This document summarizes a discussion of the paper "Are Intangibles More Productive in ICT-Intensive Industries? Evidence from EU Countries" by Wen Chen, Thomas Niebel, and Marianne Saam. The discussant provides an overview of the paper's motivation, empirical strategy, results and main contributions. However, they also raise some concerns about how the research question is framed and the specification of the empirical model. Suggestions are made to better focus the research question, include all interaction terms, improve the econometrics, and provide more details on industry intangible investment estimates.
The aim of this paper is to provide some insights on the estimation and forecasting of Ukrainian GDP from the supply side. The aggregate output is modeled on the basis of the aggregate production function estimated from official data on 33 branches of the economy. Later, the model was enhanced by allowing for some level of disaggregation. In this attempt, production functions for major sectors (manufacturing, agriculture, services etc.) were estimated separately to help account for industry peculiarities. Though the theory underlying this study is straightforward, the Ukrainian context in which it was applied assures a challenge for a researcher. The major difficulties are linked to the transitional state of the economy, characterized by structural flaws, considerable changes in statistical methodology, poor quality of data, very short time series, inconsistency of some indicators, lack of stable economic relationships and a significant shadow economy.
Published in 2000
The aim of this paper is to provide some insights on the estimation and forecasting of Ukrainian GDP from the supply side. The aggregate output is modeled on the basis of the aggregate production function estimated from official data on 33 branches of the economy. Later, the model was enhanced by allowing for some level of disaggregation. In this attempt, production functions for major sectors (manufacturing, agriculture, services etc.) were estimated separately to help account for industry peculiarities. Though the theory underlying this study is straightforward, the Ukrainian context in which it was applied assures a challenge for a researcher. The major difficulties are linked to the transitional state of the economy, characterized by structural flaws, considerable changes in statistical methodology, poor quality of data, very short time series, inconsistency of some indicators, lack of stable economic relationships and a significant shadow economy.
Published in 2000
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Corporate Finance for Early & Growth Stage CompaniesBoast Capital
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Gain the knowledge and tools you need to make decisions regarding financing sources and avoid common pitfalls. Specifically you will learn:
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Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
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On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
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what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
1. Are Intangibles More Productive in ICT-Intensive
Industries?
Evidence from EU Countries
by Wen Chen, Thomas Niebel, Marianne Saam
Discussed by
Cecilia Jona-Lasinio
(ISTAT and LUISS Lab)
IARIW 33rd General Conference
Rotterdam, the Netherlands, August 24-30, 2014
C. Jona-Lasinio
2. Outline
• Motivation and goal of the paper
• Empirical findings
• Major remarks
• Theoretical model
• Econometric strategy
• Suggestions
C. Jona-Lasinio
3. Motivation I
• ICT is a fundamental driver of economic growth
(Jorgenson and Stiroh, (1995) and (1999); Oliner, Sichel
and Stiroh (2007)), but ICT alone does not explain the
large country-industry productivity gap between Europe
and the U.S.
• Intangible capital has emerged as a new relevant source of
productivity growth in the U.S. (Corrado, Hulten and
Sichel, 2005, 2009) and in the European economies
(Corrado, Haskel, Jona-Lasinio, Iommi, 2012 and 2014a).
• Microeconomic evidence emphasyses the relevance of
co-investments in training and organisational change to
generate ICT productivity benefits (e.g., Bresnahan,
Brynjolfsson, and Hitt, 2002; Brynjolfsson, Hitt, and Yang,
2002).
C. Jona-Lasinio
4. Motivation II
• Macroeconomic productivity studies suggest that the
returns to ICT and productivity growth are higher once
proxies for intangibles are explicitly accounted for, e.g.
Basu, Fernald, Oulton, and Srinivasan (2004).
• Based on an econometric analysis of a 10 country, 10 year
KLEMS sample of productivity growth in the EU, Corrado,
Haskel and Jona-Lasinio (2014a)1
found that productivity
in ICT-intensive industries is stronger in countries with
relatively fast-growing intangible capital, suggesting
complementarity between ICT and intangible capital.
1Revised, working paper version of paper presented at 2nd World KLEMS
conference, August, 2012, and 3rd SEEK Conference (ZEW, Manheim, April 2013)
C. Jona-Lasinio
5. Aim and main contribution of the paper
• The authors explore to what extent the contribution of
intangible capital to industry productivity growth is related
to the degree of ICT intensity at the industry level.
• Main contribution of the paper:
• Extend the analysis developed in Corrado, Haskel,
Jona-Lasino (2014) including industry measures of
intangible capital.
• Test different measures of ICT intensity
C. Jona-Lasinio
6. Empirical strategy
• They adopt a difference-in-difference approach a la Rajan
and Zingales (1998) to test the productivity impact of
intangible assets in ICT intensive industries (Corrado,
Haskel, Jona-Lasinio(2014a)).
• Data on intangibles are obtained breaking down the
INTAN-Invest Harmonized business investment by industry
(Niebel, O’Mahony and Saam, 2013).
• Sample: 10 European countries, 11 NACE Rev1.1 industries
(A to O) over the period 1995-2007.
C. Jona-Lasinio
8. Empirical model
∆(v − l)c,i,t = γ1∆(kNICT
− l)c,i,t ∗ DICT
c,i
+ γ2∆(kICT
− l)c,i,t ∗ DICT
c,i
+ γ3∆(kINT
− l)c,i,t ∗ DICT
c,i
+ βX + ωc,i + τt + c,i,t
The main assumption is that γ3 > 0 while γ1 and γ2 < 0
C. Jona-Lasinio
9. ICT intensity measures
observe that transport (I), financial intermediation (J), and business services (K) are ICT-intensive
industries according to all four measures; while agriculture (AtB), manufacturing (D), and
construction (F) are always ICT non-intensive. Mining and quarrying (C) remain below the median
for three measures.8
Figure 4.1: FOUR MEASURES OF E.U. INDUSTRY ICT INTENSITY
Since the ICT intensity might be endogenous, we follow Michaels, Natraj and Van Reenen (2014)
.02 .027 .042
.1
.13 .14
.25 .25
.29 .31
.47
0
.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9
1
AtB F H D O G K I E C J
Ratio of ICT capital to labour services
.0057 .011 .014 .019 .028 .035 .038 .038 .061
.085
.11
0
.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9
1
AtB F H C D G E O K I J
ICT capital share of value added
.043
.073 .085 .11 .12
.16
.21 .21
.26
.32
.37
0
.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9
1
AtB C E F D H G O I K J
ICT capital share of total capital services
.025
.051 .055 .059 .073 .087
.11 .13
.2 .21
.24
0
.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9
1
AtB C E F D H G O K I J
ICT capital share of total capital compensation
C. Jona-Lasinio
10. Empirical results
Table 5.1: COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCT FUNCTION ESTIMATION
DV: ∆𝐥𝐧 (𝑽/𝑳) 𝒄,𝒊,𝒕
(1)
Two-capital inputs
(2)
INT augmented
(3)
Full Model
(4)
Full Model
OLS OLS OLS IV
NICT
(β1) 0.372***
(0.050)
0.313***
(0.048)
0.312***
(0.049)
0.312***
(0.056)
ICT
(β2) 0.087***
(0.026)
0.080***
(0.025)
0.066***
(0.024)
0.034
(0.024)
INT
(β3) 0.130***
(0.031)
0.161***
(0.034)
0.126***
(0.029)
𝑁𝐼𝐶𝑇× 𝐷 , (γ1) -0.060
(0.284)
-0.251
(0.271)
𝐼𝐶𝑇× 𝐷 , (γ2) -0.207**
(0.088)
0.086
(0.354)
𝐼𝑁𝑇× 𝐷 , (γ3) 0.340*
(0.193)
0.752***
(0.208)
Year dummies Yes Yes Yes Yes
N 1320 1320 1320 1320
Adjusted R2 0.187 0.209 0.214
Note: The output V (i.e. value-added) in Column (1) is not adjusted for the inclusion of intangible capital; whereas for column (2)-
(4), intangibles are added both as an input and an output. Hence, output V is adjusted for intangibles in these columns. All
specifications in column (1)-(4) include the country-industry-specific fixed effects. Standard errors shown in parentheses are
heteroscedastic-robust to country-industry clustering. Column (3) and (4) calculate the country-industry ICT intensity as the ratio
C. Jona-Lasinio
11. Empirical results
Figure 5.1: MARGINAL EFFECT OF INTANGIBLE CAPITAL
-.2-.1
0
.1.2.3.4.5.6.7
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Demeaned_ICT_Intensity*100
Marginal Effect 95% lower band C.I.
95% upper band C.I.
C. Jona-Lasinio
12. Main contribution of the paper
• The empirical findings support the assumption that ICT
and intangible capital are complementary in the
production process (Corrado et al 2014)
• Results are robust across different measures of ICT
intensity and to alternative industry grouping criteria
C. Jona-Lasinio
13. Major remarks: research question
The research question should be better focused
• The interaction model, as it is specified, is based on the
assumption that the productivity impact of all capital
inputs depends on the degree of ICT intensity.
• But what is the theoretical motivation supporting this
assumption?
• What are the omitted effects that should be captured by
the interaction between ICT intensity and ICT capital
accumulation? How this is related to the complementary
relations between ICT and intangible capital?
• ... and what about the interaction with NON-ICT capital
(including Residential buildings)?
C. Jona-Lasinio
14. Major remarks: econometric approach
The econometric model is not robustly specified
• Interaction models should include all constitutive terms
otherwise they produce biased and inconsistent estimates
(Brambor, Clark and Golder (2005)).
∆(v − l)c,i,t = α1DICT
c,i + γ1∆(kNICT
− l)c,i,t ∗ DICT
c,i
+ γ2∆(kICT
− l)c,i,t ∗ DICT
c,i + γ3∆(kINT
− l)c,i,t ∗ DICT
c,i
+ βX + ωc,i + τt + c,i,t
• Omitting α1DICT
c,i it is as assuming that α1 is zero. That is
based on the expectation that DICT
c,i has no effect on
∆(v − l)c,i,t when ∆(kj
− l)c,i,t is zero, where
(j= ICT, NON-ICT, INT).
C. Jona-Lasinio
15. Minor remarks
• The econometrics has to be improved
• The output elasticities of ICT and intangible in cols 1 and 2 (Table
5.1) might be severely biased because of the well known endogeneity
of capital inputs. Instrumental variable estimation (including
statistical tests) has to be reported.
• The labour quality control might have a relevant effect on the size of
the interaction coefficients and has to be included in all the
specifications.
• The background literature has to be extended. Recently,
other studies have developed estimates of intangible
investment at the industry level: (Chun, Fukao, Hisa, Miyagawa
(2012), Miyagawa and Hisa (2013) and Dal Borgo, Goodridge, Haskel,
and Pesole (2013), Corrado, Haskel, Jona-Lasinio, Iommi(2014b)).
C. Jona-Lasinio
16. Suggestions
• Better focus the research question
• Check how/if the inclusion of all the interacted terms
affect the empirical findings
• Improve the econometrics
• Provide information about industry estimates of intangible
investment
C. Jona-Lasinio