This document discusses challenges in cyber-physical systems. It begins by introducing cyber-physical systems as combining intelligence in cyber space with interfaces to the physical world. It then discusses several topics related to cyber-physical systems including the service-oriented approach, composability through abstraction, and challenges involving self-configuration, self-healing, self-protection and self-optimization as systems evolve dynamically. It also notes new dangers from malicious attacks and the need to consider both safety and security in critical systems.
Serene 2015
Davide Scaramuzza
Abstract: With drones becoming more and more popular, safety is a big concern. A critical situation occurs when a drone temporarily loses its GPS position information, which might lead it to crash. This can happen, for instance, when flying close to buildings where GPS signal is lost. In such situations, it is desirable that the drone can rely on fall-back systems and regain stable flight as soon as possible. In this talk, I will present novel methods to automatically recover and stabilize a quadrotor from any initial condition or execute emergency landing. On the one hand, this new technology will allow quadrotors to be launched by simply tossing them in the air, like a “baseball ball”. On the other hand, it will allow them to recover back into stable flight or land on a safe area after a system failure. Since this technology does not rely on any external infrastructure, such as GPS, it enables the safe use of drones in both indoor and outdoor environments. Thus, it can become relevant for commercial use of drones, such as parcel delivery.
Recent videos:
Automatic failure recovery without GPS: https://youtu.be/pGU1s6Y55JI
Autonomous Landing-site detection and landing: https://youtu.be/phaBKFwfcJ4
Architectures for Cyber-Physical Systems, or Why Ivan Doesn’t Want to GraduateIvan Ruchkin
A fresh multidisciplinary research and engineering area of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) lies on an intersection of more traditional fields, like mechanical and electrical engineering, and newer approaches from AI, ubiquitous computing, and software engineering. Although modeling is a core method in these areas, the concrete mindsets and methods for it are very diverse, which makes system-level reasoning across models more complicated. For instance, it is difficult to predict how smoothing a control algorithm represented in Simulink would affect schedulability guarantees provided by a rate-monotonic analysis model. Conveniently, software architecture is well-known for reconciling concerns by loosening up model semantics, which makes it a promising tool for model-based design of CPSs. This talk discusses several examples from the automotive and robotics domains to expose the challenges of using heterogeneous models and how software architecture might help alleviate those. All these considerations will be linked to the mysterious second part of the title.
Serene 2015
Davide Scaramuzza
Abstract: With drones becoming more and more popular, safety is a big concern. A critical situation occurs when a drone temporarily loses its GPS position information, which might lead it to crash. This can happen, for instance, when flying close to buildings where GPS signal is lost. In such situations, it is desirable that the drone can rely on fall-back systems and regain stable flight as soon as possible. In this talk, I will present novel methods to automatically recover and stabilize a quadrotor from any initial condition or execute emergency landing. On the one hand, this new technology will allow quadrotors to be launched by simply tossing them in the air, like a “baseball ball”. On the other hand, it will allow them to recover back into stable flight or land on a safe area after a system failure. Since this technology does not rely on any external infrastructure, such as GPS, it enables the safe use of drones in both indoor and outdoor environments. Thus, it can become relevant for commercial use of drones, such as parcel delivery.
Recent videos:
Automatic failure recovery without GPS: https://youtu.be/pGU1s6Y55JI
Autonomous Landing-site detection and landing: https://youtu.be/phaBKFwfcJ4
Architectures for Cyber-Physical Systems, or Why Ivan Doesn’t Want to GraduateIvan Ruchkin
A fresh multidisciplinary research and engineering area of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) lies on an intersection of more traditional fields, like mechanical and electrical engineering, and newer approaches from AI, ubiquitous computing, and software engineering. Although modeling is a core method in these areas, the concrete mindsets and methods for it are very diverse, which makes system-level reasoning across models more complicated. For instance, it is difficult to predict how smoothing a control algorithm represented in Simulink would affect schedulability guarantees provided by a rate-monotonic analysis model. Conveniently, software architecture is well-known for reconciling concerns by loosening up model semantics, which makes it a promising tool for model-based design of CPSs. This talk discusses several examples from the automotive and robotics domains to expose the challenges of using heterogeneous models and how software architecture might help alleviate those. All these considerations will be linked to the mysterious second part of the title.
Presented at the Intel Global IoT DevFest (Oct 2017)
- Real-world use cases: healthcare, building management, retail, smart cities, transportation
- Time-series analysis
- AI / ML overview & applications
Design Resources for Small UAVs (Drones) - May 2018 - Dave LitwillerDave Litwiller
Books that were helpful for a person from an electronics, semiconductor, wireless and software engineering background to learn how to design and analyze small vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones)
This is the presentation held at the NUGENIA 2017 Forum on March 29th, 2017 in Amsterdam about the CORTEX project (CORe monitoring Techniques and EXperimental validation and demonstration)
Semantic Web Technologies for Intelligent Engineering ApplicationsMarta Sabou
Presentation at the closing event of the Christian Doppler Laboratory „Software Engineering Integration for Flexible Automation Systems“ (CDL-Flex) (http://cdl.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/).
Expert guidance to the projects in computer science, engineering for MTech, ME & PhD research scholars for their academic requirement.
We also help research scholars to make custom and semi-custom computer science, IEEE projects for submission in final year. For more info Visit at:-http://www.techsparks.co.in/
Evolutionary Algorithms for Self-Organising SystemsNatalio Krasnogor
Talk I gave at Ben Gurion University of the Negev in Israel on the 24rd/June/2009. These are a series of talks for the period in which I visited BGU as a distinguished visiting scientist
Euroweb+ meeting at the University of L'Aquila, ItalyHenry Muccini
EUROWEB+ is a scholarship programme for students on undergraduate, master, doctoral and post-doctoral level, as well as for university staff in academic or administrative positions, financed by the European Commission, and a continuation of the previous project EUROWEB.
The EUROWEB+ Scholarship Programme is open to selected nationals in EU countries and Western Balkans who want to study or work at one of the partner institutions, see Applicant information.
The overall objective of EUROWEB+ project is to create a partnership in research and education that will strengthen the ties between EU and Western Balkans.
http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/eurowebplus/
Presented at the Intel Global IoT DevFest (Oct 2017)
- Real-world use cases: healthcare, building management, retail, smart cities, transportation
- Time-series analysis
- AI / ML overview & applications
Design Resources for Small UAVs (Drones) - May 2018 - Dave LitwillerDave Litwiller
Books that were helpful for a person from an electronics, semiconductor, wireless and software engineering background to learn how to design and analyze small vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones)
This is the presentation held at the NUGENIA 2017 Forum on March 29th, 2017 in Amsterdam about the CORTEX project (CORe monitoring Techniques and EXperimental validation and demonstration)
Semantic Web Technologies for Intelligent Engineering ApplicationsMarta Sabou
Presentation at the closing event of the Christian Doppler Laboratory „Software Engineering Integration for Flexible Automation Systems“ (CDL-Flex) (http://cdl.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/).
Expert guidance to the projects in computer science, engineering for MTech, ME & PhD research scholars for their academic requirement.
We also help research scholars to make custom and semi-custom computer science, IEEE projects for submission in final year. For more info Visit at:-http://www.techsparks.co.in/
Evolutionary Algorithms for Self-Organising SystemsNatalio Krasnogor
Talk I gave at Ben Gurion University of the Negev in Israel on the 24rd/June/2009. These are a series of talks for the period in which I visited BGU as a distinguished visiting scientist
Euroweb+ meeting at the University of L'Aquila, ItalyHenry Muccini
EUROWEB+ is a scholarship programme for students on undergraduate, master, doctoral and post-doctoral level, as well as for university staff in academic or administrative positions, financed by the European Commission, and a continuation of the previous project EUROWEB.
The EUROWEB+ Scholarship Programme is open to selected nationals in EU countries and Western Balkans who want to study or work at one of the partner institutions, see Applicant information.
The overall objective of EUROWEB+ project is to create a partnership in research and education that will strengthen the ties between EU and Western Balkans.
http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/eurowebplus/
On the Social Dimensions of Architectural Decisions Henry Muccini
An architecture is recognised to be the output of a (group) design decision process. This process typically involves multiple stakeholders composed into a group with a socio-technical connotation.
From a group decision making perspective, the various stakeholders involved in a design decision process analyze a given problem, propose alternate solutions, indicate their preferred alternative, and arrive at a consensus on the best possible solution. From an organisational and social perspective, the various stakeholders involved in a decision process form an organisational social structure (OSS).
These structures have a significant impact on project success.
In this work, we explore the overlaps and interconnections between group decision-making dynamics and the corresponding social and organisational dimensions, in
the context of architectural knowledge management. We use a meta-model to illustrate these overlaps and interconnections.
On the Use of Component-Based Principles and Practices for Architecting Cyber...Henry Muccini
Abstract—By focussing on Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), this
paper investigates how component-based principles and practices are used and support the activity of architecting CPS. For doing so, by running a systematic process, we selected 49 primary studies from the most important publishers search engines. Those papers have been analyzed and their contents classified according to the Classification Framework for Component Models proposed in our previous work. The results show that the main concerns handled by CPS component models are those of integration, performance, and maintainability. The instruments to satisfy those concerns, while architecting CPS, are ad-hoc software/system architecture, model-based approaches, architectural and component languages, and design. The IEC 61499 standard with its functions block is remarkably used to drive the work on six papers. Java is the most frequently used programming language used for implementing the components. Components are deployed mostly at compile time. Interfaces are almost equally distributed into port-based and operation-based. Overall, the results show a transition of technologies and approaches used in Embedded Systems to CPS, but still lacking methods for integrated architecting, in particular in incremental development.
Exploring the Temporal Aspects of Software ArchitectureHenry Muccini
The keynote lecture video is now available at http://www.icsoft.org/KeynoteSpeakers.aspx?y=2016
This presentation covers the main topics discussed by the software architecture conferences in the past 15+ years. It provides a systematic, unbiased view on research trends with reflections on the future challenges.
This speech has been provided as a keynote at ICSOFT 2016.
I progetti UnivAq-UFFIZI, INCIPICT, e CUSPISHenry Muccini
Alcuni progetti dell'Universita' degli Studi dell'Aquila volti al supporto dei beni culturali. Tale presentazione e' stata fornita nel contesto dell'evento Le Gallerie degli Uffizi incontrano UnivAq
Software Architecture: Introduction to the AbstractionHenry Muccini
The Software Architecture is the earliest model of the whole software system created along the software lifecycle
A Software Architecture can be designed along four perspectives:
- as A set of components and connectors communicating through interfaces
- as A set of architecture design decisions
- with Focus on set of views and viewpoints
- Written according to architectural styles
A Preliminary Study on Architecting Cyber-Physical SystemsHenry Muccini
This presentation helps to understand our paper, presented at the 1st Workshop on Software Architectures for Cyber Physical Systems, presented at the SANCS2015 workshop (http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/SANCS15/).
ABSTRACT:
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are deemed as the key enablers of next generation applications. Needless to say, the design, verification and validation of cyber-physical systems reaches unprecedented levels of complexity, specially due to their sensibility to safety issues. Under this perspective, leveraging architectural descriptions to reason on a CPS seems to be the obvious way to manage its inherent complexity.
A body of knowledge on architecting CPSs has been proposed in the past years. Still, the trends of research on architecting CPS is unclear. In order to shade some light on the state-of-the art in architecting CPS, this paper presents a preliminary study on the challenges, goals, and solutions reported so far in architecting CPSs.
TAROT2013 Testing School - Paolo Tonella presentationHenry Muccini
TAROT 2013 9th International Summer School on Training And Research On Testing, Volterra, Italy, 9-13 July, 2013
These slides summarize Paolo Tonella's presentation about "Academic developments in search based testing for the Future Internet."
So you’ve jumped on the hype train, built a bunch of microservices, and got your first releases under your belt. Now what?
Our experiences taught us this is the easy part. With the newly obtained microservices freedom, teams easily plunge into a world of cowboys and unicorns. The big ball of mud is just around the corner. Panic, mayhem and chaos loom over the organisation, waiting for everything to spin out of control. Especially for any enterprise not residing in silicon valley, maintaining some sort of governance and compliancy is essential.
Join this talk to gain some insights in what a microservice architecture means not just for the developer, but also for analysts and managers. What can we as developers do to offer them peace of mind? Visualising the state of the architecture is playing a crucial role here.
This leads us to the microservices dashboard, a brand new open source project, officially launched its first major release at Spring One Platform. Building on top of Spring Boot and Spring Cloud, it visualises your microservice architecture and integrates with tools every microservice architecture benefits from. This ranges from consumer-driven-contract testing over service discovery to hypermedia traversal and more.
Model-Simulation-and-Measurement-Based Systems Engineering of Power System Sy...Luigi Vanfretti
This talk starts by exploring how electrical power systems are increasingly becoming digitalized, leading to their transformation into a class of cyber-physical systems (a system of systems) where the electrical grid merges with ubiquitous information and communication technologies (ICT).
This type of complex systems present unprecedented challenges in their operation and control, and due to unknown interactions with ICT, require new concepts, methods and tools to facilitate their operational design, manufacturing (of components), and testing/verification/validation of their performance.
Inspired by the tremendous advantages of the model-based system engineering (MBSE) framework developed by the aerospace and military communities, this talk will highlight the challenges to adopt MBSE for electrical power grids. MBSE is not only a framework to deal with all the phases of putting in place complex systems-of-systems, but also provides a foundation for the democratization of technology - both software and hardware.
The talk will illustrate the foundations that have been built by the presenter's research over the last 7 years, placed within the context of MBSE, with focus on areas of power engineering. Some of these foundations and contributions include the OpenIPSL, RaPId, SD3K, BableFish and Khorjin open source software developed and distributed online by the research group, and available at: https://github.com/ALSETLab
Synthesis and Refinement of Artificial HVAC Sensor Data Intended for Supervis...IES VE
IES' David McCabe presented at the 9th International Conference Improving Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings and Smart Communities (IEECB&SC’16) in Frankfurt on 16th March 2016.
This presentation was in support of a paper published by IES R&D in conjunction with the EINSTEIN project. The paper can be viewed here: http://www.iesve.com/corporate/media-center/white-papers/general/hvac-afdd-jun2016.pdf
Asset Lifecycle Management: flexible infrastructures enabling future changeSchneider Electric
This presentation demonstrates how IEC 61850 enables progressive Opex/Capex optimization through a long term asset management strategy to reduce total cost of ownership, provide evidence for regulators and assist in investment plans. By replacing manual engineering of asset performance management systems with automatic processing ensures full consistency with real assets, thus leading to better decision-making.
A benchmark dataset to evaluate sensor displacement in activity recognitionOresti Banos
This work introduces an open benchmark dataset to investigate inertial sensor displacement effects in activity recognition. While sensor position displacements such as rotations and translations have been recognised as a key limitation for the deployment of wearable systems, a realistic dataset is lacking. We introduce a concept of gradual sensor displacement conditions, including ideal, self-placement of a user, and mutual displacement deployments. These conditions were analysed in the dataset considering 33 fitness activities, recorded using 9 inertial sensor units from 17 participants. Our statistical analysis of acceleration features quantified relative effects of the displacement conditions. We expect that the dataset can be used to benchmark and compare recognition algorithms in the future.
This presentation illustrates part of the work described in the following article:
* Banos, O., Toth, M. A., Damas, M., Pomares, H., Rojas, I., Amft, O.: A benchmark dataset to evaluate sensor displacement in activity recognition. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp 2012), Pittsburgh, USA, September 5-8, (2012)
"Challenges of Resource-Constrained Networked Embedded Systems".
Invited talk presented at the 2nd meeting of the Wireless Sensing Interest Group (WiSIG). National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK. 27 September 2006.
These slides have been presented at the ICSE 2020 conference, SEIS (software engineering in society) track. It reports on our experience within the Uffizi Project, and how we had to take into account human behaiour to design our IoT-based solution.
How cultural heritage, cyber-physical spaces, and software engineering can wo...Henry Muccini
This is a seminar provided to a PhD school on Cultural Heritage Conservation and Valorization.
The focus has been on the interdisciplinarity among cultural heritage, cyber-physical spaces, and software engineering.
Turismo 4.0: l'ICT a supporto del turismo sostenibileHenry Muccini
The importance of sustainable tourism is today very clear, as also highlighted by some national and international organizations. This presentation highlights the role of ICT in the context of sustainable tourism. Some ongoing projects are presented as well.
Sustainable Tourism - IoT and crowd managementHenry Muccini
What is Sustainable Tourism and how IoT may help to reduce crowd management. This material reports on our experience within the Uffizi Galleries project and the CAPS IoT modeling and simulation framework.
Software Engineering at the age of the Internet of ThingsHenry Muccini
This is an overview on Sw Engineering the IoT, created for the FOI, Faculty of Organization and Informatics of the University of Zagreb, and presented during their International Days.
The influence of Group Decision Making on Architecture Design DecisionsHenry Muccini
Group Decision Making influcencs Architecture Design Decisions. This presentation, given as a keynote at the MARCH 2019 workshop (https://is.ieis.tue.nl/research/bpm/MARCH/index.php/keynote/), tries to identifies GDM factors that influence architecture design decisions.
Web Engineering L8: User-centered Design (8/8)Henry Muccini
This lecture focusses on User-centered Design (UCD). It covers the "The Elements of User Experience" book by Garrett.
The topics covered are:
- the UCD process
- Personas
- Scope
- Information Architecture
- Sitemaps
- Wireframes
- Prototypes
The output of this course consists in a list of artifacts and principles to be used when engineering Web applications. The list is availabe at https://trello.com/b/z49P8z3b
Web Engineering L7: Sequence Diagrams and Design Decisions (7/8)Henry Muccini
This lecture covers Sequence diagrams and Design decision models. It covers:
- sequence diagrams in UML 2.x
- the QOC model for design decisions
The output of this course consists in a list of artifacts and principles to be used when engineering Web applications. They are listed at https://trello.com/b/z49P8z3b
Web Engineering L6: Software Architecture for the Web (6/8)Henry Muccini
This lecture discusses Architectural aspects of Web engineering.
It covers:
- software architecture design
- software architecture for the web
- component model for software architecture description
The output of this course consists in a list of artifacts and principles to be used when engineering Web applications is listed at https://trello.com/b/z49P8z3b
Web Engineering L5: Content Model (5/8)Henry Muccini
This lecture focusses on Content Design.
It presents the UWE approach for producing the:
- Conceptual Model
- Navigation Space Model
- Navigational Structure Model
The output of this course consists in a list of artifacts and principles to be used when engineering Web applications is listed at https://trello.com/b/z49P8z3b
Web Engineering L3: Project Planning (3/8)Henry Muccini
This lecture focusses on project planning.
It focuses on:
- work breakdown
- project planning
- PERT
- Critical Path
- Project Tracking and Estimation
The output of this course consists in a list of artifacts and principles to be used when engineering Web applications is listed at https://trello.com/b/z49P8z3b
Web Engineering L2: Requirements Elicitation for the Web (2/8)Henry Muccini
This lecture focusses on requirements elicitation.
It covers:
- Requirements discovery
- Requirements classification
- Requirements Prioritization
- Requirements Specifications
The output of this course consists in a list of artifacts and principles to be used when engineering Web applications is listed at https://trello.com/b/z49P8z3b
Web Engineering L1: introduction to Web Engineering (1/8)Henry Muccini
This lecture makes an introduction to Web Engineering.
- Why web engineering
- Quality
- Issues to avoid
- Web architectures
The output of this course consists in a list of artifacts and principles to be used when engineering Web applications is listed at https://trello.com/b/z49P8z3b
Web Engineering L4: Requirements and Planning in concrete (4/8)Henry Muccini
This lecture summarizes and extends L3, with a focus on:
- Critical Path
- Agile for Planning
- Convergence and divergence
The output of this course consists in a list of artifacts and principles to be used when engineering Web applications is listed at https://trello.com/b/z49P8z3b
Collaborative aspects of Decision Making and its impact on SustainabilityHenry Muccini
In this talk I made an effort to link together sustainability, architecture design decision, and group decision making. Take a look and contact me for questions.
This presentation proposes CAPS, an architecture-driven
modeling framework for the development of Situational Aware
Cyber-Physical Systems.
Situational Awareness involves being aware of what is
happening in the surroundings, and using this information
to decide and act. It has been recognized as a critical,
yet often elusive, foundation for successful decision-making
in complex systems. With the advent of cyber-physical systems
(CPS), situational awareness is playing an increasingly
important role especially in crowd and fleets management,
infrastructure monitoring, and smart city applications. While
specializing cyber physical systems, Situational Aware CPS
requires the continuous monitoring of environmental conditions
and events with respect to time and space. New architectural
concerns arise, especially related to the sense , compute &
communication paradigm, the use of domain-specific hardware
components, and the cyber-physical space dimension.
This work illustrates the CAPS modeling languages used
to describe the software architecture, hardware configuration,
and physical space views for a situational aware CPS.
1ST DISIM WORKSHOP ON ENGINEERING CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMSHenry Muccini
The University of L'Aquila, Italy, has organized an internal meeting on Engineering Cyber-Physical Systems (26 Jan 2016). About 35 colleagues from the DISIM (Information Engineering, Computer Science, and Mathematics) have participated and made presentations.
This SlideShare collects all the presentations.
If interested to future events, feel free to contact us:
Alessandro D’Innocenzo – alessandro.dinnocenzo@univaq.it -
Henry Muccini - henry.muccini@univaq.it
1. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems
András Pataricza
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
pataric@mit.bme.hu
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
2. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Let’s reach an unlimited
intelligence by the synergy of
intelligence in the cyber
space and
ES interfacing them to the
physical world
THE NEW ERA:
INTERNET OF THINGS AKA
CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
ch nn |
Institut nn
| Prof. nn
| 2
3. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
ES paradigm shift
Traditional
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Industrialized
• Best component technologies
• Standardized components
• Automated system design
4. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Appearance of cloud-based semantic services
“Drag-and-drop”
application
prototyping
Uniformization
− Meta-algorithms
− Data
●COMPUTED
●SENSED
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
4
IBM Internet of Things (IoT) Foundation
Wolfram Connected Devices Project
5. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Example
Cameras on riverside
Different applications
concurrently using
the same primary
information
Tasks can change according to
time/season/requirements
●Identification of ships
●Monitoring the break-up of ice
●Monitoring the water level
●Monitoring the speed of flood
●Pollution check
●Supervision of hostile entrance to the ship
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
6. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Cyber physical systems
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Cyber
world
Physical
world
Problem
Solution
scheme
Deployment
Service
Solution
pattern
Component
service
offering
7. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Measurement and
extraction
Parameterization
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
7
Critical CPS design and challenges
Transformation
Design
modell
Communication
synthesis
Behavioral model
Implementation
testing
Hardware
synthesis
Optimization
Software
synthesis
Simulation
Verification
Partitioning
Scheduling
Specification
Completeness
consistency
Fault modelling,
testing
Benchmarking,
data processing
CCoommpplleexxiittyy??
Mobile, ad-hoc,
large scale
8. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Service Oriented Approach
Embedded systems provide services
− Information of sensors
− information of Internet
− high level information derived
− actuation possibility (limited)
Services in a database
Upon a new task: solution derived based on design
patterns and available resources
new solution deployed with no interference with the
already running ones
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
9. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Case study: supervising a server room
Observations
temperature
humidity
state of doors/windows
monitoring the power consumption weather
(temp./humidity)
temperature of outflow air of air conditioning
state of server computers/switches (video
based)
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
9
FIRST
10. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Sensor platform
Beagleboard-XM embedded SBC
Sensors
− temperature
− humidity
− web camera
− power meters
− microswitches to windows/doors
Information from the web
− weather status
− weather forecast
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
10
FIRST
3.25’”×
3.25”
11. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Processing the camera pictures in the Cloud
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Motion JPEG stream
− available on the Internet
Threshold
Virtualization for sensor
drivers
11
FIRST
12. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
COMPOSITION OF
CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
12
13. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Cyber
world
Solutio
Physical
world
Problem
n
scheme
Deployment
Service
Solution
pattern
Component
service
offering
13
14. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Design schemes
Detecting changes in system state
Detecting changes in environment
Reconfiguration
− Resource allocation
●generation of new application/middleware
●replacement of sensors
●new information fusion etc.
− Design space exploration
●Qualitative
●Quantitative
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
14
FIRST
15. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Composability
System design principle:
− recombinant components
− can be assembled in various combinations
Meaningful fusion of self-contained services
Provide interoperability of devices
− Bridging the gap between different
●physical,
●computational and
●communication capabilities
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
16. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Dynamic composition of cyber-physical systems
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
17. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Requirements of composability
User interface for describing
domain specific constraints
Abstract interfaces between cooperating nodes
− Embedded systems connected to sensors and
actuators
− Mobile devices
− Conventional computing devices,
− cloud resources
Automated system maintenance,
Fault tolerance, redundancy
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
17 / 16
18. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Composability through abstraction
Finding a conceptual domain where devices
are homogeneous
− Possibly the lowest level of such domains
Abstraction of computing capabilities
− Virtualization (QEMU, Java, Python)
Abstraction of physical capabilities
− Sensor virtualization (SOS),
− Feature discovery
Abstraction of communication capabilities
− Self-describing communication interface (SOS)
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
19. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Sensor Observation Service (SOS)
Abstracts sensor data
and communication
− Self-describing sensor
information database
− Stores sensor data with
geographic relevance
− Efficient data queries
● temporal or spatial filters
Members of the CPS
− direct communication with
the SOS
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
offering
procedure 1
procedure 2
feature of interest
20. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology
W3C Incubator Group (2009-2011)
Capabilities of sensors and sensor networks
− Formal ontology
Covers:
− system, deployment, sensing device, process
− observed phenomenon (e.g. wind)
●sensor type (e.g. ultrasonic wind sensor)
●property (e.g. wind direction)
●meaning (e.g. blows from direction)
●unit of measure (e.g. radian)
− operating range (e.g. temperature, humidity, ...)
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
21. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
SSN example: wind sensor
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
22. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Architecture
Application
monitoring
Sensor Observation Service
Register
application
applications performance
virtualization
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
SISRO
OWL ontology
Application
designer
User
applicatio
ns
RDF triplestore
Configurati
on planner
install/uninstall
start/stop
Plan
execution
SOS - OWL
transformation
Sensor metadata
and observations
Node application
performance data
Embedded system
Sensor
search and
monitoring
riporting
host OS (Linux)
Sensor /
actuator
Store observation
23. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Opportunities and threats in the cps paradigm
RESILIENCE
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
23
24. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Self-* properties – dynamic challenges and
solutions
Self-configuration
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Self-healing
Self-protection
Self-optimization
25. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Opportunities-algorithmic diversity
“Meta-algorithms’
Different principles
− Speed control in Italy:
●Radar
●Laser
●TUTOR
− Resource requirements
External providers
− Aaas –
algorithm as a service
− External validator
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Algorithm
Cyber
Comm.
Physical
25
26. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Opportunities- resource redundancy
Cheap computational
redundancy, but
− Depends on the reservation policy
Virtualized network (SDN)
− Fast failover
Cheap sensors
− Multitude of sensors
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Algorithm
Cyber
Comm.
Physical
26
27. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Dynamic reconfiguration of resources
System state
monitoring
Performance
monitoring
Deployment
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
27 / 16
User
applications
describe
observational
and processing
constraints
Design space
exploration
New system
state
28. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Self-* properties – dynamic challenges
•Mobility
•Evolution:
• Problem
• Requirement
• Priorities
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
• Data protection
• Detection ,
• Identification ,
• Reaction
• Effectivity of
resource use
• Load balancing
• Workload tuning
• FT
• Detection
• Diagnostics
• Compensation
• Reactiveness
• Adaptation to
the dynamically
changing
enviroment
Self-configuration
Self-healing
Self-protection
Self-optimization
•Evolution:
•Resource set
•Capability
•Capacity
•Workload
•Evolution:
• Fault/failure
modes
•Evolution:
• Requirements
• Threads
29. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Self-* properties – dynamic challenges
•Mobility
•Evolution:
• Problem
• Requirement
• Priorities
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
• Data protection
• Detection ,
• Identification ,
• Reaction
• Effectivity of
resource use
• Load balancing
• Workload tuning
• FT
• Detection
• Diagnostics
• Compensation
• Reactiveness
• Adaptation to
the dynamically
changing
enviroment
Self-configuration
Self-healing
Self-protection
Self-optimization
•Evolution:
•Resource set
•Capability
•Capacity
•Workload
•Evolution:
• Fault/failure
modes
•Evolution:
• Requirements
• Threads
30. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Self-* properties – dynamic challenges
•Mobility
•Evolution:
• Problem
• Requirement
• Priorities
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
• Data protection
• Detection ,
• Identification ,
• Reaction
• Effectivity of
resource use
• Load balancing
• Workload tuning
• FT
• Detection
• Diagnostics
• Compensation
• Reactiveness
• Adaptation to
the dynamically
changing
enviroment
Self-configuration
Self-healing
Self-protection
Self-optimization
•Evolution:
•Resource set
•Capability
•Capacity
•Workload
•Evolution:
• Fault/failure
modes
•Evolution:
• Requirements
• Threads
31. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Safety-critical systems are
• protected against worst-case technical faults, but
• unprotected against malicious attacks
THE HORRIBLE MOTIVATION
- NEW DANGERS ARE HERE…
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
31
32. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Polish teen derails tram after hacking train network
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
32
A 14-year-old Polish boy turned the tram system
in the city of Lodz into his “train set”.
He used a modified TV remote control to change track
points, and derailed four vehicles.
Twelve people were injured.
33. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Malware implicated in fatal Spanair plane crash
Authorities investigating the 2008 crash of Spanair
flight 5022 have discovered a central computer
system used to monitor technical problems in the
aircraft was infected with malware.
An internal report issued by the airline revealed the
infected computer failed to detect three technical
problems with the aircraft, which if detected, may
have prevented the plane from taking off...
Flight 5022 crashed just after takeoff from Madrid-
Barajas International Airport two years ago today,
killing 154 and leaving only 18 survivors.
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
33
34. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Safety contra security?
Safe, but not secure
• People may escape danger
from inside
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Secure, but not safe
• No intruder can enter the
gate
34
35. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Specialization:
error propagation/
protection
Introduces:
•Security aspects
•Protection profiles
•Error propagation attributes
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
36. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
System level fault impact analysis
SYSTEM
PROTECTION
PROPERTIES
Component 2
• unprotected?
• limiting ?
INPUT
ERROR
Component 1
• unprotected
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Component 3
• Reconstructing
OUTPUT
ERROR?
Function
• I/O behavior
States
•Stateful
•Stateless
Faults
• Internal
•External
Resource
Protections
•external
use
Security
properties
37. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Safety vs. security analysis
Safety Security
Fault HW/SW
Unintentional
defects
LIMITED FAULTS
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
Intrusion
Error Distorted values/states
Failure Critical failure
Propagation
Funtional/
model
architectural
Functional/
architectural +
attack surface
37
38. Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Dependability/security problems and analysis
Fault-Tolerant Systems Research Group
38