Separation Techniques (1).ppt
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This chapter discusses separation techniques including chromatography, filtration, crystallization, and distillation. Chromatography involves using a solvent to separate mixtures into individual components by exploiting differences in how substances migrate across a medium. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing a mixture through a filter. Crystallization and distillation are other common separation methods. The document provides detailed procedures and diagrams for each technique.
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Experimental techniques
This document discusses various techniques for purifying substances, including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. It provides examples of how each technique works and the types of mixtures it can be used to separate. Key points include:
- Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a filter paper.
- Crystallization forms pure crystals of a soluble solid by slowly evaporating the solvent from a saturated solution.
- Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates mixtures by exploiting differences in how substances partition between a stationary and mobile phase.
Experimental techniques
This document discusses various techniques for purifying substances, including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. It provides examples of how each technique works and the types of mixtures it can be used to separate. Key points include:
- Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a filter paper.
- Crystallization forms pure crystals of a soluble solid by slowly evaporating the solvent from a saturated solution.
- Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates mixtures by exploiting differences in how substances partition between a stationary and mobile phase.
Separation of Mixtures
This document discusses methods for separating mixtures into their pure components. It describes techniques like filtration, crystallization, distillation, and paper chromatography. Filtration can separate insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization involves evaporating a solution to leave behind crystals of the solute. Distillation separates liquids based on their boiling points. Paper chromatography uses a solvent to separate mixtures on a paper strip based on how far different substances travel up the paper. The document emphasizes that pure substances have fixed melting and boiling points, while mixtures can be separated into pure components using these techniques.
Methods for separating mixtures
Common techniques for separating mixtures include chromatography, distillation, evaporation, and filtration. Chromatography separates mixtures using solvents and a solid medium. Distillation uses differences in boiling points to separate liquid mixtures by heating and condensing components. Evaporation removes liquids from solutions by heating, leaving behind solids. Filtration separates particles of different sizes using a porous material.
Experimental techniques -choosing appropriate equipment for mass,volume and t...
Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including burettes, pipettes and measuring cylinders
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Methods of purification
• Describe and explain methods of purification by the use of a suitable solvent, filtration, crystallisation and distillation (including use of a fractionating column). (Refer to the fractional distillation of petroleum and products of fermentation)
• Suggest suitable purification techniques, given information about the substances involved
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This document discusses the separation of pure substances from mixtures through various techniques. It begins by defining pure substances and mixtures, and explains why it is important to determine purity, especially for medicines, foods, and beverages. Several methods are then described to separate mixtures into their pure components, including filtration, evaporation and crystallization, chromatography, and exploiting differences in physical properties like solubility, density, and magnetism. Chromatography is discussed in depth as a method to separate colored dyes and amino acids. The key points are that purity can be determined by measuring fixed melting/boiling points, and various laboratory techniques exist to separate components of mixtures into pure forms.
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This document summarizes various experimental techniques for separating mixtures, including:
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2. Solid-liquid separation techniques like sublimation, dissolving/filtration, and simple distillation.
3. Liquid-liquid separation techniques like using a separating funnel and fractional distillation.
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This document discusses various techniques for purifying substances, including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. It provides examples of how each technique works and the types of mixtures it can be used to separate. Key points include:
- Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a filter paper.
- Crystallization forms pure crystals of a soluble solid by slowly evaporating the solvent from a saturated solution.
- Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates mixtures by exploiting differences in how substances partition between a stationary and mobile phase.
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This document discusses various techniques for purifying substances, including filtration, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. It provides examples of how each technique works and the types of mixtures it can be used to separate. Key points include:
- Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a filter paper.
- Crystallization forms pure crystals of a soluble solid by slowly evaporating the solvent from a saturated solution.
- Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates mixtures by exploiting differences in how substances partition between a stationary and mobile phase.
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This document discusses methods for separating mixtures into their pure components. It describes techniques like filtration, crystallization, distillation, and paper chromatography. Filtration can separate insoluble solids from liquids. Crystallization involves evaporating a solution to leave behind crystals of the solute. Distillation separates liquids based on their boiling points. Paper chromatography uses a solvent to separate mixtures on a paper strip based on how far different substances travel up the paper. The document emphasizes that pure substances have fixed melting and boiling points, while mixtures can be separated into pure components using these techniques.
Methods for separating mixtures
Common techniques for separating mixtures include chromatography, distillation, evaporation, and filtration. Chromatography separates mixtures using solvents and a solid medium. Distillation uses differences in boiling points to separate liquid mixtures by heating and condensing components. Evaporation removes liquids from solutions by heating, leaving behind solids. Filtration separates particles of different sizes using a porous material.
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Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including burettes, pipettes and measuring cylinders
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• Describe and explain methods of purification by the use of a suitable solvent, filtration, crystallisation and distillation (including use of a fractionating column). (Refer to the fractional distillation of petroleum and products of fermentation)
• Suggest suitable purification techniques, given information about the substances involved
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This document discusses the separation of pure substances from mixtures through various techniques. It begins by defining pure substances and mixtures, and explains why it is important to determine purity, especially for medicines, foods, and beverages. Several methods are then described to separate mixtures into their pure components, including filtration, evaporation and crystallization, chromatography, and exploiting differences in physical properties like solubility, density, and magnetism. Chromatography is discussed in depth as a method to separate colored dyes and amino acids. The key points are that purity can be determined by measuring fixed melting/boiling points, and various laboratory techniques exist to separate components of mixtures into pure forms.
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This document summarizes various experimental techniques for separating mixtures, including:
1. Solid-solid separation techniques like filtration, crystallization/evaporation, and dissolving/filtration.
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1. To understand different physical separation techniques
2. To separate the components of a mixture of sand (SiO2), table salt (NaCl) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), using various separation techniques
3. To determine the percent composition of each component
4. To determine the percent recovery of the total mixtureMaterials:
· 2 g unknown sample
· Small evaporating dish
· Large evaporating dish
· Watch glass
· Bunsen burner
· Balance
· Clay triangle
· Clay square
· Glass stirring rod
· Evaporating dish tongsIntroduction:
Matter can be generally classified either by state (liquid, gas, or solid) or by composition. In terms of composition, there are two types of matter: pure substances and mixtures. A
pure substance is matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties. Elements or compounds are pure substances (e.g. water, helium.) On the other hand, a
mixture is matter that consists of two or more pure substances physically combined in varying amounts (e.g. salt water). There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Whereas a
homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout, the components of a
heterogeneous mixture vary throughout and can be distinguished. For instance, granite (a type of rock) is a heterogeneous mixture.
Regardless of the type of mixture, the components of a mixture can always be separated by physical means. Some examples of physical methods of separation are defined below.
Decantation is the rough separation of a liquid from a solid. It consists of pouring the liquid out and leaving the solid in the container.
No filter paper is needed in this process.
As an example,
sand and water can be separated by decantation.
Filtration is the fine separation of a solid material from a liquid with the help of filter paper and a funnel or other porous membrane. In this process, the solid or residue is collected on a filter paper. The liquid that passes through the filter paper is called the filtrate.
Extraction involves using a solvent to dissolve only one component of a mixture so that it can be removed from the other component(s). For example, if only one solid is soluble in water, extraction could be used to dissolve that component and then the aqueous solution can be removed from the mixture by decantation or filtration.
Distillation is a separation technique that uses the different boiling points of liquids. It consists of vaporizing a liquid substance out of a mixture of two or more liquids and condensing it into a separate container using a condenser. For example, alcohol can be separated from water in an aqueous solution by distillation because the alcohol has a lower boiling point than water.
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3. To determine the percent composition of each component
4. To determine the percent recovery of the total mixtureMaterials:
· 2 g unknown sample
· Small evaporating dish
· Large evaporating dish
· Watch glass
· Bunsen burner
· Balance
· Clay triangle
· Clay square
· Glass stirring rod
· Evaporating dish tongsIntroduction:
Matter can be generally classified either by state (liquid, gas, or solid) or by composition. In terms of composition, there are two types of matter: pure substances and mixtures. A
pure substance is matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties. Elements or compounds are pure substances (e.g. water, helium.) On the other hand, a
mixture is matter that consists of two or more pure substances physically combined in varying amounts (e.g. salt water). There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Whereas a
homogeneous mixture is uniform throughout, the components of a
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Regardless of the type of mixture, the components of a mixture can always be separated by physical means. Some examples of physical methods of separation are defined below.
Decantation is the rough separation of a liquid from a solid. It consists of pouring the liquid out and leaving the solid in the container.
No filter paper is needed in this process.
As an example,
sand and water can be separated by decantation.
Filtration is the fine separation of a solid material from a liquid with the help of filter paper and a funnel or other porous membrane. In this process, the solid or residue is collected on a filter paper. The liquid that passes through the filter paper is called the filtrate.
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2. Testing the effects of chemical components is important because mixtures can have properties different than their individual parts. Components that may seem harmless alone could interact in ways that harm the environment. Understanding these interactions helps identify risks and opportunities to formulate safer products.
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The document discusses various types of mixtures including solutions, suspensions, and colloids. It defines a solution as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, and discusses solvents, solutes, and concentration. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where particles do not dissolve. Colloids have small undissolved particles that scatter light, exhibiting the Tyndall effect. Methods for separating mixtures include filtration, crystallization, centrifugation, chromatography, and distillation. Physical changes involve state changes without composition changes, while chemical changes alter the composition.
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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Design and optimization of ion propulsion drone
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
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Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
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Separation Techniques (1).ppt
- 1. Chapter 3: Separation Techniques You will learn about: • Pure substances • Methods of purification: - Chromatography - Filtration - Crystallization - Distillation
- 2. How do we know which are the real products?
- 3. Pure Substances Mixtures Composition A single substance not mixed with anything else Contains two or more substances Melting and boiling points Fixed points Over a range of temperature Chromatography Produces a single spot on the chromatography paper. Contain two or more spots. Testing for Purity
- 4. A technique using a solvent to separate a mixture into its components. E.g separate dyes in ink, detect traces of banned food substances, identify poisons or drugs. (i) Chromatography 1
- 5. 1. Food colouring is applied to chromatography paper. 2. The paper is dipped into a solvent. (e.g water, alcohol) 3. The solvent travels up the paper, dissolving and carrying the dye along with it. 4. Coloured spots are seen in different positions on the paper at the end of results. Procedure:
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- 11. Ben Johnson stripped from his Olympic gold in 1988.
- 12. ii) Filtration: separating a solid from liquid
- 13. 1. A mixture is poured into the filter funnel lined with filter paper. 2. Liquid particles are small enough to go through the pores of the filter paper but the solid particles are too large to go through. 3. Collect the filtrate that passes through the filter paper in a conical flask. The solid that remains in the filter paper is called residue.
- 14. iii) Evaporation to Dryness & Crystallisation
- 15. 1. Pour some distilled water into the mixture to dissolve the soluble substance. 2. Filter the mixture. 3. Wash the residue with a little distilled water to remove all the salt solution from it. The residue is sand. 4. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Salt is recovered. Procedure:
- 16. iv) Distillation: separating a liquid from a solution
- 17. Procedure: 1. Solution is heated in a flask until the solution boils. 2. Pure liquid turns into a vapour and leaves the flask 3. Vapour is then cooled by a condenser, which changes it back into a liquid 4. Liquid is called the distillate and is collected in a conical flask.
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- 20. If the distillate is volatile, the receiver can be put in a large container filled with ice. This helps to keep the temperature of the distillate low so that it remains in the liquid state.
- 21. Eg. Finding out the dyes present in sweets
- 22. Paper chromatography • a method of separating & identifying mixtures. • a suitable solvent is used.
- 25. Purity of Substances • pure substances have fixed melting and boiling points • melting points and boiling points are changed by the presence of impurities