CoSign Digital Signature trusted by MicrosoftLupu Cosmin
Semnătura digitală are rostul de a asigura autenticitatea provenienţei expeditorului, precum şi integritatea datelor transmise. Pe de altă parte, semnătura digitală elimină riscul nerecunoaşterii transmiterii unor date de către expeditor - această caracteristică purtând numele de nonrepudiere.
Dacă documentul este semnat de X, atunci X este expeditorul cu siguranţă. Nimeni altcineva, în principiu, nu poate semna în locul acestuia. Semnătura digitală este mai sigură chiar decât cea clasică, întrucât o semnătură olografă (scrisă de mână) poate fi reprodusă uneori cu mare acurateţe.
The document discusses different types and spectra of complexity in systems engineering. It identifies six main types of complexity: structural complexity related to size, connectivity and architecture; dynamic complexity related to both long-term and short-term processes; and socio-political complexity. The document proposes using a three-point scale to measure each type of complexity and weighting them to obtain an overall complexity measure for a system. However, it notes that the method requires further refinement and validation before it can be reliably used.
CoSign Digital Signature trusted by MicrosoftLupu Cosmin
Semnătura digitală are rostul de a asigura autenticitatea provenienţei expeditorului, precum şi integritatea datelor transmise. Pe de altă parte, semnătura digitală elimină riscul nerecunoaşterii transmiterii unor date de către expeditor - această caracteristică purtând numele de nonrepudiere.
Dacă documentul este semnat de X, atunci X este expeditorul cu siguranţă. Nimeni altcineva, în principiu, nu poate semna în locul acestuia. Semnătura digitală este mai sigură chiar decât cea clasică, întrucât o semnătură olografă (scrisă de mână) poate fi reprodusă uneori cu mare acurateţe.
The document discusses different types and spectra of complexity in systems engineering. It identifies six main types of complexity: structural complexity related to size, connectivity and architecture; dynamic complexity related to both long-term and short-term processes; and socio-political complexity. The document proposes using a three-point scale to measure each type of complexity and weighting them to obtain an overall complexity measure for a system. However, it notes that the method requires further refinement and validation before it can be reliably used.
1) Keynes believed that aggregate demand could be inadequate to achieve full employment because supply does not necessarily create its own demand.
2) The chapter discusses the consumption function and how consumption is determined by disposable income with a marginal propensity to consume. It also discusses how investment is determined by expectations of future profits rather than interest rates.
3) The Keynesian cross model shows how consumption and investment determine aggregate demand and income in the economy.
PGI Eco Logical Fox is proud to present this brief overview of its US-India cross market sustainable wine industry agri-business plan. With built in green efficiencies and deep CSR commitment, it is PGI's showcase model of a business committed to UN Global Compact Millennium goals.
The marginal product of the third washing station is the change in total output from adding that station. With 2 stations they washed 100 cars. With 3 stations they washed 150 cars. So the change, or marginal product, of adding the third station is 150 - 100 = 50 cars per day.
Presentation at the Ministry of Energy, Science & Technology and Public Utilities Private Sector Forum, Pelican Beach Resort, Dangriga Town, Stann Creek Belize, April 4, 2013
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to supply and demand. It defines the law of demand as stating that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, ceteris paribus. It also defines the law of supply as stating that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied, ceteris paribus. The document explains that a change in price results in a movement along the demand or supply curve, while a change in a non-price determinant results in a shift of the entire curve. Market equilibrium exists where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to money and the Federal Reserve System. It defines money as anything that serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It also discusses the functions and properties of money, different types of money including commodity and fiat money, and definitions of the money supply including M1, M2, and M3. Additionally, the summary explains the role of the Federal Reserve System in controlling the money supply and supervising banks, as well as other organizations like the FDIC that insure bank deposits.
The key characteristics of perfect competition are:
1) Many small firms
2) Homogeneous (identical) products
3) Free entry and exit from the market
4) Price-taking behavior
The correct answer is b. Perfect competition is characterized by homogeneous (identical) products, not a great variety of different products.
- Inflation is defined as a general increase in the price level of goods and services in an economy over time.
- The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the most widely used measure of inflation. It measures the cost of a basket of goods/services relative to a base year.
- The annual inflation rate is calculated by taking the percentage change in the CPI from one year to the next. Deflation is a decrease in the general price level.
- Nominal income is income measured in dollars, while real income adjusts for inflation to reflect purchasing power. Inflation reduces real incomes if wages do not rise sufficiently to
This document discusses combining peer-to-peer (P2P) content distribution with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) networks. IMS is a standardized service platform for next-generation networks that can provide advantages like quality of service guarantees. P2P technologies could help distribute growing multimedia content loads by utilizing peers' upload bandwidth. The document proposes a P2P content distribution service for IMS that would use IMS devices as peers, leverage resource reservation capabilities, and keep traffic local to access networks to reduce core loads while maintaining telco control over the network. Combining P2P with IMS could improve performance and open new business models for telcos distributing multimedia services.
01 introducing the economic way of thinkingNepDevWiki
This chapter introduces key economic concepts such as scarcity, resources, and the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics. It explains that scarcity exists because human wants are unlimited but resources are limited, forcing individuals and societies to make choices. Resources are categorized as land, labor, and capital. Entrepreneurs organize these resources to produce goods and services. Economics studies how people make choices to satisfy wants. Microeconomics examines individual decision-making units while macroeconomics looks at whole economies. Models are used to understand and predict economic behavior.
$6
MFC
$4
$2
$1
Quantity of Labor
1 2 3 4 5
The document discusses labor markets and key concepts including:
- Marginal revenue product (MRP) determines a worker's contribution to total revenue.
- The demand curve for labor shows quantities firms will hire at different wage rates. MRP is the firm's labor demand curve.
- The supply curve of labor shows quantities workers will offer at different wage rates. The market supply is the sum of individual supply curves.
- A monopsonist faces the industry supply curve and pays the same wage, so its marginal factor cost (MFC) exceeds the supply curve
02 production possibilities and opportunity costNepDevWiki
The key concepts from Chapter 2 of the document include:
1) The three fundamental economic questions are what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
2) Opportunity cost is the best alternative forgone in making a decision and represents the value of the next best choice not selected.
3) A production possibilities curve illustrates the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce given scarce resources, and assumes resources and technology are fixed in the short-run.
4) Points inside the curve represent inefficient production, while points on the curve are efficient. The law of increasing opportunity costs and marginal analysis are important concepts relating to the production possibilities curve.
5) Economic growth occurs when
10 monopolistic competition and oligopolyNepDevWiki
Monopolistic competition and oligopoly belong to the category of imperfect competition. Monopolistic competition is characterized by many small sellers, differentiated products, and easy entry and exit. Firms have a negligible effect on price but some control over their own prices. In the short run, firms may earn economic profits, losses, or normal profits, but in the long run normal profits are earned. Oligopoly is characterized by few sellers, homogeneous or differentiated products, and difficult entry. Firms are interdependent and may engage in price leadership, nonprice competition, or form cartels which are prone to cheating. Both market structures allocate resources inefficiently compared to perfect competition.
The document provides an overview of different economic systems. It discusses traditional economies, which rely on long-standing customs. It also describes command economies, where a central authority makes decisions, and market economies, where supply and demand determine outcomes. Specifically, it outlines the pyramid structure of command economies, with a supreme planning agency directing specialized agencies and production units. It also discusses Adam Smith's concept of the invisible hand in market economies and how the pursuit of self-interest can benefit society. Finally, it summarizes mixed economies and the characteristics of capitalism, communism, and socialism.
13 the phillips curve and expectations theoryNepDevWiki
This document provides an overview of the Phillips Curve and expectations theory. It discusses the short-run and long-run Phillips Curves, and how adaptive and rational expectations theories explain the natural rate model. Adaptive expectations theory suggests that expansionary policies are useless long-run to reduce unemployment, while rational expectations theory indicates policies can be negated by anticipated effects. The document also reviews incomes policies and how different macroeconomic models like monetarism, Keynesianism, supply-side economics and the new classical school approach curing inflation.
1) Keynes believed that aggregate demand could be inadequate to achieve full employment because supply does not necessarily create its own demand.
2) The chapter discusses the consumption function and how consumption is determined by disposable income with a marginal propensity to consume. It also discusses how investment is determined by expectations of future profits rather than interest rates.
3) The Keynesian cross model shows how consumption and investment determine aggregate demand and income in the economy.
PGI Eco Logical Fox is proud to present this brief overview of its US-India cross market sustainable wine industry agri-business plan. With built in green efficiencies and deep CSR commitment, it is PGI's showcase model of a business committed to UN Global Compact Millennium goals.
The marginal product of the third washing station is the change in total output from adding that station. With 2 stations they washed 100 cars. With 3 stations they washed 150 cars. So the change, or marginal product, of adding the third station is 150 - 100 = 50 cars per day.
Presentation at the Ministry of Energy, Science & Technology and Public Utilities Private Sector Forum, Pelican Beach Resort, Dangriga Town, Stann Creek Belize, April 4, 2013
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to supply and demand. It defines the law of demand as stating that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, ceteris paribus. It also defines the law of supply as stating that there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied, ceteris paribus. The document explains that a change in price results in a movement along the demand or supply curve, while a change in a non-price determinant results in a shift of the entire curve. Market equilibrium exists where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to money and the Federal Reserve System. It defines money as anything that serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. It also discusses the functions and properties of money, different types of money including commodity and fiat money, and definitions of the money supply including M1, M2, and M3. Additionally, the summary explains the role of the Federal Reserve System in controlling the money supply and supervising banks, as well as other organizations like the FDIC that insure bank deposits.
The key characteristics of perfect competition are:
1) Many small firms
2) Homogeneous (identical) products
3) Free entry and exit from the market
4) Price-taking behavior
The correct answer is b. Perfect competition is characterized by homogeneous (identical) products, not a great variety of different products.
- Inflation is defined as a general increase in the price level of goods and services in an economy over time.
- The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the most widely used measure of inflation. It measures the cost of a basket of goods/services relative to a base year.
- The annual inflation rate is calculated by taking the percentage change in the CPI from one year to the next. Deflation is a decrease in the general price level.
- Nominal income is income measured in dollars, while real income adjusts for inflation to reflect purchasing power. Inflation reduces real incomes if wages do not rise sufficiently to
This document discusses combining peer-to-peer (P2P) content distribution with IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) networks. IMS is a standardized service platform for next-generation networks that can provide advantages like quality of service guarantees. P2P technologies could help distribute growing multimedia content loads by utilizing peers' upload bandwidth. The document proposes a P2P content distribution service for IMS that would use IMS devices as peers, leverage resource reservation capabilities, and keep traffic local to access networks to reduce core loads while maintaining telco control over the network. Combining P2P with IMS could improve performance and open new business models for telcos distributing multimedia services.
01 introducing the economic way of thinkingNepDevWiki
This chapter introduces key economic concepts such as scarcity, resources, and the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics. It explains that scarcity exists because human wants are unlimited but resources are limited, forcing individuals and societies to make choices. Resources are categorized as land, labor, and capital. Entrepreneurs organize these resources to produce goods and services. Economics studies how people make choices to satisfy wants. Microeconomics examines individual decision-making units while macroeconomics looks at whole economies. Models are used to understand and predict economic behavior.
$6
MFC
$4
$2
$1
Quantity of Labor
1 2 3 4 5
The document discusses labor markets and key concepts including:
- Marginal revenue product (MRP) determines a worker's contribution to total revenue.
- The demand curve for labor shows quantities firms will hire at different wage rates. MRP is the firm's labor demand curve.
- The supply curve of labor shows quantities workers will offer at different wage rates. The market supply is the sum of individual supply curves.
- A monopsonist faces the industry supply curve and pays the same wage, so its marginal factor cost (MFC) exceeds the supply curve
02 production possibilities and opportunity costNepDevWiki
The key concepts from Chapter 2 of the document include:
1) The three fundamental economic questions are what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
2) Opportunity cost is the best alternative forgone in making a decision and represents the value of the next best choice not selected.
3) A production possibilities curve illustrates the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce given scarce resources, and assumes resources and technology are fixed in the short-run.
4) Points inside the curve represent inefficient production, while points on the curve are efficient. The law of increasing opportunity costs and marginal analysis are important concepts relating to the production possibilities curve.
5) Economic growth occurs when
10 monopolistic competition and oligopolyNepDevWiki
Monopolistic competition and oligopoly belong to the category of imperfect competition. Monopolistic competition is characterized by many small sellers, differentiated products, and easy entry and exit. Firms have a negligible effect on price but some control over their own prices. In the short run, firms may earn economic profits, losses, or normal profits, but in the long run normal profits are earned. Oligopoly is characterized by few sellers, homogeneous or differentiated products, and difficult entry. Firms are interdependent and may engage in price leadership, nonprice competition, or form cartels which are prone to cheating. Both market structures allocate resources inefficiently compared to perfect competition.
The document provides an overview of different economic systems. It discusses traditional economies, which rely on long-standing customs. It also describes command economies, where a central authority makes decisions, and market economies, where supply and demand determine outcomes. Specifically, it outlines the pyramid structure of command economies, with a supreme planning agency directing specialized agencies and production units. It also discusses Adam Smith's concept of the invisible hand in market economies and how the pursuit of self-interest can benefit society. Finally, it summarizes mixed economies and the characteristics of capitalism, communism, and socialism.
13 the phillips curve and expectations theoryNepDevWiki
This document provides an overview of the Phillips Curve and expectations theory. It discusses the short-run and long-run Phillips Curves, and how adaptive and rational expectations theories explain the natural rate model. Adaptive expectations theory suggests that expansionary policies are useless long-run to reduce unemployment, while rational expectations theory indicates policies can be negated by anticipated effects. The document also reviews incomes policies and how different macroeconomic models like monetarism, Keynesianism, supply-side economics and the new classical school approach curing inflation.
Românismul de la Mihai Eminescu la Grigore Vieruinachirilov
Proiect “Educație online fără hotare” 2023 - 2024,
implementat de Direcția Generală Educație, Tineret și Sport a municipiului Chișinău în cadrul Proiectului “Educație online”
2. Cum realizamsemnaturadigitala? Semnați digital un document din aproximativ aceleași motive pentru care ați semna un document pe hârtie. O semnătură digitală se utilizează pentru a autentifica (autentificare: Procesul prin care persoanele și produsele sunt verificate că sunt ceea ce pretind că sunt. Un exemplu ar fi confirmarea sursei și integrității codului unui editor software prin verificarea semnăturilor digitale utilizate pentru semnarea codului.) informațiile digitale — cum ar fi documente, mesaje de poștă electronică și macrocomenzi — utilizând criptografia informatică. Semnăturile digitale contribuie la stabilirea următoarelor fapte: Autenticitate: Semnătura digitală contribuie în a asigura că semnatarul este cel care pretinde că este. Integritate: Semnătura digitală contribuie în a asigura că un conținut nu a fost modificat sau alterat de la momentul în care a fost semnat digital. Nerepudiere: Semnătura digitală contribuie în a demonstra tuturor părților care este originea conținutului semnat. „Repudiere” se referă la acțiunea unui semnatar care neagă orice asociere cu conținutul semnat.
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11. Realizatori:TatianaJocsi Ramona-Catalina Stan Scoala:Colegiul National Gheorghe RoscaCodreanu Clasa: a 10-a A Profesor: VladGiurcanu Motto:“The way to be safe is never to feel secure”
