Classification of Quantum Repeater Attacks
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Presentation on paper "Classification of Quantum Repeater Attacks," presented at NDSS/SENT '15, San Diego, CA, U.S.A. Shigeya Suzuki and Rodney Van Meter Abstract: In this paper, we discuss and classify attacks on quantum repeater systems. As engineers working in both classical and quantum networking, we naturally wish to apply the lessons learned in classical networks to minimize security issues with developing quantum networks. We have modeled quantum repeater network nodes, pointed out attack vectors, then analyzed attacks in terms of confidentiality, integrity and availability. While we are reassured about the promises of quantum networks from the confidentiality point of view, we observed that the requirements on the classical computing/networking element affect the systems’ overall security risks. We believe further study, especially on coordinated action between the quantum and classical parts, is important as we approach actual implementation of the Quantum Internet. Paper available via: http://www.internetsociety.org/events/ndss-symposium-2015/ndss-2015-sent-programme
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Classification of Quantum Repeater Attacks
- 1. Classification of Quantum Repeater Attacks Shigeya Suzuki, Rodney Van Meter at SENT ’15, 8th February 2015, San Diego CA, USA
- 2. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Presentation Outline • Quantum Repeater and its elements • Model of Quantum Repeater • Classification of Quantum Repeater Attacks 2
- 3. Quantum Repeater and its elements
- 4. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Quantum Application and Repeater • A quantum application, or its server will use quantum state teleported from client to do something interesting • To create Quantum Internet, we need to have a way to application client to send a quantum state to a quantum application server • Quantum repeater, which take the roles of a router in classical internet, is a key to create Quantum Internet 4
- 5. © Shigeya Suzuki / Keio University. All Rights Reserved Example 5 QNIC QKD Device QNIC QNIC Repeater QNIC QKD Device Firbre/Freespace Classical IKE daemon QKD plugin IKE daemon QKD pluginQKD level exchange Classical(IP) IKE level exchange API call/RPC Device API Device API Host (on startup init) Host (on startup init) IKE API IKE API API or Interface QNIC QNIC Repeater Quantum Socket I/F Quantum Socket I/F Inter-Repeater Entanglement/Purification Protocols IPsec Connection (encrypted, secured)
- 6. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Quantum Repeater Elements • Qubits • Fidelity of a Qubit • Entanglement • Bell Pair and Teleportation • Fidelity and Purification • Entanglement Swapping • Multi-hop entanglement by Purification and Entanglement swap • Quantum Repeater 6
- 7. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Qubits • Each qubits represents single quantum state • May hold either simple state or complex states like superposition • Measuring the state of a qubit cause state collapse 7 x y z 1 0 By Glosser.ca, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Bloch Sphere
- 8. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Fidelity of a Qubit • How well the qubit hardware correctly represents the state we want to set is important • Described by the fidelity of the qubit – e.g., you want set direction of the spin of an electron, and how close the spin actually points to your desired direction is the fidelity • Essentially, it’s the probability that the state does what you want when you use/measure it 8 x y z 1 0
- 9. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Entanglement • By using some known procedure, it is possible to create entangled pairs of qubits • Some operations on one entangled qubit affects the other ➡ does not mean we can remotely flip a qubit! • Happens over any distance ➡ cannot be used to send data faster than light 9
- 10. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Bell Pair and Teleportation • Bell Pair, which is a kind of entanglement state, can be used to teleport one quantum state from one side of the entanglement to the other side • Current known scheme allow to create Bell Pair among two distant qubits connected via a fiber • Requires supporting classical communication • Destroys entanglement ➡ so making more entanglement is the work of the network! 10 (1) A coupled with B, then both A and B measured (2) Apply operation by the measurement result transforms C to state of A A B C Cnew 1 2
- 11. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Fidelity and Purification • Just created entanglement between two nodes may not have desired fidelity • Various qubit operations may diminish fidelity, too • To use for communication, either improve fidelity of the qubit or apply error correction scheme using multiple qubits • Purification protocol creates single better fidelity entangled pair from two entangled pairs 11
- 12. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Entanglement Swapping • Entanglement swapping operation extends distance of entangled qubits by splicing two pairs of entanglements into one • After entanglement swapping, qubits in the middle node does not provide any role, can be reused 12 Node A Node B Node C
- 13. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Multi-hop entanglement by Purification and Entanglement swap • By using purification and entanglement swap repeatedly in coordinated manner among nodes, we can create entangled qubits between any two user specified nodes 13
- 14. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Qubits - security point of view • When Alice and Bob want to communicate, we want – Detect existence of any eavesdropper – To be sure Alice and Bob are actually communicating 14
- 15. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Detection of eavesdroppers • By applying quantum tomography on randomly select entangled qubits to detect eavesdropper • But If an eavesdropper can predict the selection of qubits for quantum tomography, he/she can remain undetectable by not touching the selected qubit 15
- 16. Model of Quantum Repeater System
- 17. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Quantum Repeater Node 17 QNIC QNIC qubitsRealtime Controller QNIC QNIC qubitsRealtime Controller Quantum LinksQuantum Repeater Node Classical Links To Other QNodes To Classical Network Buffer qubits QBuffer Realtime Controller CNIC Node Controller
- 18. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Quantum Application Node 18 QNIC QNIC qubitsRealtime Controller Quantum LinksQuantum Application Node Classical Links To Other QNodes To Classical Network Term. qubits QApplication Realtime Controller CNIC Node Controller
- 19. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Peculiarities of Quantum Repeaters • Quantum operation require classical communications • Requires realtime operation • Hop by hop decision on each router is not feasible 19
- 20. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Quantum operation require classical communications • Many of the operation on entangled pair, or teleportation require communication using classical information system 20
- 21. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Requires Realtime operation • Operation should be done in realtime, synchronized manner – All of the operation onto qubits must be controlled by realtime manner – Some of the operation among nodes should be done in accurately synchronized clocks 21
- 22. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Hop by hop decision is not feasible • (Extending entanglement one hop at a time is not feasible) • Creation of end-to-end entanglement require repeated and coordinated creation of entanglements among participating nodes in between two end nodes – Creation of an entangled pair require physical connection – Qubit’s fidelity decays as time passes • Purification require two entangled pairs on same nodes 22
- 24. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Elements Grouping wrt attack vector characteristics • Qubits – Terminal qubits – Interface qubits – Buffer qubits • Channels – In-node quantum channels – Inter-node quantum channels – Inter-node classical channels • Classical node resources 24
- 25. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Qubits • Terminal qubits – Qubits used as interface to application. Has direct interface to application, but no direct interface to outside of the node • Interface qubits – Qubits which has direct interface to outside of the node • Buffer qubits – Qubits which works in between terminal qubits and interface qubits to work as buffers. No direct interface to application or outside of the node 25
- 26. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Channels • In-node quantum channels • Inter-node quantum channels • Inter-node classical channels 26
- 27. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Classical node resources • Node has usual classical components such as: – Power supply and external power – Clocks – Buses – etc, etc… 27
- 28. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Relationship with RFID system • Quantum repeater systems and RFID systems has similar properties • Both systems are tightly coupled hybrid systems of sensing and software elements, and also expect to make use of the effects of interaction with the outside world • Due to this, We have referenced some of discussion on attack to RFID systems 28
- 29. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Attack to Qubits 29 Confidentiality Integrity Availability Terminal qubits Eavesdropper detectable Possibility of out-of- system attacks Vulnerable to direct attacks and its variants, like classical system Interface qubits Eavesdropper detectable but direct attack to Quantum interface demonstrated (same as above) (same as above) Buffer qubits Eavesdropper detectable (same as above) (same as above)
- 30. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Attack to Quantum Channels 30 Confidentiality Integrity Availability In-node quantum channels Safe N/A Vulnerable to direct attacks and its variants, like classical system Inter-node quantum channels Eavesdropper detectable but direct attack to Quantum interface demonstrated N/A Vulnerable to direct attacks and its variants, like classical system
- 31. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Attack to Classical Channels and Classical node resources 31 Confidentiality Integrity Availability Inter-node classical channels Vulnerable to Classical Confidentiality attack possible N/A Vulnerable to Classical Availability attack possible Classical node resources Vulnerable to Classical Confidentiality attack possible Vulnerable to Classical Integrity attack possible Vulnerable to Classical Availability attack possible
- 32. © Shigeya Suzuki, All Rights Reserved Summary • In this paper, we provided an model of a quantum repeater network and grouped elements of them, then, provided an analysis on a quantum repeater architecture based on our current knowledge – On confidentiality, quantum repeater systems have great advantage by applying quantum tomography to detect third party eavesdropper – On integrity and availability, a quantum repeater system seems to be not so different from a classical network system • Since quantum repeater system heavily depends on classical information system, classical part is a key to make quantum repeater system secure 32 This research has been supported by Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development, Air Force Office of Scientific Research under grant 144051 Acknowledgements