This document discusses the classification of mental disorders according to the DSM-IV-TR. It covers key categories of mental disorders that commonly co-occur with substance use disorders, including mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance-induced disorders. Symptoms of specific disorders within each category are defined, such as the criteria for a major depressive episode, symptoms of schizophrenia, and characteristics of borderline personality disorder. The document emphasizes that a qualified professional must formally diagnose mental health conditions.
Will talk about the severe psychological disorders-- The familiar name for all might be -"Schizophrenia" - it is not just one category but has multiple categories combined under -"Schizophrenia spectrum"
My forensic psychiatric research done in Indian jails shows most convicts under murder cases belong to schizophrenia spectrum (98% schizophrenia and 2% paranoid & schizoid personality disorders), and most have murdered their spouses, family members, friends or colleagues and surrendered themselves on the spot.
This presentation on the "Schizophrenia spectrum" has been particularly shared with you all to extend my message to help these affected people at the right time and maintaining their condition to prevent them from committing such crimes as there is no proper mental health care--Clinical, Legal or authoritative help available for convicts suffering from mental disorder.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
This slide contains information regarding psychosis.This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by a combination of symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as mania or depression. It's considered to be a relatively rare condition compared to schizophrenia or mood disorders alone. The exact cause of schizoaffective disorder is not fully understood, but it's believed to involve a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors.
Here are some key points about schizoaffective disorder:
Symptoms: The symptoms of schizoaffective disorder can vary widely from person to person but typically include a combination of psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking) and mood symptoms (depression, mania, or a mix of both). These symptoms can occur at the same time or separately, and their severity can fluctuate over time.
Types: Schizoaffective disorder is divided into two main types based on the predominant mood symptoms:
Bipolar Type: When manic episodes are a part of the condition.
Depressive Type: When depressive episodes are predominant.
Diagnosis: Diagnosing schizoaffective disorder can be challenging because it shares symptoms with other mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough evaluation by a mental health professional, including a review of symptoms, medical history, and sometimes psychological testing.
Treatment: Treatment for schizoaffective disorder usually involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and support services. Antipsychotic medications are often prescribed to help manage psychotic symptoms, while mood stabilizers or antidepressants may be used to address mood symptoms. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or supportive therapy, can help individuals manage their symptoms and improve functioning. Additionally, support from family, friends, and support groups can be beneficial.
Prognosis: The prognosis for schizoaffective disorder varies depending on factors such as the severity of symptoms, how early treatment is initiated, and the individual's response to treatment. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with schizoaffective disorder can lead fulfilling lives and manage their symptoms effectively.
It's important for individuals with schizoaffective disorder to work closely with mental health professionals to develop an individualized treatment plan and to engage in ongoing care to effectively manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
Will talk about the severe psychological disorders-- The familiar name for all might be -"Schizophrenia" - it is not just one category but has multiple categories combined under -"Schizophrenia spectrum"
My forensic psychiatric research done in Indian jails shows most convicts under murder cases belong to schizophrenia spectrum (98% schizophrenia and 2% paranoid & schizoid personality disorders), and most have murdered their spouses, family members, friends or colleagues and surrendered themselves on the spot.
This presentation on the "Schizophrenia spectrum" has been particularly shared with you all to extend my message to help these affected people at the right time and maintaining their condition to prevent them from committing such crimes as there is no proper mental health care--Clinical, Legal or authoritative help available for convicts suffering from mental disorder.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
This slide contains information regarding psychosis.This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by a combination of symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as mania or depression. It's considered to be a relatively rare condition compared to schizophrenia or mood disorders alone. The exact cause of schizoaffective disorder is not fully understood, but it's believed to involve a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors.
Here are some key points about schizoaffective disorder:
Symptoms: The symptoms of schizoaffective disorder can vary widely from person to person but typically include a combination of psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking) and mood symptoms (depression, mania, or a mix of both). These symptoms can occur at the same time or separately, and their severity can fluctuate over time.
Types: Schizoaffective disorder is divided into two main types based on the predominant mood symptoms:
Bipolar Type: When manic episodes are a part of the condition.
Depressive Type: When depressive episodes are predominant.
Diagnosis: Diagnosing schizoaffective disorder can be challenging because it shares symptoms with other mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough evaluation by a mental health professional, including a review of symptoms, medical history, and sometimes psychological testing.
Treatment: Treatment for schizoaffective disorder usually involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and support services. Antipsychotic medications are often prescribed to help manage psychotic symptoms, while mood stabilizers or antidepressants may be used to address mood symptoms. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or supportive therapy, can help individuals manage their symptoms and improve functioning. Additionally, support from family, friends, and support groups can be beneficial.
Prognosis: The prognosis for schizoaffective disorder varies depending on factors such as the severity of symptoms, how early treatment is initiated, and the individual's response to treatment. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with schizoaffective disorder can lead fulfilling lives and manage their symptoms effectively.
It's important for individuals with schizoaffective disorder to work closely with mental health professionals to develop an individualized treatment plan and to engage in ongoing care to effectively manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Session 2 - Classification.ppt
1. 1
Co-occurring Alcohol and Other Drug and
Mental Health Conditions in Alcohol and
other Drug Treatment Settings
Session 2:
Classification
of Mental Disorders
3. 3
Classification - Key Points
Disorders represent particular combinations
of signs and symptoms grouped together to
form criteria as per DSM-IV-TR
Certain number of criteria need to be met
within a certain time frame for a person to be
diagnosed as having a disorder
Not all AOD workers are able to formally
diagnose the presence or absence of mental
health disorders
4. 4
Classification – Key Points (2)
Diagnoses of mental health disorders should
only be made by suitably qualified and
trained health professionals
Useful for all AOD workers to be aware of
characteristics of disorders so are able to
describe and elicit mental health symptoms
when undertaking screening and assessment,
and to inform treatment planning
5. 5
Symptoms without Diagnosis
Classified as mental health disorder must
meet diagnostic criteria
However, large number in AOD services who
display symptoms but do not meet criteria
(Eg: anxiety but without an anxiety disorder)
Can still impact significantly on functioning
and treatment outcomes
7. 7
Mood Disorders
Major depressive episodes
Manic episodes
Mixed episodes
Hypomanic episodes.
Manic
episode
Hypomanic
episode
Normal mood
Depressed mood Elevated mood
Major
depressive
episode
8. 8
Major Depressive Episode
Some of following symptoms experienced
nearly every day for at least 2 weeks:
Depressed mood or loss of interest or
enjoyment in activities
Reduced interest or pleasure in almost all
activities
Change in weight or appetite
Difficulty concentrating or sleeping (i.e.,
sleeping too much or too little)
9. 9
Major Depressive Episode (2)
Restlessness and agitation
Slowing down of activity
Fatigue or reduced energy levels
Feelings of worthlessness or
excessive/inappropriate guilt
Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal
thoughts, attempts or plans
10. 10
Manic Episode
Person experiences abnormally elevated,
expansive, or irritable mood for at least 1
week characterised by:
Inflated self-esteem
Decreased need for sleep
Increased talkativeness or racing thoughts
Distractibility
Agitation or increase in goal directed activity (e.g.,
at work or socially)
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that
have a high potential for negative consequences.
11. 11
Hypomanic and Mixed
Episodes
Hypomanic same as manic episode but is less
severe
May only last 4 days and does not require the
episode to be severe enough to cause
impairment in social or occupational
functioning
In mixed episode, person experiences both a
manic episode and major depressive episode
for at least 1 week
12. 12
Anxiety Disorders
Many people feel anxious because they have
reason to eg: trouble with law, homelessness
Many in AOD treatment will experience
anxiety as consequence of intoxication,
withdrawal, or living without using AOD
Usually reduces over time with period of
abstinence
Problematic when persistent, or so frequent
and intense that prevents person from living
his/her life in the way that he/she would like
13. 13
Panic Attack
Sweating
Shaking
Shortness of breath
Feeling of choking
Light headedness
Heart palpitations, chest
pain or tightness
Numbness or tingling
sensations
Chills or hot flushes
Nausea and/or vomiting
Fear of losing control,
going crazy or dying
Feelings of unreality or
being detached from
oneself
14. 14
Types of Anxiety Disorders
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Panic disorder
Agoraphobia
Social phobia
Specific phobia
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Acute stress disorder.
15. 15
PTSD
Can develop after traumatic event
May experience some of following:
Intrusions: re-experiencing event as
nightmares, or “flashbacks”
Avoidance: avoiding thoughts, feelings, people,
places or activities that remind him/her of the
event,
Hyperarousal: increased startle response,
irritability or anger, difficulty sleeping and
concentrating
16. 16
Personality Disorders
Enduring destructive patterns of thinking,
feeling, behaving, and relating to other
people across wide range of social and
personal situations
Maladaptive traits are stable and long lasting
Tend to develop in adolescence or early
adulthood and are generally lifelong
Most common in AOD context ASPD and BPD
17. 17
AOD and Personality Disorders
AOD use disorders may cause fluctuating
symptoms that mimic symptoms of
personality disorders
Eg: impulsivity, aggressiveness, self-
destructiveness, relationship problems, work
dysfunction, engaging in illegal activity,
dysregulated emotions and behaviour
Can be difficult to determine whether a
person has a personality disorder
18. 18
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Failure to conform to social norms with
respect to lawful behaviour
Disregard for the wishes, rights and feelings
of others
Deceptive and manipulative in order to gain
personal profit or pleasure; may repeatedly
lie or con others
Reckless disregard for own or other’s safety
19. 19
Antisocial Personality Disorder (2)
Impulsive behaviour; decisions made on spur
of the moment, without forethought, and
without consideration of the consequences
for self or others
May lead to sudden change of jobs,
residences or relationships
Irritability and aggression; repeated
involvement in physical fights or assaults
Consistent and extreme irresponsibility
20. 20
Borderline Personality Disorder
Persistent patterns of instability in
relationships, mood, and self-image
Marked impulsivity, particularly in relation to
behaviours that are self-damaging
Extreme efforts to avoid rejection or
abandonment
Pattern of unstable and intense relationships
Unstable self-image or sense of self
21. 21
Borderline Personality Disorder (2)
Impulsivity
Recurrent suicidal behaviour, threats or self-
mutilating behaviour
Unstable mood
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Inappropriate, intense anger
Stress-related paranoid thoughts or severe
dissociative symptoms
22. 22
Psychotic Disorders
Loss of touch with reality
Feelings, thoughts and perceptions severely
altered
Delusions and Hallucinations
May be due to intoxication or withdrawal
from substances
If the person experiences psychotic episodes
when not intoxicated or withdrawing, possible
they may have one of the disorders described
23. 23
Delusions
Fixed, false beliefs not consistent with cultural
context
Involve a misinterpretation of perceptions or
experiences
Eg: feel that someone is out to get them,
they have special powers, or passages from
newspaper have special meaning for them
24. 24
Hallucinations
Disturbance of sensory perceptions
Auditory (hearing voices or sounds)
Visual (seeing things not present)
Olfactory (smelling things not present)
Tactile (feeling or sensing something)
Gustatory (taste)
25. 25
Other Symptoms of Psychosis
Disorganised speech
Grossly disorganised behaviour
Catatonic behaviour (eg decreased reactivity)
Affect flattening (reduced range of emotional
expressiveness)
Alogia (restricted thought and speech)
Avolition (reduced involvement with activities)
26. 26
Schizophrenia
Most common and disabling of psychotic
disorders
Affects ability to think, feel and act
To be diagnosed symptoms must have been
continuing for a period of at least 6 months
Symptoms are grouped within 2 types:
Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
27. 27
Positive Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
(Not as in pleasurable!)
Presence of excess or distortion of normal
functioning and include hallucinations,
delusions, disorganised speech, grossly
disorganised behaviour and catatonia
28. 28
Negative Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
Absence of normal functioning including
affective flattening, avolition, alogia
Can cause significant impairment in a
person’s functioning
Classification of “types” of schizophrenia
depending upon the predominance of
symptoms displayed (paranoid, disorganised,
catatonic, undifferentiated, residual type)
29. 29
Other Psychotic Disorders
Schizophreniform disorder: equivalent to
schizophrenia except its duration limited to
less than 6 months
Schizoaffective disorder: symptoms of
schizophrenia alongside major depressive,
manic or mixed episode
2 types: i) bipolar type (if manic or mixed);
ii) depressive type (if major depressive)
30. 30
Substance-Induced Disorders
Occur as direct consequence of AOD
intoxication or withdrawal
Diagnosis requires symptoms only present
following intoxication or withdrawal
If symptoms in absence of intoxication or
withdrawal, possible they have independent
mental health disorder
Symptoms tend to reduce over time with
period of abstinence
31. 31
Examples of Substance Induced
Disorders
Alcohol use/withdrawal - symptoms of
depression or anxiety
Manic symptoms induced by intoxication with
stimulants, steroids, hallucinogens
Psychotic symptoms induced by withdrawal
from alcohol, intoxication with amphetamines,
cocaine, cannabis, LSD or PCP
Other disorders - substance-induced delirium,
amnestic disorder, dementia, sexual
dysfunction, sleep disorder
32. 32
Substance-Induced Psychosis
Difficult to distinguish substance-induced
psychosis from other psychotic disorders
Substance-induced psychosis - symptoms
appear quickly and last relatively short time,
from hours to days until the effects of drug
wear off
Psychosis can persist for days, weeks, months
or longer
Possible individuals already at risk for
developing psychotic disorder triggered by
substance use
33. 33
Substance-Induced Psychosis (2)
Visual hallucinations more common in
substance withdrawal and intoxication
Stimulant intoxication more commonly
associated with tactile hallucinations, person
experiences physical sensation interpret as
having bugs under skin ("ice bugs" or
"cocaine bugs“)
Tactile hallucinations can occur in alcohol
withdrawal; auditory and visual hallucinations
are more common
34. 34
Substance-Induced Psychosis (3)
Stimulant psychosis sometimes more
agitated, energetic, more difficult to calm
with sedating or psychiatric medication
compared to non-drug induced psychosis
Difference with schizophrenia - lack of
negative and cognitive symptoms with return
to normal inter-episode functioning during
periods of abstinence
35. 35
Delirium
Disturbance of consciousness and cognition
that represents significant change from
previous level of functioning
Reduced awareness of surroundings, difficulty
concentrating, may be difficult to engage
him/her in conversation
Changes in cognition include short-term
memory impairment, disorientation (in regards
to time or place), language disturbance (eg
difficulty finding words, naming objects,
writing)
36. 36
In sum…
Not all clients with symptoms of mental
illness will meet diagnostic criteria
Diagnostic labels can be very useful but
should not be limiting!
Diagnosis needs to be undertaken by
trained professionals however important to
be aware of symptoms and to be able to
communicate with other professionals,
clients and families/carers