Section 5 part 2
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The document discusses several key points about the Spanish conquest of America: 1) The number seven had special significance in the history and myths of Mexico. 2) Conquistadors like Christopher Columbus and Hernan Cortes publicized their exploits through letters and reports to gain favor and rewards from Spanish monarchs. 3) Diseases brought from Europe devastated native populations, giving the Spaniards a military advantage alongside their technology like horses, guns, and steel weapons.
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Seven myths of the spanish conquest
The document summarizes seven myths about the Spanish conquest of the Americas presented in a book. It discusses how the conquest is often portrayed as the achievement of a small group of adventurers, while ignoring the contributions of native allies and African slaves. It also notes that the conquistadors attributed their success to divine favor, serving the king, and fighting for survival, but other important factors were their technological advantages and native populations being devastated by disease. All accounts of the conquest were written by the biased Spanish conquistadors.
Indian Conquistadors
The document discusses the Spanish conquest of the Americas from 1519-1521. It notes that the Spanish relied heavily on native allies, who greatly outnumbered them, to help overcome the Mexica in battle. While the Spanish later tried to claim they conquered the region alone, the reality was that indigenous groups provided crucial military support, translation, food, and other services during the war and subsequent explorations. Their assistance was likely integral to the degree of success the Spanish achieved.
Jesuitslideshow
The document discusses the Jesuits' interactions with and observations of various Native American tribes such as the Huron and Iroquois in New France (Canada) during the 17th century. It describes how the Jesuits lived with the tribes to learn their languages and customs. While some native practices conflicted with European values, the Jesuits portrayed the tribes fairly and appreciated their way of life. It also discusses religious beliefs, treaty negotiations, winter hunts, and the torture of Jesuit prisoners by the Iroquois.
Jesuitslideshow
The Jesuits lived with and learned the languages and customs of the native tribes they encountered, gaining appreciation for their ways of life. Their positive descriptions contrasted with other colonists' views of indigenous people. The Jesuits also benefited from native knowledge and hospitality during harsh winters. While some native religious concepts resembled Christianity, differences like a belief in magic made conversion difficult. French colonists had to adopt indigenous treaty-making traditions like gift-giving to maintain peaceful relations with tribes. Torture of captives was part of the culture for some tribes like the Iroquois and unintentionally led to Jesuit martyrdom, which increased the order's prestige.
Seven myths
The document summarizes the key chapters and arguments from the book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". It debunks common myths about the conquest, including that it was led by exceptional men like Columbus and Cortes, that it was achieved by white conquistadors alone, and that the Spanish viewed themselves as superior to Native Americans. It concludes by examining conflicting accounts of Cuauhtemoc's betrayal from Spanish and Maya perspectives.
The Aztec Downfall
The Aztecs fell due to a lack of unification between cities, which allowed some groups to ally with conquistadors against others, as well as disease that killed 90% of the native population within a century of Spanish arrival. The conquistadors also had a significant technological advantage with their superior steel weapons like swords.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The document summarizes the effects of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa and the Americas. In Africa, the slave trade disrupted demographic patterns and family structures by targeting men. It undermined the economy by introducing European goods used to trade for slaves. It also increased wars and tensions as slaves became a commodity. In the Americas, the slave trade led to demographic changes and the integration of African culture. It also boosted the economy but left a legacy of racial and economic inequality. The Atlantic slave trade differed from other historical slavery in its immense scale, hereditary nature without chance of freedom, targeting of Africans, and rationalization by Europeans.
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Seven myths of the spanish conquest
The document summarizes seven myths about the Spanish conquest of the Americas presented in a book. It discusses how the conquest is often portrayed as the achievement of a small group of adventurers, while ignoring the contributions of native allies and African slaves. It also notes that the conquistadors attributed their success to divine favor, serving the king, and fighting for survival, but other important factors were their technological advantages and native populations being devastated by disease. All accounts of the conquest were written by the biased Spanish conquistadors.
Indian Conquistadors
The document discusses the Spanish conquest of the Americas from 1519-1521. It notes that the Spanish relied heavily on native allies, who greatly outnumbered them, to help overcome the Mexica in battle. While the Spanish later tried to claim they conquered the region alone, the reality was that indigenous groups provided crucial military support, translation, food, and other services during the war and subsequent explorations. Their assistance was likely integral to the degree of success the Spanish achieved.
Jesuitslideshow
The document discusses the Jesuits' interactions with and observations of various Native American tribes such as the Huron and Iroquois in New France (Canada) during the 17th century. It describes how the Jesuits lived with the tribes to learn their languages and customs. While some native practices conflicted with European values, the Jesuits portrayed the tribes fairly and appreciated their way of life. It also discusses religious beliefs, treaty negotiations, winter hunts, and the torture of Jesuit prisoners by the Iroquois.
Jesuitslideshow
The Jesuits lived with and learned the languages and customs of the native tribes they encountered, gaining appreciation for their ways of life. Their positive descriptions contrasted with other colonists' views of indigenous people. The Jesuits also benefited from native knowledge and hospitality during harsh winters. While some native religious concepts resembled Christianity, differences like a belief in magic made conversion difficult. French colonists had to adopt indigenous treaty-making traditions like gift-giving to maintain peaceful relations with tribes. Torture of captives was part of the culture for some tribes like the Iroquois and unintentionally led to Jesuit martyrdom, which increased the order's prestige.
Seven myths
The document summarizes the key chapters and arguments from the book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". It debunks common myths about the conquest, including that it was led by exceptional men like Columbus and Cortes, that it was achieved by white conquistadors alone, and that the Spanish viewed themselves as superior to Native Americans. It concludes by examining conflicting accounts of Cuauhtemoc's betrayal from Spanish and Maya perspectives.
The Aztec Downfall
The Aztecs fell due to a lack of unification between cities, which allowed some groups to ally with conquistadors against others, as well as disease that killed 90% of the native population within a century of Spanish arrival. The conquistadors also had a significant technological advantage with their superior steel weapons like swords.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The document summarizes the effects of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa and the Americas. In Africa, the slave trade disrupted demographic patterns and family structures by targeting men. It undermined the economy by introducing European goods used to trade for slaves. It also increased wars and tensions as slaves became a commodity. In the Americas, the slave trade led to demographic changes and the integration of African culture. It also boosted the economy but left a legacy of racial and economic inequality. The Atlantic slave trade differed from other historical slavery in its immense scale, hereditary nature without chance of freedom, targeting of Africans, and rationalization by Europeans.
The Slave Trade
The document discusses the Trans-Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the Americas between 1450-1800. It provides statistics on the number of Africans kidnapped and sold into slavery during this period, with estimates ranging from 10-15 million slaves transported across the Atlantic. It also describes the triangular trade route that emerged, linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with slaves from Africa being exchanged for goods. The horrific "Middle Passage" involved transporting slaves across the Atlantic under terrible conditions.
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This document summarizes several sections from a Big History journal. It describes how various empires and civilizations rose and fell between 500 BC to 1000 AD due to factors like resources, agriculture, and military strength. It also discusses Jared Diamond's theory from Guns, Germs and Steel that Europe's success was influenced by advantageous geography and access to crops and livestock. The document then examines how slavery, though viewed negatively, shaped economies by supporting plantation agriculture and exports, driving substantial growth in countries worldwide. Slavery has existed throughout history and was an important turning point, according to the text.
The conquest
The Hispanic period in America began with Christopher Columbus' arrival in 1492 and lasted until the mid-1500s. It consisted of three phases: discovery, conquest, and colony. The Spanish were able to conquer parts of America due to seeking new trade routes to Asia, technological advantages like guns and horses, and diseases that devastated indigenous populations. Conquistadors like Columbus, Pizarro, and Belalcázar explored and conquered parts of what is now Colombia. The conquest period was violent and oppressive for native peoples, resulting in death, enslavement, and cultural destruction. It established Spanish political control through founding towns and signing contracts (capitulations) with conquistadors.
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The document discusses the roles of native allies in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. It states that while historians have attributed Cortez's victory to pretending to be a god, the conquest was actually enabled by diseases, steel weapons, and large numbers of native allies. These native allies served in crucial non-combat roles as guides, spies, translators, and messengers, and their numbers during the siege of Tenochtitlan were estimated by Spanish captains. After the conquest, there were disputes over payments to different native groups for their contributions to defeating the Mexica. Some cities, like Tlaxcala, initially resisted allying with the Spanish but later formed a truce to jointly oppose the Mexica alliance.
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Imperialism involved powerful countries exerting political control and domination over other lands and peoples. There were several economic, political, and ideological motives that drove European imperialism in the late 19th century. Economically, countries sought new markets and resources. Politically, they wanted to gain territory and compete with rivals. Ideologically, there was a belief that Europeans were superior and had a duty to civilize other cultures.
Slave trade, afst
The document discusses the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade which began in the 17th century. Plantations in the Americas and Caribbean demanded labor, and Africans were forcibly taken to these colonies as slaves. It is estimated that millions of Africans were transported this way by the 18th century, with the numbers doubling from the 17th century. While slavery had existed in Africa, the slave trade with Europeans industrialized and vastly increased the scale. Africans were often captured from other tribes or cultural groups and sold on the coast to European traders. The transport of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic became known as the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly impacted societies and economies in both Africa and the Americas.
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The document discusses the San and Khoikhoi peoples who inhabited the Western Cape region of South Africa in the 16th century, prior to European colonization. It describes the San as the earliest inhabitants who lived as hunter-gatherers, while the Khoikhoi were also hunter-gatherers but supplemented their diet by herding livestock. As European settlers established colonies in the Cape in the 17th-18th centuries, they appropriated land from the Khoikhoi and San peoples, disrupting their way of life and forcing many into servitude on farms. Racial mixing occurred between European men and Khoikhoi/San women and slave women imported to the Cape, laying the foundations
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The document summarizes the major European colonial powers and some of their earliest colonies in North America during the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British colonies, as well as some of the earliest English settlements like Jamestown, Plymouth, and St. Augustine. Key events mentioned include the founding of Brazil by the Portuguese, the establishment of the 13 British colonies along the eastern seaboard, and the first Thanksgiving celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth in 1621.
Slave trade
Slavery had a significant influence on the development of Latin America. Africans were transported across the Atlantic in the transatlantic slave trade, with over 12 million sent to the Americas between 1450-1850. They provided forced labor to work on sugar plantations in Brazil and other crops elsewhere in Latin America, fueling economic growth and making colonies like Brazil wealthy. The slave trade had cultural, economic, and demographic impacts, with Africans bringing aspects of their culture while slavery expanded diverse populations across the region.
European Exploration
Europeans went exploring for three main reasons: gold, God, and glory. Explorers were seeking riches like gold (GOLD), wanting to spread their religion to other lands (GOD), and being driven by personal ambition for fame and glory (GLORY). Beginning in the late 15th century, European powers like Spain, France, and Britain competed to explore and claim territory in North America.
European contact
Spanish explorers first entered Georgia in the 1500s, bringing diseases that devastated the native population. In 1540, the conquistador Hernando De Soto led 600 soldiers across Georgia, torturing and enslaving natives in search of gold and silver. Though he found no gold, De Soto had a lasting negative impact on the natives. Diseases introduced by the Spanish, to which the natives had no resistance, wiped out entire villages. The Spanish went on to establish missions along Georgia's barrier islands to convert natives to Catholicism.
African slave trade
As European demand for sugar and other crops from the Americas increased, they established vast plantations that required immense amounts of labor. They turned to Africa to meet this need, launching the transatlantic slave trade between the 15th-18th centuries where they forcibly transported over 12 million Africans to the Americas to work on these plantations under horrific conditions. The establishment of the plantations and slave trade had profound social and economic impacts throughout Africa, the Americas, and Europe for centuries.
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The document discusses the colonization of America by European powers like Spain, France, and England. It notes that while all three wanted to conquer and convert people to their religion, Spain and France were more aggressive than England. Religion was a major factor in helping Europeans dominate, as they claimed their God was superior and used it to convince people to work hard. The benefits of colonization went mainly to Europe, as they gained power, wealth, and markets by exploiting resources and people in the colonies. Overall, the process degraded humans and reduced Native American culture and autonomy while establishing slavery.
Colonization of America
1. The document discusses European colonization of the Americas and its impact on native populations.
2. It argues that the conquistadors tricked native Americans with false promises of a new era of freedom and civilization, but their real goal was to destroy native cultures and exploit the land for profit by making the populations slaves.
3. Religion played a key role, as Europeans used persuasive religious ideas to more easily control and dominate the native populations.
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The document summarizes the social, political, economic, and cultural impacts of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa. It discusses how the slave trade contributed to instability, conflicts between groups, the mixing of languages, and loss of cultural practices. Economically, it robbed Africa of human resources and strained the agricultural workforce. It led to a shift to a dependence on European goods and industrial economies. Overall, the slave trade negatively impacted Africa's development while helping to develop Western Europe.
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The document discusses the origins and impacts of the Atlantic slave trade. It began with African kingdoms practicing slavery for centuries before Europeans greatly increased demand. Slaves were transported in horrific conditions on ships to the Americas to work plantations growing cash crops like sugar. An estimated 11 million Africans were enslaved, with millions dying during the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly disrupted African societies and economies while fueling plantation economies in the Americas through centuries of slave labor.
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This document provides instructions and materials for an activity to analyze the motives behind European imperialism in Africa and Asia in the late 19th century. Students are shown images and artifacts from different regions and time periods and must determine which of the five motives (religious, ideological, political, economic, exploratory) each represents. The motives are then defined. The activity aims to give students a deeper understanding of imperialism and its effects on indigenous peoples. After examining the images, students are asked to revisit which single motive they feel was the biggest driving force behind European imperialism and explain their choice in a one paragraph response.
Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
The document summarizes several chapters from the book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest" which aims to debunk common myths about key figures and events during the Spanish conquest of South and Central America. Some of the myths addressed include that figures like Columbus and Cortes had unique roles, when in reality many individuals contributed. It also notes that native peoples, Africans, and disease played major roles but are often overlooked in favor of focusing on the Spanish conquistadors. Divisions between native groups are also emphasized as something the Spanish exploited but did not create.
Theme5 part2
This document summarizes Kendra Lacasella's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest" which aims to debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest of the Americas. The book examines myths such as the Spanish conquistadors being exceptional men, the invisibility of native and African peoples in the conquest, notions of Spanish superiority, and the role of disease and native disunity in enabling the conquest. By analyzing primary source documents from the time with a critical lens, the book provides a more nuanced understanding of the Spanish conquest that dispels long-held myths.
Seven myths of the Spanish Conquest
The document discusses seven myths of the Spanish conquest, including the myth of the "great men" like Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro conquering empires alone, the myth that the Spanish conquest was a clash of civilizations rather than involving native allies, and the myth that the Spanish crown directly organized and financed the conquests from the beginning.
Seven myths of the spanish conquest
This document provides an overview of Chelsea England's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". Each chapter examines a common myth or misconception about the conquest. Chapter 1 looks at the myth that the conquistadors were simply soldiers sent by the King of Spain. Chapter 2 discusses the myth of communication between the Spanish and indigenous groups. Chapter 3 analyzes the myth that the conquest instantly reduced native American populations and cultures.
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The document discusses the Trans-Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the Americas between 1450-1800. It provides statistics on the number of Africans kidnapped and sold into slavery during this period, with estimates ranging from 10-15 million slaves transported across the Atlantic. It also describes the triangular trade route that emerged, linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with slaves from Africa being exchanged for goods. The horrific "Middle Passage" involved transporting slaves across the Atlantic under terrible conditions.
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This document summarizes several sections from a Big History journal. It describes how various empires and civilizations rose and fell between 500 BC to 1000 AD due to factors like resources, agriculture, and military strength. It also discusses Jared Diamond's theory from Guns, Germs and Steel that Europe's success was influenced by advantageous geography and access to crops and livestock. The document then examines how slavery, though viewed negatively, shaped economies by supporting plantation agriculture and exports, driving substantial growth in countries worldwide. Slavery has existed throughout history and was an important turning point, according to the text.
The conquest
The Hispanic period in America began with Christopher Columbus' arrival in 1492 and lasted until the mid-1500s. It consisted of three phases: discovery, conquest, and colony. The Spanish were able to conquer parts of America due to seeking new trade routes to Asia, technological advantages like guns and horses, and diseases that devastated indigenous populations. Conquistadors like Columbus, Pizarro, and Belalcázar explored and conquered parts of what is now Colombia. The conquest period was violent and oppressive for native peoples, resulting in death, enslavement, and cultural destruction. It established Spanish political control through founding towns and signing contracts (capitulations) with conquistadors.
Indian conqistadors
The document discusses the roles of native allies in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. It states that while historians have attributed Cortez's victory to pretending to be a god, the conquest was actually enabled by diseases, steel weapons, and large numbers of native allies. These native allies served in crucial non-combat roles as guides, spies, translators, and messengers, and their numbers during the siege of Tenochtitlan were estimated by Spanish captains. After the conquest, there were disputes over payments to different native groups for their contributions to defeating the Mexica. Some cities, like Tlaxcala, initially resisted allying with the Spanish but later formed a truce to jointly oppose the Mexica alliance.
powerpoint.4
Imperialism involved powerful countries exerting political control and domination over other lands and peoples. There were several economic, political, and ideological motives that drove European imperialism in the late 19th century. Economically, countries sought new markets and resources. Politically, they wanted to gain territory and compete with rivals. Ideologically, there was a belief that Europeans were superior and had a duty to civilize other cultures.
Slave trade, afst
The document discusses the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade which began in the 17th century. Plantations in the Americas and Caribbean demanded labor, and Africans were forcibly taken to these colonies as slaves. It is estimated that millions of Africans were transported this way by the 18th century, with the numbers doubling from the 17th century. While slavery had existed in Africa, the slave trade with Europeans industrialized and vastly increased the scale. Africans were often captured from other tribes or cultural groups and sold on the coast to European traders. The transport of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic became known as the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly impacted societies and economies in both Africa and the Americas.
2 san and khoikhoi
The document discusses the San and Khoikhoi peoples who inhabited the Western Cape region of South Africa in the 16th century, prior to European colonization. It describes the San as the earliest inhabitants who lived as hunter-gatherers, while the Khoikhoi were also hunter-gatherers but supplemented their diet by herding livestock. As European settlers established colonies in the Cape in the 17th-18th centuries, they appropriated land from the Khoikhoi and San peoples, disrupting their way of life and forcing many into servitude on farms. Racial mixing occurred between European men and Khoikhoi/San women and slave women imported to the Cape, laying the foundations
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The document summarizes the major European colonial powers and some of their earliest colonies in North America during the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British colonies, as well as some of the earliest English settlements like Jamestown, Plymouth, and St. Augustine. Key events mentioned include the founding of Brazil by the Portuguese, the establishment of the 13 British colonies along the eastern seaboard, and the first Thanksgiving celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth in 1621.
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Slavery had a significant influence on the development of Latin America. Africans were transported across the Atlantic in the transatlantic slave trade, with over 12 million sent to the Americas between 1450-1850. They provided forced labor to work on sugar plantations in Brazil and other crops elsewhere in Latin America, fueling economic growth and making colonies like Brazil wealthy. The slave trade had cultural, economic, and demographic impacts, with Africans bringing aspects of their culture while slavery expanded diverse populations across the region.
European Exploration
Europeans went exploring for three main reasons: gold, God, and glory. Explorers were seeking riches like gold (GOLD), wanting to spread their religion to other lands (GOD), and being driven by personal ambition for fame and glory (GLORY). Beginning in the late 15th century, European powers like Spain, France, and Britain competed to explore and claim territory in North America.
European contact
Spanish explorers first entered Georgia in the 1500s, bringing diseases that devastated the native population. In 1540, the conquistador Hernando De Soto led 600 soldiers across Georgia, torturing and enslaving natives in search of gold and silver. Though he found no gold, De Soto had a lasting negative impact on the natives. Diseases introduced by the Spanish, to which the natives had no resistance, wiped out entire villages. The Spanish went on to establish missions along Georgia's barrier islands to convert natives to Catholicism.
African slave trade
As European demand for sugar and other crops from the Americas increased, they established vast plantations that required immense amounts of labor. They turned to Africa to meet this need, launching the transatlantic slave trade between the 15th-18th centuries where they forcibly transported over 12 million Africans to the Americas to work on these plantations under horrific conditions. The establishment of the plantations and slave trade had profound social and economic impacts throughout Africa, the Americas, and Europe for centuries.
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The document discusses the colonization of America by European powers like Spain, France, and England. It notes that while all three wanted to conquer and convert people to their religion, Spain and France were more aggressive than England. Religion was a major factor in helping Europeans dominate, as they claimed their God was superior and used it to convince people to work hard. The benefits of colonization went mainly to Europe, as they gained power, wealth, and markets by exploiting resources and people in the colonies. Overall, the process degraded humans and reduced Native American culture and autonomy while establishing slavery.
Colonization of America
1. The document discusses European colonization of the Americas and its impact on native populations.
2. It argues that the conquistadors tricked native Americans with false promises of a new era of freedom and civilization, but their real goal was to destroy native cultures and exploit the land for profit by making the populations slaves.
3. Religion played a key role, as Europeans used persuasive religious ideas to more easily control and dominate the native populations.
Assess the impact of the atlantic slave trade on w. africa up to the 1800 [re...
The document summarizes the social, political, economic, and cultural impacts of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa. It discusses how the slave trade contributed to instability, conflicts between groups, the mixing of languages, and loss of cultural practices. Economically, it robbed Africa of human resources and strained the agricultural workforce. It led to a shift to a dependence on European goods and industrial economies. Overall, the slave trade negatively impacted Africa's development while helping to develop Western Europe.
Atlantic slave trade
The document discusses the origins and impacts of the Atlantic slave trade. It began with African kingdoms practicing slavery for centuries before Europeans greatly increased demand. Slaves were transported in horrific conditions on ships to the Americas to work plantations growing cash crops like sugar. An estimated 11 million Africans were enslaved, with millions dying during the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly disrupted African societies and economies while fueling plantation economies in the Americas through centuries of slave labor.
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The case of Jan Paerl in 1796 highlights tensions between masters and servants in Cape colonial society and ambiguous legal statuses. Paerl contested his children being indentured following their mother's death, though indigenous children could be indentured until 25. While Khoisan theoretically had rights, equality before the law was not fully realized, and one's identity affected legal access. Contests over rights occurred between new British authorities, Dutch farmers, and slaves/Khoisan.
Imperialist motives
This document provides instructions and materials for an activity to analyze the motives behind European imperialism in Africa and Asia in the late 19th century. Students are shown images and artifacts from different regions and time periods and must determine which of the five motives (religious, ideological, political, economic, exploratory) each represents. The motives are then defined. The activity aims to give students a deeper understanding of imperialism and its effects on indigenous peoples. After examining the images, students are asked to revisit which single motive they feel was the biggest driving force behind European imperialism and explain their choice in a one paragraph response.
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Charles V believed he had inherited power directly from ancient Roman emperors like Augustus and Constantine down to Charlemagne. He sought to build a universal Catholic empire and treated all peoples equally under God. However, his thirst for conquest was insatiable. Other states also traced their power back to Rome, including the Ottomans and Muslim rivals of Charles V. Explorers were discovering that ancient maps of places like Asia and the yet-to-be discovered Americas were often wrong, and conquering the oceans would be key to unlocking knowledge of unknown lands like those reached by Portuguese explorer Prince Henry.
Allison mc bride layered curriculum
The document defines key terms related to the Spanish conquest of the Americas and colonization, including encomiendas (land grants with native inhabitants), viceroys (royal representatives), conquistadors (Spanish explorers), and Las Casas (Dominican missionary). It also profiles important figures like Francisco Pizarro (conqueror of Peru), Montezuma (Aztec emperor), and La Malinche (Nahua woman who assisted Hernan Cortes).
Lesson one
This document provides an overview of early Native American cultures, their interactions with Europeans, and the establishment of colonial powers in the Americas. It describes diverse Native American societies across North and South America, including the Aztecs and their large cities. It then summarizes the earliest contacts between Native Americans and Europeans like Columbus, the conquests of the Aztecs and Incas, and the problems that arose from the conquistadors systems of control.
Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest
This document summarizes the key points from each chapter of Matthew Restall's book "Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest". The chapters debunk common myths about the Spanish conquest, including that it was led by a small group of adventurers, the conquistadors were professional soldiers, Native Americans and blacks played no role, and Native American culture was completely destroyed. Restall argues these myths originated to justify Spanish actions but fail to recognize the diversity of those involved or Native American agency. He examines how an ideology of Spanish superiority developed and why these myths have persisted.
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The Glorious Revolution in England led to William and Mary taking the throne as Protestants, which relieved English officials but created uncertainty over control of the colonies. Piracy was seen as hindering empire success by the 1700s, though pirates had shared plunder equally except for the captain. Revivals in the 1700s emphasized emotional conversion over reason and eventually became intercolonial.
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This document summarizes the interactions between French missionaries, specifically the Jesuits, and indigenous peoples in New France (Canada) in the 17th century. It describes the cultures and religious beliefs of the Algonquian-speaking Montagnais and the Iroquoian-speaking Huron nations. It also discusses the missionary efforts among these groups, their experiences with European diseases, and the eventual collapse of the Huron nation due to attacks from the Iroquois Confederacy.
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The region of Virginia was named after Queen Elizabeth I and first colonized by Walter Raleigh in 1585. The early colonial economy relied on tobacco farming and exporting the crop to England for profit. Relations with local Algonquian tribes deteriorated as colonists took more of their land for tobacco cultivation. Puritan missionaries also tried to forcibly convert and assimilate the tribes, which contributed to conflicts like King Philip's War in 1636 and the collapse of Indian resistance by 1676.
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Antonio de Gouveia was a 15th century Portuguese priest who studied many subjects like astrology, alchemy, and medicine. He gained a reputation for his mining talents and was later accused of witchcraft. After imprisonment and punishment, he was exiled from Portugal.
Catarina de Montay became a nun in Brazil and used the money she earned selling sweets to donate to her chapel. She helped support the community during economic hardships.
Diego Vasicuio was a Peruvian Indian in the late 17th century who was accused of creating a cult at age 90, but was actually preserving his people's religious beliefs and sacred sites.
Struggle and survival in colonial america
Antonio de Gouveia was a 15th century Portuguese priest who studied many subjects like astrology, alchemy, and medicine. He gained a reputation for his mining talents and was later accused of witchcraft. After imprisonment and punishment, he was exiled from Portugal.
Catarina de Montay became a nun in Brazil and used the money she earned selling sweets to donate to her chapel. She helped support her community during economic hardships.
Diego Vasicuio was a Peruvian Indian in the late 17th century who was accused of creating a cult at age 90, but was actually preserving his people's religious beliefs and sacred sites.
Struggle and survival in colonial america
Antonio de Gouveia was a 15th century Portuguese priest who studied many subjects like astrology, alchemy, and medicine. He gained a reputation for his mining talents and was later accused of witchcraft. After imprisonment and punishment, he was exiled from Portugal.
Catarina de Montay became a nun in Brazil and used the money she earned selling sweets to donate to her chapel. She helped support the community during economic hardships.
Diego Vasicuio was a Peruvian Indian in the late 17th century who was accused of creating a cult at age 90, but was actually preserving his people's religious beliefs and sacred sites.
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The House of Habsburg was a powerful royal dynasty in Europe from the 11th-18th centuries. Through strategic marriages, they accumulated territories including Spain, Austria, Burgundy, Bohemia, and Hungary. While the Austrian branch continued, the Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 after King Charles II's death. Inbreeding over many generations weakened the Spanish branch and contributed to their extinction, as Spain declined in the late 17th century during economic troubles and wars.
Port empire
The Portuguese Empire rose to become a world power in the 15th-16th centuries during the Age of Discovery, gaining territories and establishing trading posts. However, by the 17th century its power had declined as the Dutch, English, and French took over its lucrative spice, slave, and territory control. Portugal's economy and military weakened, and it entered a dynastic union with Spain. By the 19th century, Portugal had lost most of its colonies, including Brazil in 1822, and two million Portuguese emigrated. The monarchy was overthrown in 1910. Portugal held onto African colonies until granting them independence in 1975 after a long colonial war.
Port empire
The Portuguese Empire rose to become a world power in the 15th-16th centuries during the Age of Discovery, gaining colonies and trade routes. However, by the 17th century its power had declined as other European nations took over its territories and trade. Portugal lost its most valuable colony, Brazil, in 1822. The monarchy was overthrown in 1910 but corruption and repression continued until democratic reforms in the mid-20th century granted independence to Portugal's African colonies in 1975.
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The document discusses several concepts related to big history, including how examining the origins and production of everyday items like coffee can provide insight into broader historical trends. It also summarizes several films that trace major events and migrations in human history, such as the spread of people out of Africa, catastrophic climate events like volcanic eruptions, and how geographical factors influenced different societies' development. Key events discussed include the migration of early humans, the plague of 535 CE, and how trade introduced new crops and animals between the Old World and New World.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Section 5 part 2
- 2. • The number seven has a profound meaning when it comes to the history of America. • Christopher Columbus had important Portuguese connections and his discoveries were an mistaken replica of the Portuguese expansion two centuries old. • The seven myths of the Conquest were all found in the Cortez legend, the foundation of the Spanish law during the Conquest period was called “The Seven Items”, and the origin myth of Mexico all stated with the tale of seven lineages coming from seven caves in a mythical location in Mexico.
- 3. • This chapter noted some important people in history and summarized the important events and roles that took place. • Probanzas were reports written by conquerors which were sent back to Spanish monarchs for the purpose of moving up in office, title or pension. • These probanzas were eventually evolved into historical recollections • The famous conquistadores were just remaking what the natives had already explored in the Spanish conquest.
- 4. • With the battles between the Spaniards and the barbarians being noted, the fact that the fee and enslaved Africans as well as the natives stood b the Spaniards as allies in battle. • The support of these allies were crucial for the supplies they offered as well as the support in w • The women cooked and later became servants where as the native men fought and transported supplies • One big reason that Hernan Cortes became we known was because of the rapid publication of letters to the king.
- 5. • The price that occurred during the Conquest was disease. • The disease smallpox, the flu and measles arrived from people and animals from the Old World which took a huge toll on the Native American people. • the sword was the most favored weapon of the natives while the Spaniards favored steel, horses, guns, and dogs. • The differences in culture of war with the Spanish culture and Native cultures was imperative to the Conquest because both cultures could utilize each others strengths and learn from each others weaknesses
- 6. • In self told writing of past events it is obvious that the writing is biased when describing the tales of the natives. • The natives are perceived as helpless, uneducated and without religion when in reality they were not any of those and were just different from the culture of the Spaniards. • In the story of Mexica emperor, Cuauhyemoc’s death has been written from four different perspectives. This could have to do with the language barriers and miscommunication.