The document discusses various services provided by special libraries, including reference and information services, bibliographic services, literature search services, indexing and abstracting services, and current awareness services. Reference services in special libraries are characterized by an emphasis on finding information rather than teaching users how to find it themselves. Special librarians also often collaborate more closely with users by participating in the initial planning of projects. Bibliographic services involve acquiring, cataloging, and managing library materials and records. Literature search services include conducting comprehensive literature reviews like scoping reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to summarize existing research on a topic. Indexing and abstracting services help organize information and allow users to efficiently find relevant materials. Current awareness services involve regularly reviewing

1. SERVICES
1. REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SERVICES
Research organizations, businesses, governmental agencies, and similar enterprises
established libraries in order to centralize materials housed in individual laboratories and
offices and to unify information like activities. Initially, therefore, the special library’s
role was restricted to that of a repository. Due in part to the librarian’s effort to provide
additional justification for the existence of the library, the idea of an information or
reference function emerged. Leading to the establishment of reference services, the
librarian gradually assumed responsibility for assisting the user to obtain the
information he needed, first helping those who were unable to manage alone and then
providing assistance in order to save the time of the research worker. Special librarians
have slowly expanded the service role, and in some libraries service now includes active
collaboration of the librarian in the conduct of specific projects or research activity.
Reference services differ considerably in special libraries, their nature being determined
in major part by the purpose, dominant subject interests, size, and administrative structure
of the parent organization as well as by the initiative of the library staff.
Reference service in special libraries is characterized by the following features.
1. Lack of emphasis on the teaching function. The special librarian finds the
information rather than teaching the user how to find it for himself. Only in
the case of special collections serving instructional programs is the teaching
function recognized. More specifically, a librarian serving a medical school
may stress the instructional aspects of reference w0rk, but the librarian serving
a medical society will emphasize performance of work for the users.
2. Greater participation of the special librarian in the search for information. The
special librarian may be involved in the initial planning and discussion of a
project or experiment, adding his knowledge of information sources to the
contributions of the various subject specialists. In this widely accepted group
or operations research approach, the special librarian has the opportunity to
work closely with organizational personnel as a recognized member of the
team.
3. . Emphasis on information. The special librarian deals in information not in
bibliographical units; he is expected to supply the answer to a question rather
than provide the sources wherein the answer is contained. This leads to a
depth of reference work that other types of libraries cannot normally support.
4. Presence of time pressures.
5. Differences in the relationship between the special librarian and library users.
Users of a special library are likely to possess a greater degree of homogeneity
in that most of them have academic training plus subject specialization and
experience. Most of them normally have some acquaintance with the use of
information if not with the use of libraries.
6. Utilization of subject specialists.
1. Reference interview
Reference interview is a creative, problem-solving process that is collaborative. “It is
when somebody needs some information for something that they are trying to do in their
life. But they are not sure where to find it. So they ask a library professional for help”
(Kluegel, 2003, p.38). During the reference interview the information specialist elicits the

2. information needs of the client. This can be a delicate and complex process (Just ask,
2006, p.34).
Communication channels included in reference services are:
o In-person visit to the library o Telephone
o Fax
o E-mail
o Web-based services
o Chat reference
o Co-browsing
o Instant messaging
o Videoconferencing: enables people in different locations to see and hear eachother and
co-operate on their computers via telephone lines (in a conference)
o Voice over IP: for disabled persons
o Cellular phones: PDA (Portable Digital Assistants: promotion of services,advertisement
of exhibitions and events, messages as information on events, reminders for overdue
items, announcement on reserves, answers to questions) o Palm-top
Objectives of the Reference interview
It has to find out what and how much information a user needs. That depends on the user
who asks the question [when a scientist and a child ask “do you have something on
horses?” the librarian will ask different questions, search in different ways and bring
different kinds of information to each of the two patrons].
The librarian formulates a search strategy and translates the user’s terms into key words
An objective is the evaluation of the information found.
What is an enquiry?
An enquiry is a transaction where a staff member tries to:
ƒ Find or recommend resources within the library or online.
ƒ Assist in the use of these resources.
ƒ Answer the question either through the use of library tools, databases or websites.
Reference process
The reference process consists of three primary elements:
The information. It is found in many formats (books, magazines, journals, electronic resources,
Internet and databases).
The user/patron/client/end-user/customer. This is a person who comes to the physical or virtual
library within enquiry and seeks assistance by the reference librarian.
The reference librarian. S/he is the mediator between the information and the
user. S/he is the person who interprets the question, identifies the proper source for the
answer and judges if the answer is adequate. The reference librarian acts as an instructor
for the user (Katz, I, p.10).
Reference questions
The queries can be divided into two general types, depending of the knowledge
auser has on a topic:
a. The user asks for a known item ,e.g. document, book and journal article. The reference
librarian searches the library’s catalog, a bibliography or a database.
b. The user asks for information but his/her knowledge on the topic is limited. That query triggers
the reference interview.
Categorization of questions

3. The reference questions can be divided into four types:
1. Directional questions. “Where is the catalog?” These are the easiest to be answered and
require negligible time by the reference librarian. The directional queries count 30-50% of the total
queries per day.
2. Ready reference questions. “What was the exchange rate between USD and ECU in 1995?”
Those questions require a straightforward answer. The reference librarian consults reference materials
(encyclopedias, almanacs, the Internet). They count 50-60% in a public library. The main feature of them is
the 5 w’s: who, what, where, why, when, but also questions that need a Yes or No answer.
3. Specific-research questions. “I have to write a paper on how inflation is measured. What do
you have?” The user requires not only data (ready-reference question) but also a document (book, report,
bibliography) to get ideas on the topic. It takes more time for the reply.
4. Research questions. The user is a researcher, an adult, a specialist, a scientist, a business
executive and has already some knowledge on the topic but seeks more specific information. The time
spent is much more than in previous kinds of questions.
Steps of the reference interview
1. Opening the interview. Nowadays libraries are not the first place for people who need information.
They search the free Internet, the web, free data sources, discussion lists and ask peers. Librarians must
be proactive and establish good communication that makes the patron feel comfortable. In remote
environments it is the welcome screen or contact information in prominent places of the website.
2. Establishing the information needs of the user. In the online communication the reference librarian
must make full use of typical conventions of online communication (e.g. short sentences, abbreviations)
to build an environment of trust with the user. Those typical conventions can be adjusted to the patron’s
use of them. In the face-to-face communication the reference librarian is a good listener.
3. Confirming and clarifying the question. Reference librarians listen to the question and try to clarify it.
Experienced librarians know that the original question the way the user puts it, is rarely the real question
that reflects the real information needs of the user. It helps that the librarian restates (“if I understood
well…”) the question and demonstrates an interest in the problem and a commitment to solve it. A
distinct advantage of the e-mail request is that when a person writes is more careful and specific to the
request. The librarian wants to learn:
ƒ What kind of information is needed (definition, illustration, article)
ƒ How much is needed (fact, book, mass of material)
ƒ How is the information going to be used (for a talk, assignment, beginning of a search)
ƒ What degree of sophistication is required (beginning article or an advanced monograph)
ƒ How much time does the user wish to spend in finding and using the information
ƒ When is the information needed?
4. Conducing the search. This is the most essential part of the reference transaction.
5. Answering the question. In choosing among potential resources, some subjective and internalized
criteria come to the fore. The patron may need support in considering criteria, such as the depth and
scope of information. In synchronous online or in-person contact this is better accomplished. Librarians
should encourage patrons to express their concerns about the usefulness of the answer.
6. Follow-up. Librarians encourage patrons to “go-off-line” and check on the usefulness of the information
by reading the articles or visiting the suggested websites. Reference librarians should ask patrons if the
question is completely answered. They encourage patrons to return (“if you do not find what you are
looking for, please come back and we will try another way of help”). This is the stage where librarians
make referrals.
7. Closing the interview. Librarians take care not to end the reference interview abruptly. In the digital
environment this can be an offer for additional assistance and a suggestion for the patron to visit or call
the library. Premature closure is one problem and lack of closure is the other. The lack of follow-up shows

4. lack of interest in the individual. Premature closure occurs when a librarian gives up on the problem or
delivers a possible solution with no attempt to determine its usefulness.
Problems with the reference interview
1. Bypassing the reference interview. It occurs when librarians make no attempt to determine what users
really want to know. Librarians hear the question and turn to the computer “without speaking she began
to type” manner. Instead of conducting the reference interview, the staff member latches on to a
keyword in the user’s initial query and uses it as a search term in the catalog. This practice often wastes
time because the users wander helpless.
2. Unmonitored referrals. This problematic situation occurs when the reference librarian gives the user a
call number or refers the patron to a source within the library but does not check to make sure that the
user gets an actual answer to the question. In virtual reference the unmonitored referral occurs when the
librarian sends a URL to the patron without information about the source that suggests and closes with
“hope this helps”. Then the patron discovers that this source is of no relevance to the query but does not
come back to the reference service.
3. Lack of follow-up. Follow-up occurs when the librarian comes back to the patron to check the efficacy
of the sources s/he suggested, by asking the user if the information provided meet the patron’s
information needs. The librarian can also invite the patron to return to the service (in-person or virtual).
Techniques for a successful reference interview
1. Approachability.
2. Interest.
3. Listening/inquiring.
4. Verbal and non-verbal cues
2. BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES, LITERATURE SEARCH
BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES;
-Effective and efficient behind-the-scenes procedures are vital to the delivery of a quality
library service to the public. These procedures include: the selection & purchasing of
stock; the cataloguing & classification of stock; so that it can be easily retrieved; and the
management of stock throughout the network of libraries in the city.
-The Bibliographic Services department is responsible for these behind-the-scenes
procedures: acquisition, cataloguing, processing, and allocation of materials, as well as
records maintenance for display on the online catalogue.
The work of Bibliographic Services falls into three main stages: -
• The Acquisitions stage involves the ordering and purchasing of library material for
addition to stock, including books, music recordings and scores, DVDs, videotapes,

5. CDs and multimedia
• The Cataloguing stage involves creating an accurate record on the library catalogue
for each item added to stock, allocating a classification number based on the subject
of the item, and processing it so that it is ready for use
• City Libraries' resources comprise one comprehensive collection of stock available to
users throughout the network of service points; an effective stock-management
mechanism — timely distribution of items to libraries, effective evaluation of stock,
and the monitoring of resources generally — is essential in getting the right book (or
other item) to the right person at the right time.
LITERATURE SEARCH:
-The W.K Kellogg Health Sciences Library supports faculty and student research
through consultation and reference services, as well as teaching and learning
opportunities through workshops and seminars on effective literature search
techniques.
-Library subject specialists offer advanced support for researchers and faculty
conducting various types of literature reviews. This policy outlines services offered to
both internal and external researchers interested in this type of specialized support.
Types of Literature Reviews:
1. Literature Review (also called summary or narrative review)
A description of prior research without a systematic search and selection strategy or critical
appraisal of the studies’ merits. These sorts of review are often done in support of
information queries generated by academic assignments.
2. Comprehensive Literature Reviews (include scoping, systematics, meta-analysis reviews
etc)
A.Scoping Review: documents what is already known which helps refine a research
question, concepts and theories.
B. Systematic Review: attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified
eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question.
C. Meta-analysis Review: same as a systematic review but the analysis uses statistical
methods to summarize the results of selected independent studies.

6. 3. INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING
.Indexing- the process of identifying information in a knowledge ,record,and organizing
the pointers to that information into a searchable file.
-the process of constructing documents surrogates by assigning identifiers to text item.
.Who does Indexing?
-in the United States, according to tradition, the index for non-fiction book is the
responsibility of the author. Most author don’t actually do it. While a few publisher have
in house indexes, most indexing done by freelances, often working from home, hired by
authors, publishers or packages.
>is an independent business which manages the production of a book by hiring
freelancers to accomplish the varies tasks involved, including copy editing, proofreading
& indexing.
.How is Indexing Done?
-the indexes usually receives a set of page proofs for the book (images of the actual
pages as they will appear, including final page numbers), often at the same time as final
proofreading is being done by someone else.
-the indexes reads the page proofs, making a list of headings & subheadings (form
to appear in the index) and the location of each pertinent reference.
-after completing the rough index the indexes edits it for structure, clarity and
consistency, formats it to specification, proofreads it and submits it to the client in hard-
copy form, in disk, by modern or by email.
.What is Indexing Language
-any vocabulary, controlled or uncontrolled, used for indexing along with the rules
of usage. (Cleveland).
-all words permitted either to describe a specific documents or to construct a very to
be used and in what relation to each other.
PURPOSE:
1. To allow the indexer to represent the subject matter of the document in a contents.
2. To bring vocabulary used by the searcher into coincidence with the vocabulary used by
the indexer. The index language should prescribe the language that the searcher most use
by directing him from non-searchable term to searchable term.
3. To provide means whereby a searcher can modulate a search strategy in order to
achieve high precision as varying circumstances demand.
TYPES OF INDEXING LANGUAGE
1. NATURAL LANGUAGE
-this system uses the language of the document. It allows the indexer to select terms
to be used directly from the text being indexed, or automatic systems, the computer
selects the term.
2. CONTROLLED INDEXING LANGUAGE
-The indexer selects and assigns term to documents in accordance prescribed list of
terms called authority list.
3. FREE INDEXING LANGUAGE

7. -indexes optionally select words, and when they are indexing the first document,
they can freely choose all of the words they believe are necessary to convey the intended
meaning and subjects content of the document.
ABSTRACTING
.Abstract- cover the points of writing
-abstract use the same level of technical language and expertise found in the article
itself.
PURPOSE:
A. Help readers decide if they should read an article.
- readers use abstract to see if a piece of writing interests them or relates to a topic
they’re working on.
B. Help readers & researchers remember key findings on a topic.
- even after reading an article, readers often keep abstract to remind them of which
sources support conclusions. Because abstracts include complete bibliographic citations,
they are helpful when readers writing up their research and citing source.
C. Help readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key points
- reading abstract before reading an article helps readers anticipate whats coming in the
text itself. Using an abstract to get an overview of the text makes reading the text easier
and more efficient.
4. CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICES (Selective Dessimination of Information/
SDI)
-establishment of a system for reviewing publications immediately upon receipt,
selecting information pertinent to the programme of the organization served, and
recording individual items to be brought to the attention of those persons whose work
they are related to. It involves a combination of the processes including the selection of
pertinent information from periodicals, books, pamphlets, patents and reports, in fact,
anything of serious content that is received. (Strauss and others,1972)
CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICES:
- Dissemination of information that will keep it users well-informed and up to date
in their fields of basic interest as well as in related subjects.
- a system of getting knowledge on recent development, and especially those
developments which relate to the special interest of the individual. Current awareness
service is a device of the information system through which the users of information can
be informed promptly, as soon as possible after publications but before absorption into
the comprehensive secondary sources of current literature on a broad subject filed or on
area in which a group of persons are interested, and presented in a manner, volume and
rhythm intended to facilitate or cultivate current approach to information.
- S.R Ranganathan defines CAS as “Documentation periodical listing the
documents appearing during the period covered, and without being selected to suit the
requirements of a particular reader or of a specific topic under investigation. It endeavors
to keep the clientele informed promptly of all the nascent thought created in their fields of
work and related fields.”

8. -Services may consist of one or all of the following component: summaries of
recent events, table of content services, SDI, journal routing, book reviews, abstracts of
articles, acquisitions lists, and calendars of events. A current awareness bulletin combines
many features.
- two newsletters that attempt to serve as current awareness bullteins for both
library and information science are Information Hotline and Information Reports and
Bibliographies: both are published by Science Associates International.
*For a current awareness system to succeed, document delivery is essential.
- Skolnik (1977) described “ a current awareness bulletin started in 1929 for
chemists and researchers at the Hercules Corporation and moved to a computer system in
the 1960s”. Such early Current Awareness Services were usually “librarian-generated
bulletins distributed in house to researchers in corporate, university, or government
research centers as a means for keeping up with the varsity expanding post- World War II
research output” (Kolder & Simpkins, 1067; Menzel, 1962; Skolnik, 1977; Strauss et al.,
1964).
Current Awareness Services involves a knowledge of:
1. New theoretical ideas and hypothesis.
2. New problems to be solved
3. New methods and techniques for solving old and new problems.
4. New circumstances affecting what people do and how they may do it.
2 Kinds of Current Awareness Services:
1. Those services, which are directed towards individuals or group of users. These may
include communication of information to the individuals or groups through conversation
or via telephone, message sent on notification form, SDI, selective of dissemination of
documents, routing of periodicals (or automatic loan) and other documents. In this field,
information supplied within the period of one week or one month.
2. Those services, which are directed towards all users of the services, these may include
accession list (a list of recent acquisitions), bibliography, indexing and abstracting
services, bibliographic surveys, literature surveys, table of contents of periodicals
received in the library, Current Awareness bulletin, etc.
Aims and Purposes of CAS:
A. To aware the scientists/users with latest developments in there subject fields.
B. To keep the clientele well-informed and up-to-date knowledge of latest development in
their fields of research.
C. To fulfill the current demand of the users.
Characteristics of CAS:
1. Visual channel: there is channel for user to know the current developments through:
a. Information obtained orally from colleagues.
b. Information received/gathered through the receipt of pre-prints, reprints.
c. Information gathered through attending meeting and conferences and getting

9. information in both formal and informal way.
2. Literature channel
A. Scanning of current issues of periodicals.
B. Regular perusal of abstracting and indexing periodicals in one’s subject fields.
C. In some cases reviews and monographs are also consulted.
3. Formal channel (Current channel)
A. Regular perusal of current issues of periodicals.
B. Current issues of abstracting and individuals periodicals.
C. Maintaining profiles (personal files of the users).
4. A CAS is an announcement mechanism usually in documentary form.
5. It is designed to meet or help cultivate the curent approach to information.
6. Record of answer of any specific query as current approach to information like a
panoramic view of current development.
7. A CAS is mainly addressed to those workers who cannot depend entirely on their own
informal channels.
8. Speed and timeliness is the essence of CAS.
9. Due to the very nature of current approach, ease of scanning has to be ensured in a
Current awareness bulletin.
10. CAS is a perishable commodity.
Factors influencing on CAS:
1. Current Approach : it is necessary for every informator to keep himself known with the
current literature or the latest development of subject. He must know all the important
areas as son as published or generated.
2. Continuous need: CAS is very much required where there is continuous need of current
affairs and developments by the user. More continuous need, more CAS.
3. Direct demand: For many issues the user may not be immediately interested but some
of the reference may be demanded by him at any moment. For such needs some of the
references are recorded in his diary or personal file kept with the library or informator, so
that when to need arises they may be supplied with the latest developments.
Steps in CAS:
1. Review or scan documents (some time records of documents) immediately upon
receipt.
2. Select information and record individual documents pertinent to the programme of the
individuals or groups of the organization being served. This ,ay be done by comparing the
documents/ information with the needs of users being served.
3. Send notification to the users about items or information of interst to them.
5. DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICES
-for the reference librarian and informational professional, the rapid identification and
location pf documents of interests is the important or first step in satisfying user needs.

10. - next is the delivery of the needed documents within the required tome frame.
- if the needed materials are contained in the library’s collection they can be readily
dispatched to the requester; those not owned must be secured and delivered as rapidly as
possible.
-a number of options are available for obtaining those documents not immediately
accessible within the in-house collection.
>messenger service or shuttle to nearby locations
>utilization of local, state and regional wide networks’
>online ILL services
>requesting documents through suppliers
>delivery via telefacsimile
6. REPROGRAPHIC SERVICES
-the word reprography was used in 1954 for all types of reproduction of documents.
It includes processes and techniques associated with photocopying, micro copying,
blueprinting, etc. It is an important media of communication among scholars and means
duplication of communication with the help of Xerox machines.
-various types of reproductions- photocopies, photographs, digital images and their
paper copies, reproductions are made for private use, research needs or publications
activities requiring a high level of quality. Costumers are also given the opportunity to
carry out reprographic imaging with their own equipment.
-it is however, the collections rules of use, requirements for conservation and
security as well as copyright regulations that ultimately determine the kinds of
reproductions that can be ordered and made from various types of materials.
Types:
1. Photocopies and photographs
-besides producing photocopies to order, the Library’s Reprographic Service also offers
customers the opportunity to carry out self-service copying when allowed by the
collections rules of use and the materials condition.
A. Self service copying
- anyone can make photocopies of copyrighted published works for private use.
However, the photocopying of publications belonging to the national Collection how not
been allowed if there is a risk of damaging the material. Self service copying must always
comply with the given instructions.
B. Photocopy and photographs orders
- the Copyright Act sets certain limitations on copy orders. Only small parts of
publications protected by copyright may be reproduced. No copies of any kind of music
publications (sheet music, recording) can be made without the permission of the
copyright owner.
- ordered photocopies of microfilmed materials (for example, newspapers and
magazines) are always made from microfilms by printing them out as paper
enlargements.
- it is generally not possible to make photocopies of large-sized materials such as, for
example, maps, posters and books larger than A3 size. Instead, these can be ordered as
digital reproductions taken by a camera or as traditional photographs.

11. 2. Digital Imaging
-these are made from the original materials either by scanning or by photography with a
digital camera. Orders are placed with a separate order form. Digitized images can only
be made from the materials whose copyrights have expired. If the order concerns
copyrighted materials, the costumer must clarify the rights related to the material in
advance.
- Center fo Preservation and Digitisation has extensive experience with the digitising
of large-sized appear documents as well as digitised facsimile works for entire
publications and extensive publishing entities. Centre fo Preservation and Digitisation
also produces digitised images microfilms reels.
3. Microfilms
- customers have access to a considerable number of microfilms documenting important
aspects of the national published heritage. Hen the material is copyright-free, copies of
films can be made based on customer’s orders.
- Copies of films can be ordered as paper enlargements, ot they can be printed as a self-
service.
4. Photography at the Library, photography Permits
A . Photography of Library Materials
-Photographs of materials ordered for reading rooms may be taken with one's own
camera if it takes place without disturbing other customers or damaging the materials.
The erection of photographic apparatus in reading rooms and the use of flash bulbs is
strictly prohibited.
For technically demanding reproduction imaging the Library has an imaging room
where customers can photograph materials belonging to the collections with their own
photographic equipment. Photography is allowed on weekdays between 9 and 16.
For anyone wishing to photograph the Library's materials or reserve the imaging
room, a photography permit form should be filled out well in advance. If the subject of
the imaging is older or rare materials, a library employee will assist with the photography.
A fee for the use and supervision of the imaging room is collected according to the
Service Price List.
Photography permit forms can be obtained at customer service points, or they can be
printed from the link listed below. In questions related to photographic arrangements and
materials, additional assistance can also be requested from the collections' attendants.
B. Photography of Library facilities
The Library's facilities may be photographed without special permission with one's
own camera. Photography must not disturb the Library's users. Photographing reading
rooms and their users is prohibited.
A photography permit must be filled out for magazine and TV photography. Permits
are granted if the photography is related to pedagogical or educational justifications.
Permits are not granted for commercial purposes.
Photography permits can be obtained from the below link. The Library's
Administration Services department, with which photographic arrangements and
compensation are agreed separately, issues photography permits.

12. 5. Copyright Regulations and Reprographic Service
-Among the issues regulated in the Copyright Act are the rights of libraries to prepare
various types of reproductions of copyrighted materials for transmission to their
customers.
.What is material subject to copyright?
With certain exceptions, copyright legislation applies to all published or unpublished
materials in the National Library of Finland's collections for which 70 years or less have
elapsed since the author's year of death (Copyright Act, Section 43).
In a publication whose author is not mentioned, the copyright is valid until 70 years have
elapsed from the work's date of publication (Copyright Act, Section 44).
Copyright legislation does not apply to laws, statutes and other similar decisions rendered
by public officials; these may therefore be freely reproduced.
.When can photocopies and photographs be made by order?
A library has the right to prepare photocopies, or reproductions by other similar
reprographic methods, of copyrighted materials for its customers only when
a. the reproductions are intended for personal use (not, for example, for companies,
institutions, official use, the communications media and other similar parties) or
b. the reproductions represent only short parts of the work (for example, individual
articles from a periodical or anthology), not an entire work.
.When can digitized copies be made by order?
The Library is not allowed to prepare or furnish digitized copies of copyright-protected
materials to its customers (Copyright Act, Section 16a). Their preparation is only possible
only when the customer has received advance permission from the copyright owner. In
that case the customer must also sign a commitment form concerning the replication of
copyright-protected materials.
The National Library can however, in conjunction with its Interlibrary Services,
prepare and transmit digitized PDF reproductions to an ordering library that in this case
will print out a paper copy for its customer and then delete the file.
Digitized images are prepared without licensing procedures only for materials whose
copyrights have expired.
.When is self-service copying possible?
According to Section 12 of the Copyright Act, anyone has the right to make a few copies
of copyright-protected published materials, provided it is for his or her private use (an
exception however being, for example, software programs). A customer can also make

13. these copies at a library and with the library's equipment. Because no limitations have
been set regarding the copies' technical reproduction techniques, digital photography
performed by customers themselves, or the preparation of the reproductions using the
Library's microfilm scanners, is possible.
.Preparation of reproductions from electronic online materials
The terms of use for the Library's provision of online materials is specified separately in a
use agreement for each item.
Generally it is possible to make paper printouts or floppy disc copies of search results, or
of reasonable excerpts and sections of e-books. This is allowed only for academic or
research use, not for commercial purposes.
The customer is not allowed to print or store whole works, distribute, sell or modify the
materials, or republish them in any form.
The above regulations concerning the preparation of photocopies and digital images also
apply to the ordering of reproductions of electronic online materials.