-200 Spanish with the help of thousands of native allies. The conquering took years and was never fully completed due to revolts. While the Spanish brought superior weapons, disease wiped out 90% of the native population, and political disunity among native empires allowed the Spanish to exploit rivalries. The documents suggests the Spanish victory was due more to these accidental factors rather than any unique military genius of the conquistadors.
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Seven myths of the spanish conquest
The document summarizes seven myths about the Spanish conquest of the Americas presented in a book. It discusses how the conquest is often portrayed as the achievement of a small group of adventurers, while ignoring the contributions of native allies and African slaves. It also notes that the conquistadors attributed their success to divine favor, serving the king, and fighting for survival, but other important factors were their technological advantages and native populations being devastated by disease. All accounts of the conquest were written by the biased Spanish conquistadors.
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Seven myths of the spanish conquest
This document provides an overview of Chelsea England's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". Each chapter examines a common myth or misconception about the conquest. Chapter 1 looks at the myth that the conquistadors were simply soldiers sent by the King of Spain. Chapter 2 discusses the myth of communication between the Spanish and indigenous groups. Chapter 3 analyzes the myth that the conquest instantly reduced native American populations and cultures.
Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
This document summarizes the key points from each chapter of Matthew Restall's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". The chapters debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest of Central and South America, such as the ideas that the conquest was led by a small group of adventurers, that the conquistadors were professional soldiers, and that native cultures were completely destroyed. Restall argues that the conquest has been portrayed through exaggerated and misleading myths that originated in the 16th century to justify Spanish actions and dominance over native peoples.
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Seven myths
The document summarizes the key chapters and arguments from the book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". It debunks common myths about the conquest, including that it was led by exceptional men like Columbus and Cortes, that it was achieved by white conquistadors alone, and that the Spanish viewed themselves as superior to Native Americans. It concludes by examining conflicting accounts of Cuauhtemoc's betrayal from Spanish and Maya perspectives.
7 myths of the spanish conquest
Cortes and other conquistadors are often portrayed as exceptional military leaders, but in reality they led small groups of only 100-200 Spanish with the help of thousands of native allies. The conquering took years and was never fully completed due to revolts. While the Spanish brought superior weapons, disease wiped out 90% of the native population, and political disunity among native empires allowed the Spanish to exploit rivalries. The documents suggests the Spanish victory was due more to these accidental factors rather than any unique military genius of the conquistadors.
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Seven myths of the spanish conquest
The document summarizes seven myths about the Spanish conquest of the Americas presented in a book. It discusses how the conquest is often portrayed as the achievement of a small group of adventurers, while ignoring the contributions of native allies and African slaves. It also notes that the conquistadors attributed their success to divine favor, serving the king, and fighting for survival, but other important factors were their technological advantages and native populations being devastated by disease. All accounts of the conquest were written by the biased Spanish conquistadors.
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This document summarizes the key points from each chapter of Matthew Restall's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". The chapters debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest, including that it was led by a small group of adventurers, the conquistadors were professional soldiers, Native Americans and blacks played no role, and Native American culture was completely destroyed. Restall argues these myths originated to justify Spanish actions but fail to recognize the diversity of those involved or Native American agency. He examines how an ideology of Spanish superiority developed and why these myths have persisted.
Seven myths of the spanish conquest
This document provides an overview of Chelsea England's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". Each chapter examines a common myth or misconception about the conquest. Chapter 1 looks at the myth that the conquistadors were simply soldiers sent by the King of Spain. Chapter 2 discusses the myth of communication between the Spanish and indigenous groups. Chapter 3 analyzes the myth that the conquest instantly reduced native American populations and cultures.
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The document discusses seven myths of the Spanish conquest, including the myth of the "great men" like Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro conquering empires alone, the myth that the Spanish conquest was a clash of civilizations rather than involving native allies, and the myth that the Spanish crown directly organized and financed the conquests from the beginning.
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This document summarizes Kendra Lacasella's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest" which aims to debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest of the Americas. The book examines myths such as the Spanish conquistadors being exceptional men, the invisibility of native and African peoples in the conquest, notions of Spanish superiority, and the role of disease and native disunity in enabling the conquest. By analyzing primary source documents from the time with a critical lens, the book provides a more nuanced understanding of the Spanish conquest that dispels long-held myths.
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1) African slaves and freedmen played an important supporting role in the Spanish conquest, often outnumbering the Spaniards and participating in combat. One African conquistador named Juan Valiente fought alongside the Spanish to earn his freedom.
2) Native American tribes also aided the Spanish through acting as allies in battle according to a divide-and-conquer strategy, and serving as interpreters and guides familiar with the local areas.
3) Most participants in the Spanish conquests were civilian volunteers seeking riches from looting and land grants, rather than professional soldiers, contradict
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1) Spain conquered most of Latin America in the 16th-17th centuries and established a class system with Native Americans at the bottom, often forced to work on plantations. African slaves were later imported to supplement the declining Native American population.
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Indian conquistadors
Hernando Cortes was able to conquer the Mexica Empire through superior Spanish military resources and the political weakness of the empire at the time. The Mexica ruler Montezuma believed Cortes was a returning deity, which helped the conquest. Native groups like the Tlaxcala provided thousands of warriors to help the Spanish and fight against the Mexica. While outnumbered, Cortes and his men were aided greatly by native allies, guides, translators and spies. After disease epidemics, many natives still sought alliances with the Spanish and aided their conquests and colonies, with over 40,000 indigenous warriors fighting for the Spanish at times.
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The document provides information about the rise and fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires, including:
1) It describes the origins and growth of the Aztec Empire in Mexico, centered around their capital Tenochtitlan, as well as the rise of the Inca Empire in Peru under Pachacuti.
2) It discusses the key roles of Hernan Cortes and his translator Malintzin in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, aided by smallpox, as well as Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire after deceiving the emperor Atahualpa.
3) The Spanish conquest had devastating cultural impacts, eliminating the Aztec and Inca cultures
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This document summarizes key points from Chapter 7 of the book "Changing Interpretations: Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest" regarding the myth of Spanish superiority over indigenous peoples. It discusses how superiority was used to justify the conquest, but rejects this, noting that disease, native disunity, Spanish steel and culture of war better explain the conquest's outcome, though an uneven introduction of resources also impacted it.
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The document is a compilation of essays that each analyze a potential cause of the 1680 Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico. The editor poses five questions - did the Pueblos revolt to save their traditions, did Franciscans invite martyrdom, did Pueblos revolt to save their lives, did the right leader make the revolt possible, and did the Spaniards' loss of authority encourage the revolt? Each essay answers one of the questions, with perspectives including religious disputes causing the revolt, martyrdom being welcomed, multiple factors like drought and oppression contributing, an important mestizo leader, and a loss of control over mestizos as a cause. In conclusion, the document
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1) Hernan Cortes led a small Spanish force that used horses, guns, and disease to defeat the vast Aztec Empire in Mexico.
2) Francisco Pizarro similarly led a small group to conquer the Inca Empire in Peru through deception and kidnapping the emperor Atahualpa.
3) The conquests of the Aztec and Inca Empires by Cortes and Pizarro, respectively, allowed Spain to gain control over large territories in North and South America.
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The document outlines historian Mathew Restall's arguments about the myths surrounding the Spanish conquest of America. Restall believes historical accounts have relied too heavily on the perspectives of conquistadors and failed to consider the roles of native allies and Africans. He outlines seven common myths, such as viewing the conquest as the work of a few adventurers, and argues a more nuanced understanding requires considering multiple perspectives and the complex nature of the process.
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Hernan Cortes led Spanish conquistadors in conquering the Aztec empire in Mexico in the 16th century. The Aztecs, led by their king Montezuma, believed Cortes was the reincarnation of their god Quetzalcoatl. Cortes' conquests were successful due to diseases that killed many natives, more advanced Spanish weapons, and large armies that included up to 40,000 indigenous warriors fighting alongside the Spanish. The native people greatly aided the conquistadors by serving as guides, translators, scouts, and porters who carried wounded soldiers. Cortes employed a repeated strategy of using each newly conquered city as a base to attack the next, intimidating local people
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The document discusses seven common myths used to explain the Spanish conquest of Native American peoples, including the myths that:
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3) Native cultures were inadequate to resist the invasion due to perceived inferiority or weaknesses.
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Colonization: Atrocities
1) The document describes the Spanish conquest of native American empires including the Aztecs and Incas. It details how conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarro, with only a few hundred men but superior weapons and horses, were able to defeat armies of millions.
2) Disease devastated native populations, with up to 90% dying in some regions. This aided the conquest. The conquistadors enslaved survivors and seized gold and territory, making Spain rich and powerful.
3) For native Americans, the conquest brought immense suffering as their populations declined and empires fell. Many converted to Christianity hoping it would end their suffering. Resistance continued for centuries but survivors had lost most of their
Theme 3 spanish empire in the americas
- Diego Vasicuio was a native priest in Peru in the late 16th/early 17th century who was forced to do hazardous labor by the Spanish. He continued traditional rituals in his 90s and was tried for heresy.
- Martin Ocelotl was a priest in the Aztec Empire who continued traditional practices after it fell but eventually converted to Catholicism in his 20s, though he still engaged in old ways and was later tried for witchcraft.
- The Spanish Empire extended across much of the Americas and encountered significant resistance from native populations. While some natives converted and assimilated, others fiercely maintained their traditions and identities in the face of Spanish repression. Disease also devastated native populations
Colonial Spain:Final Essay
1) Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas while attempting to establish a new trade route to Asia for Spain, unintentionally discovering lands unknown to Europeans.
2) Indigenous populations in pre-Columbian Latin America varied greatly and were classified as sedentary, semi-sedentary, or non-sedentary based on their lifestyles and social structures.
3) After conquest, sedentary groups faced exploitation of their labor for mining and agriculture to benefit the Spanish crown, resulting in a dramatic decline in indigenous populations over subsequent centuries.
Posting 4
The document summarizes chapters from multiple sources on Colonial Latin America. It discusses several indigenous individuals such as Gaspar Antonio Chi, a Maya nobleman who accommodated the Spanish colonizers; Dona Isabel Sisa, an indigenous woman who resisted gender inequalities; as well as Domingos Fernandes Nobre, a trader who supplied indigenous slaves to Portuguese plantations. It also examines the lives of individuals with mixed heritages such as Catalina and the experiences of Africans and Afro-descendants in the colonial society, including the mystic Ursula de Jesus and the resistance leader Zumbi of Palmares. The chapters show how indigenous elites shaped colonial policies and various groups navigated and challenged social
Hist 140 asignmt #3 spanish empire
The document discusses various aspects of the Spanish Empire including its attempts to convert indigenous people in Peru to Catholicism, the establishment of Buenos Aires as an access point for merchants, and the struggles of slaves in Mexico. It also mentions the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, Bartolome de las Casas advocating for indigenous people, and the Viceroyalty of New Spain being established to govern Spain's colonies. Key events discussed include the 1502 death of Aztec ruler Ahuitzotl and the 1509 settlement formalizing legal obligations to Aztec Princess Tecuichpotzin.
1 The Pueblo Revolt, 1680 Kevin M. Gannon (2013) Issue
1
The Pueblo Revolt, 1680
Kevin M. Gannon (2013) Issues and Controversies in History.
Were the Pueblo Indians Justified in Rebelling Against the Spanish?
The Issue
The 1680 Pueblo Revolt in the Spanish colony of New Mexico was the first—and only—
successful rebellion of Native American peoples against the Europeans who ruled them by force
during the colonial period of American history. Spanish colonizers and their Pueblo subjects
embraced diametrically opposed beliefs about the world and their place within it; the tensions
that sprang from this opposition would culminate in an extraordinary outbreak of violence and
insurrection in the summer of 1680. The Spanish believed that their colonial presence in New
Mexico was eminently justifiable, and that Spanish colonization was a mandate from God. To
the Pueblo, the Spanish used religious conversion as a vehicle of oppression, abused the native
population, and were powerless to protect the Pueblos from the numerous threats they faced to
their very survival.
• Arguments that the Spanish Presence in New Mexico Was Legitimate and Just: The
Spanish justified their conquests in the “New World” by arguing that the conversion of
Native Americans to Roman Catholicism was of paramount importance—the true Word
of God was being spread, and Indian souls were saved. Inherent in this view was a belief
that indigenous Americans were inferior to Europeans. By demonstrating the proper ways
to exploit the bountiful resources of the Americas (including plentiful amounts of silver)
and to worship the Christian God, the Spanish were undertaking a mission to “civilize”
what they saw as backwards, ignorant, and savage Indians.
• Arguments that the Spanish Presence in New Mexico Was Intolerable and that the
Spanish Must be Expelled by the Pueblo: For decades, the Pueblo had seen their land
and people mercilessly exploited by the Spanish. The Spanish had forced the Pueblo to
give them a share of their crops and other goods, leaving them with scant provisions to
sustain themselves and their families. The efforts of the Spanish Franciscan priests to
convert them to Catholicism also meant the often violent suppression of their native
religious practices. The Franciscans’ message of a loving and merciful Christian God did
not match the harsh and violent reality of Spanish colonization, which seemed to grow
worse over time.
Background
For Pedro Hidalgo, August 10, 1680, started out as probably most days did. A Spanish soldier,
Hidalgo served as a one-man security detail for Fray Juan Pío, a Franciscan missionary to the
Indians of the Tesuque Pueblo, one of many native pueblos in the Rio Grande region claimed by
the Spanish as part of the colony of New Mexico. Early in the morning, Hidalgo and Pío had set
out from the capital of Santa Fe toward Tesuque, where the priest was to say mass. At dawn, the
two Spaniards reached the pueblo, only to find it empty; even the livestock was gon ...
1 the pueblo revolt, 1680 kevin m. gannon (2013) issue
The document summarizes the events leading up to the 1680 Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico against Spanish colonial rule. It describes the tensions that grew between the Spanish colonists and Pueblo Indians as the Spanish exploited Pueblo land, labor, and resources while suppressing their religion and culture. Drought and famine in the 1660s-1670s exacerbated these tensions and drove the Pueblo to turn more to their traditional religious practices. This set the stage for the successful uprising in 1680, in which the Pueblo expelled the Spanish from New Mexico in the first major rebellion against European colonizers in North America.
Unit three pp 3
Spanish conquistadors like Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro explored and conquered the Aztec and Inca Empires in the early 1500s, taking their rulers prisoner and claiming the regions for Spain. They were able to defeat the powerful empires through advantages in weapons, horses, and diseases that killed many Native Americans. Spain went on to establish settlements, missions, and presidios across its American territories and implemented a strict social class system with Peninsulares at the top. Native Americans were initially enslaved through the encomienda system until laws were passed in the 1540s to protect their rights.
The Spanish Empire
Under Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand II, Spain became a unified country in the late 15th century. The 16th and 17th centuries marked Spain's golden age as it gained control over vast lands in the Americas and extracted silver. However, the Spanish empire began to decline in the following centuries as it faced economic and succession crises. The Bourbon dynasty attempted reforms to revive Spain during the Enlightenment period in the 18th century.
Similar to Seven myths of spanish conquest (20)
1 The Pueblo Revolt, 1680 Kevin M. Gannon (2013) Issue
1 The Pueblo Revolt, 1680 Kevin M. Gannon (2013) Issue
1 the pueblo revolt, 1680 kevin m. gannon (2013) issue
1 the pueblo revolt, 1680 kevin m. gannon (2013) issue
More from JessicaJefferson
Comparative history
1) After the Civil War, millions of Americans moved West to settle farms, ranches, and cities, coming into conflict with Native tribes over land. The government tried to confine tribes to reservations but faced resistance.
2) Both the U.S. and Canada aimed to integrate Native populations by taking their land, trying to replace their cultures with white society, and using boarding schools for Native children. Significant battles occurred between tribes and settlers.
3) The Great Depression impacted nations worldwide in the 1920s due to factors like war debts, overproduction, and poor policies. It led to bank failures, unemployment, and government intervention through programs like the New Deal.
California and the civil war
The document discusses how the discovery of gold in California in 1848 and the proposed statehood constitution banning slavery brought the issue of expanding slavery into new western territories to the forefront nationally. While southerners wanted to extend slavery into new lands, northerners opposed this with the Wilmot Proviso. Ultimately, the Compromise of 1850 was reached, banning slavery in California but allowing it in Utah and New Mexico territories to balance north and south interests. However, many Californians still supported the Confederacy during the Civil War in an attempt to establish a new slave state to counter California.
California
California began as a mythical land described in Spanish literature, populated by Queen Calafia and her black Amazons. Native Americans lived across what would become California prior to European contact in 1542. Spain established Catholic missions across California in the 18th century to colonize and convert indigenous peoples. The discovery of gold in 1848 sparked the California Gold Rush and massive migration that shaped the population. A transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 to connect California with the eastern United States, employing large numbers of Chinese immigrant laborers.
Brazil
Brazil has a culturally diverse population due to immigration from Portugal, Africa, Italy, Germany, Arabia, and Japan. As a result, Portugal is the official language along with 180 indigenous languages. The cuisine varies widely but features dishes like feijoada and brigadeiro. Brazil has a rich artistic history beginning in 1816 with the French Artistic Mission which established an Imperial Academy of Fine Arts. The country is also famous for its diverse music like samba, bossa nova, and maracatu which feature African rhythms. One of Brazil's most iconic cultural aspects is its annual Carnival celebration 46 days before Easter which has Christian and pagan roots and is a major source of tourism and beer consumption.
Brazil part1
Brazil has diverse geography including the longest river in the world, the Amazon River, and half of the world's rainforests. It has a diverse population due to immigration from Portugal, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Portugal colonized Brazil in the 1500s, but Brazil gained independence in 1823 after a war of independence. Today, Brazil struggles with uneven distribution of wealth.
American urbanization & new york city
1. New York City began as New Amsterdam, founded by the Dutch in 1624 as a trading post for furs. It was later captured by the English and renamed New York.
2. In the early 20th century, New York saw tremendous growth and became a global economic center, but the Great Depression devastated the city, with 1/3 of residents losing their jobs.
3. Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Robert Moses worked to rebuild the city through new parks, schools and infrastructure, though their policies exacerbated racial tensions and inequality.
How the americas change
1) The document discusses how the Americas changed in the 19th century, with the U.S. experiencing westward expansion and the Civil War over slavery, Canada establishing itself as a federal dominion, and Latin America forming smaller unstable states.
2) It also covers frontier events like the Louisiana Purchase doubling U.S. size, the Haitian Revolution ending slavery in Haiti, and explorations of newly acquired U.S. lands.
3) The Battle of Antietam in 1862, which had the highest single-day death toll in American history, allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation and arrest Confederate momentum, changing the course of the Civil War and abolishing slavery
Little ice age
The Little Ice Age was a period between 1550-1850 AD when global temperatures were cooler than average. Three particularly cold periods occurred around 1650, 1770, and 1850. Evidence of cooler conditions is found worldwide in sediments, tree rings, glacier advances, ice cores, and historical accounts. Potential causes include orbital cycles, reduced solar activity, volcanic eruptions, ocean current slowdowns, decreased human populations, and inherent climate variability. The Little Ice Age had drastic effects on human civilization, with population losses in Iceland, Greenland, Finland, and Estonia, and hardship for George Washington's army. It influenced populations and history globally.
Paul revere’s ride
The document discusses Paul Revere and the events leading up to his famous midnight ride. It describes how Revere joined the Sons of Liberty to protest British taxes and how tensions escalated after the Boston Massacre. General Gage was appointed to enforce new laws closing Boston's port and seizing weapons, which led to armed conflict. Revere rode to warn colonists about British plans to take ammunition from Fort William and Mary. Mounting tensions on both sides eventually led to Gage receiving orders to move decisively with more troops.
Theme 7 part 1
1) In the late 1600s, King James II consolidated the northern English colonies into the Dominion of New England and demanded unprecedented taxation and control, challenging land titles.
2) In the late 1600s, the overthrow of James II by William of Orange led England to expand its military, increasing taxes. By 1698, England's national debt reached £17 million as taxes could not keep up with spending.
3) In the early 1700s, the growth of colonial newspapers helped spread information between England and its colonies, giving colonial readers an English perspective on world events.
The jesuit relations
The Jesuit Relations reported on the French missionaries' efforts in 17th century North America to convert indigenous peoples to Catholicism. They documented topics like colonization, epidemics, missionary progress, and native customs. The reports provide insight into how diseases transformed native economies and technologies. While written from a European perspective, the relations also include some evidence of the Jesuits gaining a more nuanced understanding of native cultures over time.
Theme 4 part 2
The document summarizes the history of English colonies in North America, specifically the Chesapeake and Puritan colonies. In the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland, prosperity came from the tobacco boom in the 1640s-1650s but declined in later decades as good land became scarce and tobacco prices fell. A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 was eventually put down. The Puritan colonies in New England saw the native Indians as threats and worked to convert them to Christianity while clearing the land for farming, making it unsuitable for the Indians. War erupted between the Indians and New England colonists in 1636, culminating in the bloody King Philip's War of 1676 in which the Indian resistance
Theme 4 part 1
The document summarizes French colonization in North America between 1610-1750. It discusses the French establishing colonies in Canada and forming alliances with local Algonquian tribes against their enemies, the Iroquois. However, converting the native populations to Catholicism proved unsuccessful. The Iroquois grew stronger politically and militarily. Throughout this period, disease, warfare, and the fur trade disrupted and changed native societies. By the late 1600s, the French also established Louisiana in the Mississippi Valley. However, French colonies struggled with poor agricultural production and remained dependent on trade with local indigenous groups for survival.
People of portuguese and spanish america
Damiana da Cunha was a female Caiapo Indian leader in 18th century Brazil who acted as an interpreter and mediator between her people and the Brazilian state to encourage cultural adaptation while preserving their way of life. Catarina de Monte Sinay was a 17th-18th century Portuguese nun in Brazil who excelled in business and helped build a convent. Diego Vasicuio was a male native of Peru who worked to preserve his people's beliefs against missionaries pushing Catholicism in the village of Salamanca.
The spanish empire and habsburg spain
The Spanish Empire reached its peak during the 16th and 17th centuries under the Habsburg dynasty, controlling territory from the Americas to the East Indies. Spain focused on colonizing the Americas for exploration and resources. However, involvement in European religious wars drained Spain financially and led to the loss of European possessions by the early 18th century, though Spain retained control of its overseas empire.
Theme 3 part 1
The document summarizes the history of Portugal, the Portuguese Empire, and Colonial Brazil from 1400-1800. Key events include Portugal building possessions in South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia in the 15th-16th centuries, followed by a period of decline as other European powers took over trade. Colonial Brazil grew through extracting brazilwood in the 16th century, then sugar and later gold/diamond production. The Tordesillas Meridian divided South America between Portugal and Spain, and Portugal established colonial rule in Brazil through governors from the 1550s-1750s.
Big history
1) Big history looks at the progression of human knowledge and society from the formation of the universe to current times.
2) Pursuing knowledge has driven constant technological advances and changes in societies as knowledge defines people's worldviews.
3) Major climate changes like volcanic eruptions in the 6th century CE disrupted many societies and helped shape subsequent world history.
4) Factors like geography, climate, and available plants and animals gave Eurasian civilizations advantages that allowed them to dominate other parts of the world.
Big history
1) Big history looks at the overall progression of history from the beginning of the universe to present day as an interconnected system of forces including biology, geology, climatology and economics.
2) James Burke presented how mankind's constant pursuit of knowledge has created technological advances and change over time, shaping Western society.
3) Geneticist Spencer Wells showed how all humans today can trace their ancestry back to a common ancestor from only 50,000 years ago through genetics mapping despite early mankind facing extreme odds.
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Seven myths of spanish conquest
- 1. Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest Theme 5-Part 2 History 140 Jessica Jefferson
- 2. Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest Acknowledgements & Introduction How? - Why? - Seven? - Who Says? The number seven has deep roots with in the history of the Americas. • Mexica origin myth • Medieval law code • Cibola seven cities of gold Spain's actions and observations in the Americas occurred within the context of their own culture. • Bernal Diaz had to compare Tenochtitlan to medieval fantasy • “Truth itself has been discredited as a concept relevant to historical investigation”
- 3. Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest Chapter 1 The myth of Exceptional Men The story of a “handful of adventurers” conquering the Americas is not what is seems. • The Spaniards who crossed the Atlantic were a part of a larger process • Columbus’s, Cortes’s, and Pizarro’s name fame is mostly due to the fact that they were the initial discoverers of the Americas and it’s major Empires • The “great men” concept leaves out the accomplishments of the natives • The famous conquistadores were simply performing the already routine aspects of Spanish conquest
- 4. Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest Chapter 3 The myth of the White Conquistador Africans accompanied the Spanish in their invasions; equaling or exceeding them in number. Natives also played a key role. • Alvarado’s letter to Cortes stated his force comprised 250 Spaniards “and about five to six thousand friendly Indians.” • The Huejotzincans sought to use the presence of the Spanish to promote their interests and pursue rivalries against Mexica and Tlaxcalans • Using native allies was standard procedure for Spanish conquests
- 5. Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest Chapter 7 The myth of Superiority Saying the Spanish were superior because they conquered is circular reasoning. • The Spanish falsely viewed the natives as less than human; as barbarians • Mythic and non-mythic reasons are cited to explain Spaniard’s superiority: - God’s intervention & Miracles - God’s plan to unite the world under a Christian Spanish Monarchy - Disease killed the inferior natives - Natives had a different cultural approach to war - Natives saw conquistadors to be god-like • Spanish conquest was a component of the larger process of globalization
- 6. Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest Epilogue Interpretations of the past Multiple points of view are recorded for each of the four stages leading to and describing Cuauhtémoc's Betrayal • Spanish journey into Mactun territory • Expedition’s stay in Itzamkanac • Discovery of plot • Violent denouncement the dawn of Shrove Tuesday - The Maya’s description is most devoid of stereotypes • The exact truth of the event is masked by the varying accounts The myths behind Cuauhtémoc's death and of the Spanish conquest are metaphors that offer insight to the motives, methods, and patterns of human behavior.