TRIGEMINAL NERVE AND ITS CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
The IASP defines TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA as an often unilateral orofacial pain disorder that presents as brief and recurrent episodes of an electric shock-like pain and is limited in distribution to one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve.
Fothergill’s disease/tic douloureux
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves and provides sensory and motor innervation to the face. It has three major branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve further divides into the frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary nerves. The nasociliary nerve branches into the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves which supply sensory innervation to the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve divides into three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve is purely sensory and innervates parts of the face including the eye, forehead, and nose. It divides further into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. The frontal nerve gives off the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves which supply the forehead.
The document provides information about the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It innervates most of the face and provides sensory innervation to the teeth and oral cavity. The trigeminal nerve nuclei are located in the pons and midbrain. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons. The branches and distribution of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are described in detail.
this presentation consist of introduction to types of nerves, structure of nerve and cranial nerves. there is a detail description about, origin , course of the trigeminal nerve and its branches and the structures supplying the nerve. it also contains applied anatomy of the nerve and its importance of the nerve in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. a detail description about the examination of the trigeminal nerve is also mentioned in the presentation. hoping that it would be useful to the students and people seeking for knowledge about the trigeminal nerve.
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) including its:
- Intracranial course and branches originating from the trigeminal ganglion
- Three main divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves
- Branches of each division and the areas they innervate, such as the face, nasal cavity, and oral cavity
- Applied anatomy and clinical significance of parts like the trigeminal ganglion
Trigeminal nerve maxillary nerve and clinical implicationDr Ravneet Kour
The document discusses the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve and its clinical implications. It begins by describing the basic anatomy of neurons, nerves and cranial nerves. It then focuses on the trigeminal nerve as the fifth cranial nerve, describing its nuclei, ganglion and three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Most of the document details the anatomy and branches of the maxillary nerve, including those in the pterygopalatine fossa, orbit, infraorbital canal and face. It concludes by discussing three clinical implications - trigeminal neuralgia, herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Wallenberg syndrome.
This document discusses the anatomy related to local anesthesia in dentistry. It provides an overview of the nervous system, with a focus on the trigeminal nerve and its three divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It describes the branches and distribution of the trigeminal nerve, as well as related ganglia. It also discusses the relevant osteology of the maxilla and mandible, noting how bone density can impact the effectiveness of local anesthesia.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves and provides sensory and motor innervation to the face. It has three major branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve further divides into the frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary nerves. The nasociliary nerve branches into the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves which supply sensory innervation to the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions. The trigeminal nerve divides into three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve is purely sensory and innervates parts of the face including the eye, forehead, and nose. It divides further into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. The frontal nerve gives off the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves which supply the forehead.
The document provides information about the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It innervates most of the face and provides sensory innervation to the teeth and oral cavity. The trigeminal nerve nuclei are located in the pons and midbrain. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons. The branches and distribution of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are described in detail.
this presentation consist of introduction to types of nerves, structure of nerve and cranial nerves. there is a detail description about, origin , course of the trigeminal nerve and its branches and the structures supplying the nerve. it also contains applied anatomy of the nerve and its importance of the nerve in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. a detail description about the examination of the trigeminal nerve is also mentioned in the presentation. hoping that it would be useful to the students and people seeking for knowledge about the trigeminal nerve.
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) including its:
- Intracranial course and branches originating from the trigeminal ganglion
- Three main divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves
- Branches of each division and the areas they innervate, such as the face, nasal cavity, and oral cavity
- Applied anatomy and clinical significance of parts like the trigeminal ganglion
Trigeminal nerve maxillary nerve and clinical implicationDr Ravneet Kour
The document discusses the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve and its clinical implications. It begins by describing the basic anatomy of neurons, nerves and cranial nerves. It then focuses on the trigeminal nerve as the fifth cranial nerve, describing its nuclei, ganglion and three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Most of the document details the anatomy and branches of the maxillary nerve, including those in the pterygopalatine fossa, orbit, infraorbital canal and face. It concludes by discussing three clinical implications - trigeminal neuralgia, herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Wallenberg syndrome.
This document discusses the anatomy related to local anesthesia in dentistry. It provides an overview of the nervous system, with a focus on the trigeminal nerve and its three divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It describes the branches and distribution of the trigeminal nerve, as well as related ganglia. It also discusses the relevant osteology of the maxilla and mandible, noting how bone density can impact the effectiveness of local anesthesia.
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve, which is the fifth cranial nerve. It begins with an introduction to cranial nerves and then discusses the specific nuclei, ganglia, and divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The three divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves - are described in detail regarding their course, branches, and sensory and motor functions. Key structures discussed include the trigeminal ganglion, gasserian ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and submandibular ganglion. The document concludes with a recap of the main branches of the trigeminal nerve.
The document provides information about the anatomy and function of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and the condition of trigeminal neuralgia. It discusses the embryology, nuclei, course and branches of the trigeminal nerve. It also describes trigeminal neuralgia as a condition involving sudden, severe pain in the face triggered by light touch. The document summarizes treatment options for trigeminal neuralgia which include medications and surgical procedures. It also briefly discusses herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Wallenberg syndrome in relation to the trigeminal nerve.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the 12 cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions, supplying sensation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These divisions and their branches innervate different regions of the face and head. Injuries or disorders of the trigeminal nerve can result in numbness, pain, or muscle dysfunction in the territories it supplies. Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing pain in areas innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve. It contains both sensory and motor fibers and has three divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The trigeminal nerve transmits sensory information from the face and motor commands to the muscles of mastication. It has both sensory and motor roots and ganglia in the gasserian ganglion and pterygopalatine ganglion that relay signals to and from the brain.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve, providing sensory and motor functions. It has three major divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons which relay sensory information from the face to the brainstem nuclei. Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition characterized by sudden, severe facial pain that may be triggered by light touch. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus affects the ophthalmic division and can cause eye and skin lesions. Wallenberg syndrome results in loss of sensation in patterns due to a stroke affecting the trigeminal nerve tracts.
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve that has both motor and sensory components. It has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates the eye and surrounding structures. The maxillary nerve provides sensation to the midface and upper teeth. The mandibular nerve is a mixed nerve that supplies motor innervation to the muscles of mastication and sensation to the lower face and teeth. Disorders of the trigeminal nerve include trigeminal neuralgia, which causes severe facial pain, and herpes zoster ophthalmicus, which causes shingles in the eye region.
The document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves, including their names, development, classification, and key details about each individual nerve. It discusses the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. For each nerve, it describes their origin, course through the skull, innervation targets, clinical implications, and applied anatomy. The document is intended as a comprehensive reference for the cranial nerves.
The third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve, originates from nuclei located in the midbrain and controls most of the extraocular muscles as well as the iris and ciliary body. It is responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and accommodation. Damage to the third cranial nerve results in ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, mydriasis, and loss of accommodation due to paralysis of the extraocular muscles, sphincter pupillae, and ciliary body respectively.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components. The sensory component supplies sensation to the face while the motor component innervates the muscles of mastication. It exists the skull through three divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. Each division further branches to supply specific regions of the face. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers and is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The document discusses the trigeminal and facial nerves, which provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. It covers their anatomy, clinical assessment, and common injuries. The trigeminal nerve has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation and some motor functions. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. Common causes of injury include local anesthetic injections, surgery like third molar removal or dental implants, and traumatic injuries. Assessing trigeminal nerve function involves testing sensation and motor functions like the jaw jerk reflex.
The document discusses the trigeminal and facial nerves, which provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. It covers their anatomy, clinical assessment, and common injuries. The trigeminal nerve has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation and some motor functions. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. Common causes of injury include local anesthetic injections, surgery like third molar removal or dental implants, and traumatic injuries. Assessing trigeminal nerve function involves testing sensation and motor functions like the jaw jerk reflex.
MICROSURGICAL ANATOMY OF CRANIAL NERVESpankaj patel
The document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), including its anatomy, branches, nuclei, functions, and clinical applications. It describes CN V as a mixed nerve that has both motor and sensory components. The three major branches of CN V are the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves, each innervating a different area of the face and skull. Key clinical correlations discussed include trigeminal neuralgia and Wallenberg syndrome.
The document discusses the anatomy, course, branches and clinical aspects of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). Some key points:
- The facial nerve has both motor and sensory components. It innervates the muscles of facial expression and provides parasympathetic innervation to certain glands.
- The course of the nerve can be divided into intracranial, intratemporal and extracranial parts as it exits the brainstem and travels through the temporal bone.
- Common causes of facial nerve palsy include Bell's palsy (idiopathic), herpes zoster infection, fractures of the temporal bone, parotid surgery and tumors in the parot
This presentation contains the detailed description about the courses, branches and supply of the Trigeminal Nerve, contains variations of maxillary nerve & Mandibular Nerve, and the detail about trigeminal Neurolgia and its managements
The trigeminal nerve is the 5th cranial nerve and is a mixed nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor function of the muscles of mastication. It has 3 major divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve provides sensory innervation to the upper face and eye region. The maxillary nerve provides sensory innervation to the mid face region including the maxillary teeth. The mandibular nerve provides sensory innervation to the lower face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and is protected by the meninges. The main cell types are neurons, which transmit signals, and neuroglia, which provide support. Neurons have dendrites that receive signals and an axon that transmits them. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and includes cranial and spinal nerves. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
This document provides information on the 12 cranial nerves, with a focus on the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and its three divisions - the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves. It describes the origin, course, branches, and functions of these cranial nerves, including their roles in sensory innervation and motor control of structures in the head, neck, face, and oral cavity. The autonomic ganglia associated with CN V, such as the ciliary and sphenopalatine ganglia, are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of the nerve supply of the head and neck region. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then discusses the 12 cranial nerves in detail, including their origin, course, structures supplied, and clinical correlations. For each cranial nerve, it provides summaries of key branches and their functions. The document also briefly discusses the spinal nerves and covers topics such as neurons, neuroglial cells, and the development of the nervous system. Overall, the document concisely summarizes the anatomy and clinical relevance of the major nerves involved in innervating the head and neck.
MODIFIED EDEN BAYSAL DENTAL TRAUMA INDEX (MEBDTI)
Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are common in both the primary and permanent dentitions.
Using a standardized index to record the entire dental and ST injuries would result in the possibility of more robust data from various centers.
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Similar to SEMINAR V & VI TRIGEMINAL NERVE AND ITS CLINICAL IMPORTANCE FINAL.pptx
This document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve, which is the fifth cranial nerve. It begins with an introduction to cranial nerves and then discusses the specific nuclei, ganglia, and divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The three divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves - are described in detail regarding their course, branches, and sensory and motor functions. Key structures discussed include the trigeminal ganglion, gasserian ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and submandibular ganglion. The document concludes with a recap of the main branches of the trigeminal nerve.
The document provides information about the anatomy and function of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and the condition of trigeminal neuralgia. It discusses the embryology, nuclei, course and branches of the trigeminal nerve. It also describes trigeminal neuralgia as a condition involving sudden, severe pain in the face triggered by light touch. The document summarizes treatment options for trigeminal neuralgia which include medications and surgical procedures. It also briefly discusses herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Wallenberg syndrome in relation to the trigeminal nerve.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the 12 cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor functions, supplying sensation to the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. The trigeminal nerve has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. These divisions and their branches innervate different regions of the face and head. Injuries or disorders of the trigeminal nerve can result in numbness, pain, or muscle dysfunction in the territories it supplies. Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition characterized by episodes of intense, stabbing pain in areas innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve. It contains both sensory and motor fibers and has three divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The trigeminal nerve transmits sensory information from the face and motor commands to the muscles of mastication. It has both sensory and motor roots and ganglia in the gasserian ganglion and pterygopalatine ganglion that relay signals to and from the brain.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve, providing sensory and motor functions. It has three major divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons which relay sensory information from the face to the brainstem nuclei. Trigeminal neuralgia is a painful condition characterized by sudden, severe facial pain that may be triggered by light touch. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus affects the ophthalmic division and can cause eye and skin lesions. Wallenberg syndrome results in loss of sensation in patterns due to a stroke affecting the trigeminal nerve tracts.
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve that has both motor and sensory components. It has three main divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve innervates the eye and surrounding structures. The maxillary nerve provides sensation to the midface and upper teeth. The mandibular nerve is a mixed nerve that supplies motor innervation to the muscles of mastication and sensation to the lower face and teeth. Disorders of the trigeminal nerve include trigeminal neuralgia, which causes severe facial pain, and herpes zoster ophthalmicus, which causes shingles in the eye region.
The document provides an overview of the 12 cranial nerves, including their names, development, classification, and key details about each individual nerve. It discusses the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. For each nerve, it describes their origin, course through the skull, innervation targets, clinical implications, and applied anatomy. The document is intended as a comprehensive reference for the cranial nerves.
The third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve, originates from nuclei located in the midbrain and controls most of the extraocular muscles as well as the iris and ciliary body. It is responsible for eye movement, pupil constriction, and accommodation. Damage to the third cranial nerve results in ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, mydriasis, and loss of accommodation due to paralysis of the extraocular muscles, sphincter pupillae, and ciliary body respectively.
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components. The sensory component supplies sensation to the face while the motor component innervates the muscles of mastication. It exists the skull through three divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. Each division further branches to supply specific regions of the face. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers and is located in the posterior cranial fossa.
The document discusses the trigeminal and facial nerves, which provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. It covers their anatomy, clinical assessment, and common injuries. The trigeminal nerve has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation and some motor functions. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. Common causes of injury include local anesthetic injections, surgery like third molar removal or dental implants, and traumatic injuries. Assessing trigeminal nerve function involves testing sensation and motor functions like the jaw jerk reflex.
The document discusses the trigeminal and facial nerves, which provide sensory and motor innervation to the face. It covers their anatomy, clinical assessment, and common injuries. The trigeminal nerve has three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. It provides sensory innervation and some motor functions. The facial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression. Common causes of injury include local anesthetic injections, surgery like third molar removal or dental implants, and traumatic injuries. Assessing trigeminal nerve function involves testing sensation and motor functions like the jaw jerk reflex.
MICROSURGICAL ANATOMY OF CRANIAL NERVESpankaj patel
The document provides an overview of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), including its anatomy, branches, nuclei, functions, and clinical applications. It describes CN V as a mixed nerve that has both motor and sensory components. The three major branches of CN V are the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves, each innervating a different area of the face and skull. Key clinical correlations discussed include trigeminal neuralgia and Wallenberg syndrome.
The document discusses the anatomy, course, branches and clinical aspects of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). Some key points:
- The facial nerve has both motor and sensory components. It innervates the muscles of facial expression and provides parasympathetic innervation to certain glands.
- The course of the nerve can be divided into intracranial, intratemporal and extracranial parts as it exits the brainstem and travels through the temporal bone.
- Common causes of facial nerve palsy include Bell's palsy (idiopathic), herpes zoster infection, fractures of the temporal bone, parotid surgery and tumors in the parot
This presentation contains the detailed description about the courses, branches and supply of the Trigeminal Nerve, contains variations of maxillary nerve & Mandibular Nerve, and the detail about trigeminal Neurolgia and its managements
The trigeminal nerve is the 5th cranial nerve and is a mixed nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor function of the muscles of mastication. It has 3 major divisions - the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves. The ophthalmic nerve provides sensory innervation to the upper face and eye region. The maxillary nerve provides sensory innervation to the mid face region including the maxillary teeth. The mandibular nerve provides sensory innervation to the lower face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and is protected by the meninges. The main cell types are neurons, which transmit signals, and neuroglia, which provide support. Neurons have dendrites that receive signals and an axon that transmits them. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and includes cranial and spinal nerves. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
This document provides information on the 12 cranial nerves, with a focus on the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and its three divisions - the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves. It describes the origin, course, branches, and functions of these cranial nerves, including their roles in sensory innervation and motor control of structures in the head, neck, face, and oral cavity. The autonomic ganglia associated with CN V, such as the ciliary and sphenopalatine ganglia, are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of the nerve supply of the head and neck region. It begins with an introduction to the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then discusses the 12 cranial nerves in detail, including their origin, course, structures supplied, and clinical correlations. For each cranial nerve, it provides summaries of key branches and their functions. The document also briefly discusses the spinal nerves and covers topics such as neurons, neuroglial cells, and the development of the nervous system. Overall, the document concisely summarizes the anatomy and clinical relevance of the major nerves involved in innervating the head and neck.
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Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are common in both the primary and permanent dentitions.
Using a standardized index to record the entire dental and ST injuries would result in the possibility of more robust data from various centers.
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
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3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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3. INTRODUCTION
• A neuron also known as a neurone
or nerve cell is an electrically
excitable cell that processes and
transmits information through
electrical and chemical signals.
• A typical neuron consists of a cell
body (soma), dendrites, and an
axon.
4. • The nervous system has two major components:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• The central nervous system - primary control centre for the body and is
composed of the Brain and Spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system - a network of nerves that connects the rest of the
body to the CNS.
5. CRANIAL NERVES
• The cranial nerves are composed of 12 PAIRS of nerves that emanate from the
nervous tissue of the brain.
• They exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull.
• Hence, their name is derived from their association with the cranium.
9. TRIGEMINAL NERVE
• 5th cranial nerve, Largest nerve
• First described by Fallopius and later by Friedrich meckel in 1748
• Term trigeminal nerve was proposed by Jacob beningus winslow
• NERVES TRIGEMINUS,TRIFACIAL NERVE
• It is a paired nerve, and each nerve supply ipsilateral half of the head and face.
• Mixed consists of large sensory and small motor root
• Sensory root contain 1,70,000 fibres where as motor root 70,000 fibres.
10.
11. NUCLEI OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE
• The trigeminal nerve has 4 nuclei in the
brainstem: the mesencephalic nucleus,
the principal sensory nucleus, the spinal
trigeminal nucleus, and the motor
nucleus. The three sensory nuclei
(mesencephalic, principal sensory and
spinal trigeminal) form a long column
in the brain stem that extends from the
upper portion of the midbrain to the
upper cervical spinal cord, while the
motor nucleus in the mid-pons provides
special visceral efferent fibers (Haines,
2006).
14. TRIGEMINAL GANGLION
• It is a sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve.
• It is the largest sensory ganglion of the body and the only sensory ganglion that lies
inside the cranial cavity.
• It corresponds to the dorsal root ganglion (sensory) of a spinal nerve.
• Antonius Hirsh in 1965, first described this ganglion with the terminology Gasserian
ganglion in honor of his teacher Johann Lorenz Gasser, an Austrian anatomist.
15. • The ganglion is an expansion of sensory root from the pons.
• It is a crescent shaped structure with convex anterior margin, and so also known as
Semilunar Ganglion.
• It lies in the floor of the middle cranial fossa in a small impression near the apex of
petrous part of temporal bone.
• It invaginates a dural fold known as Trigeminal or Meckel’s Cave (Cavum
Trigeminale) that is formed by folding of meningeal layer of dura-mater around the
ganglion.
19. OPHTHALMIC DIVISION (V1):
• Ophthalmic Nerve is a pure sensory nerve which originates from the anterolateral aspect
of trigeminal ganglion.
• It is the smallest of the three divisions of trigeminal nerve.
• It lies in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and branches into the frontal, lacrimal and
nasociliary nerves.
• All the three branches pass through the superior orbital fissure into the orbit.
• Within the cavernous sinus it also gives a meningeal branch and fine twigs to
oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves that carry sensory fibers (proprioception) to
extraocular muscles supplied by these nerves.
20.
21.
22.
23. MAXILLARY DIVISION (V2):
• It is the second division of the Trigeminal nerve, is intermediate in size compared to the
other two divisions and is purely sensory in function.
• It arises from the middle portion of Gasserian ganglion, passes anteriorly, low in the
lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, to the foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone.
• After exiting the cranium through the foramen rotundum, the maxillary nerve passes
through the superior portion of the pterygopalatine fossa within the infratemporal fossa,
giving off several branches.
• It enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure, traverses the infraorbital groove and
canal in the floor of the orbit and reaches the face at the infraorbital foramen. It terminates
by dividing into several branches which supply the midfacial region.
24.
25.
26.
27. MANDIBULAR DIVISION(V3):
• It is the largest of the three divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve.
• It has two roots: a large, sensory root arising from the inferior angle of the Gasserian
ganglion, and a small motor root which passes beneath the ganglion, and unites with the
sensory root, just after its exit through the foramen ovale.
• Immediately beneath the skull base, the nerve gives off a recurrent branch (nervus
spinosus) and four branches in the infra temporal fossa : the middle meningeal nerve, the
tensor tympani nerve, the tensor veli palatini nerve, and the medial pterygoid nerve
(Fillmore, Seifert 2015) and then divides into two trunks-anterior and posterior.
32. GANGLIA ASSOCIATED WITH
TRIGEMINAL NERVE
1. Ciliary Ganglion (Ophthalmic or Lenticular Ganglion)
2. Sphenopalatine Ganglion( Pterygopalatine or Ganglion of Meckel)
3. Submandibular Ganglion
4. Otic Ganglion
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. TRIGEMINAL REFLEXES
1. Corneal (Blink) Reflex
• It involves involuntary closing of the eyelids resulting from stimulation of the sensory
nerves of the cornea (short and long ciliary nerves), which are branches of the
ophthalmic division (V1). Stimulation results in both direct and indirect (consensual)
blinking. The motor component of this reflex involves the branches of the facial nerve
to the Orbicularis oculi muscle, which closes the eyelids.
2. Glabellar Reflex (“Glabellar Tap Sign”)
• It is produced by repetitive tapping on the forehead between the eyes and above the
nose. Patients blink in response to the first several taps and then stop blinking. The
afferent sensory signals are transmitted by the Supraorbital/Supratrochlear branches of
V1 and the efferent signals reach the Orbicularis oculi muscle via the facial nerve.
39. 3. Oculocardiac Reflex (Aschner or Aschner-Dagnini Reflex)
• It is a reduction in pulse rate that occurs with compression of the eyeball. The
reflex involves presumed neural connections between the ophthalmic and vagus
nerves.
4. Jaw-Jerk Reflex (Masseter Reflex)
• It occurs when the mandible is tapped at a downward angle at the chin while the
mouth is kept slightly open. In response, both Masseter muscles will contract and
moves the mandible upward (Joel A Vilensky et al. 2015).
40. • Purpose: Knowledge of lingual nerve anatomy is of paramount importance
to dental practitioners and maxillofacial surgeons. The purpose of this article
is to review lingual nerve anatomy from the cranial base to its insertion in the
tongue and provide a more detailed explanation of its course to prevent
procedural nerve injuries.
41. • Materials and Methods: Fifteen human cadavers from the University of
Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine’s Anatomical Donor Program
were reviewed. The anatomic structures and landmarks were identified and
confirmed by anatomists. Lingual nerve dissection was carried out and
reviewed on 15 halved human cadaver skulls (total specimens, 28).
42. • Results: Cadaveric dissection
provides a detailed examination of the
lingual nerve from the cranial base to
tongue insertion. The lingual nerve
receives the chorda tympani nerve
approximately 1 cm below the
bifurcation of the lingual and inferior
alveolar nerves. The pathway of the
lingual nerve is in contact with the
periosteum of the mandible just behind
the internal oblique ridge. The lingual
nerve crosses the submandibular duct
at the interproximal space between the
mandibular first and second molars.
The sub-mandibular ganglion is
suspended from the lingual nerve at
the distal area of the second
mandibular molar.
43. • Conclusion:
A zoning classification is another
way to more accurately describe the
lingual nerve based on close
anatomic landmarks as seen in
human cadaveric specimens. This
system could identify particular
areas of interest that might be at
greater procedural risk.
Zone 1 is the lingual nerve pathway from the skull base to the lingula.
Zone 2 is the lingual nerve pathway from the lingula to the junction of the internal oblique ridge and
mylohyoid line.
Zone 3 is the lingual nerve pathway from the junction of the internal oblique ridge and mylohyoid line to the
peripheral nerve end supplying the tongue.
44. • The mandibular canal is a conduit that allows the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle to
transverse the mandible to supply the dentition, jawbone and soft tissue around the gingiva and the
lower lip.
• It is not a single canal but an anatomical structure with multiple branches and variations.
• The branches are termed accessory, bifid or trifid canals depending on their number and
configuration.
• A bifid mandibular canal is an anatomical variation reported more commonly than the trifid
variant.
• Because of these variations, it is of the utmost importance to determine the exact location of the
mandibular canal and to identify any branches arising from it prior to performing surgery in the
mandible.
45. Accessory mandibular canal
• Accessory canals can be attributed to the incomplete fusion of any of the three nerve
branches supplying the incisors, deciduous molars (and their permanent successors) and
permanent molars (Chavez-Lomeli, Mansilla Lory, Pompa, & Kjaer, 1996). Normally, a
single main trunk is formed, which is later corticalized via intramembranous
ossification.
• However, because of this embryological failure, accessory canals have been observed in
panoramic radiographs of children as young as 9 years old (Auluck, A, & Pai KM,
2005).
• The present report reviews the current literature on the bifid mandibular canal (BMC)
and its variant, the trifid mandibular canal (TMC). Their clinical significance for
dentistry is highlighted.
46. Bifid Mandibular Canal
• The bifid variant of the mandibular canal was first described in anatomical dissection in
1971, where the inferior alveolar nerve was classified into three types. The third type was
reported by Carter and Keen (1971) as the one showing nerve branching. Their
classification was:
Type I: The inferior alveolar nerve is a single large structure lying
in a bony canal.
Type II: The inferior alveolar nerve is situated substantially lower
in the mandible.
Type III: The inferior alveolar nerve is separated posteriorly into
two large branches, which together could be regarded as equivalent
to an alveolar branch.
47. Classification of bifid mandibular canal
Type I: Unilateral or bilateral bifid canals that
extend to the mandibular third molar area or the
immediately surrounding area.
Type II: Unilateral or bilateral bifid canals that
rejoin within the ramus or extend to the body of
the mandible.
Langlais et al. (1985) proposed a more detailed classification system based on the anatomical location and
configuration of the BMC. The four main patterns of duplication reported were:
48. Type III: A combination of types I and II.
Type IV: Two canals arising from two separate
foramina and joining to form one larger canal.
49. Trifid Mandibular Canal
• The trifid mandibular canal (TMC) is an anatomical variant that has been less studied
than the bifid canal. The first case of a TMC was reported in 2005.
• Rashsuren et al. (2014) have proposed a classification of TMCs. Their five subtypes
are:
A. Two accessory canals of the retromolar type;
B. Two accessory canals, one retromolar and one dental;
C. Two accessory canals of the dental type;
D. Two accessory canals, one dental and one forward;
E. Two accessory retromolar canals with two mandibular foramina.
50. THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
ACCESSORY MANDIBULAR CANALS
1. Failure of local anesthesia
2. Mandibular third molar surgery
3. Implant surgery
4. Orthognathic surgery
5. Endodontic surgery
6. Neurosensory disturbance
7. Diagnosis
8. Nerve prediction
51. CONCLUSION
• There is a wide range of reported prevalences of accessory mandibular
canals, depending on the method of study and classification system adopted.
• More BMCs and TMCs have been observed using CT/CBCT than
panoramic radiographs.
• Their prevalence seems to differ among patients of different ethnic origins
and even within the same ethnic stock.
• There are also wide differences in the types and configurations of BMC
within each ethnic group.
• There is also wide variation in the diameters and lengths of these accessory
canals.
52. Introduction:
• The Mandibular Foramen (MF) is a landmark for administering local anaesthetic solution
for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB).
• The position of MF shows considerable variation among different ethnicity, ages and on
either sides even within the same individual.
• Failure to achieve IANB leading to repeated injection of the local anaesthetic solution
will not only pose a behaviour problem in children but can also lead to systemic toxic
level of anaesthetic solution being administered.
53. Aim:
• To determine the relative position of the mandibular foramen in 7 to 12-year-old
children in relation to the mandibular occlusal plane and the deepest point on
coronoid notch.
Materials and Methods:
• Ninety orthopantamograph of 7 to 12-year-old children were selected from the
database and were divided into three groups: Group 1 (G1): seven to eight-year-old,
Group 2 (G2): 9 to 10-year-old and Group 3 (G3): 11 to 12-year-old.
• The radiographs were traced on acetate paper, anatomical landmarks were marked
and linear measurements were noted from the Mandibular Lingula (ML) to the
occlusal plane, and to the deepest point on coronoid notch.
• The data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. One way
ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis and Student’s paired t-test
were used.
54.
55. Results:
• Mandibular foramen is approximately, 2-3 mm above the occlusal plane and 11.6-
13.0 mm from deepest point of coronoid notch for seven to eight-year-old
children.
• 3-4 mm above the occlusal plane and 13.0-13.9 mm from deepest point of
coronoid notch for 9-10 year age group.
• and 5.5-6.5 mm above the occlusal plane and 11.9-12.2 mm from deepest point of
coronoid notch for children of the ages 11-12 years.
• The linear distance from the deepest point of coronoid notch to the mandibular
lingula showed statistical significance in G2 vs G3 on right side G1 vs G2 and G2
vs G3 on the left side.
• The variance of this distance for either side showed statistical significance for G1
and G2.
56. Conclusion:
• The distance from the mandibular lingula to the occlusal plane showed gradual
increase in all the three groups, which was statistically significant.
• The position of the mandibular foramen is not bilaterally symmetrically for any of
the considered age groups.
58. EXAMINATION OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE
• Sensory examination
Test touch , pain, pressure ,
temperature sensation over the skin
and mucous membrane of face by
all three branches of trigeminal
nerve .
• Motor examination
Check temporalis muscle
Check masseter muscle
Check pterygoid muscle
Check tensor tympani
59. Sensory system examination
• Tactile sensibility
Fine touch
Crude touch
Tactile localization
Two point discrimination
Stereognosis
Barognosis
Graphesthesia
• Joint senses
Sense of position
Appreciation of movement
• Vibration
• Pain
Superficial pain
Pressure pain
• Temperature
60. Motor examination
• Check temporalis and masseter
muscle
Tell subject to clench his mouth ,
normally there is equal prominence on
each side and it should be confirmed
by palpation.
No prominence on paralyzed side
• Pterygoid muscle
Tell subject to open his mouth , see
the position of jaw whether it is placed
in center or deviate on either side .
Jaw will deviate towards paralyzed
side.
• Tensor tympani muscle
Ask subject whether any loss of
hearing or not
61. Trigeminal reflexes
Reflex Level of spinal cord How to elicit Response
Conjunctival reflex Afferent – 5th CN
Efferent – 7th CN
Touch conjunctiva with
cotton wool swab
Contraction of orbicularis
oculi muscle – rapid
closure of eye lid
Corneal reflex Afferent – 5th CN
Efferent – 7th CN
Touch cornea with cotton
wool swab at its
conjunctival margin
Contraction of orbicularis
oculi muscle – rapid
closure of eye lid
Jaw jerk Nuclei of 5th CN • Slightly open mouth
• Place one finger over
chin and tap it
Closure of the jaw due to
contraction of masseter
muscle
62. NEUROSENSORY EXAMINATION OF TN
• Interview
A history
The patients’ self assessment of neurosensory function in
terms of reduced function (hypesthesia, anesthesia), and
neurogenic discomfort (paresthesia, dysesthesia, allodynia,
dysgeusia, ageusia, etc.)
• Examinations took place in a quiet room
0 = no perception of touch
1 = perception of touch with no ability to differentiate
(pointed/blunt, warm/cold, localization of touch, direction of
moving touch)
2 = perception with ability to differentiate less clear than
normal
3 = normal perception.
Simple kit of instruments for clinical
neurosensory examination of oral
branches of the trigeminal nerve
63. 1. Feather light touch
2. Pin prick
3. Pointed/dull discrimination
4. Warm
5. Cold
6. Localization of touch
7. Brush stroke direction
8. Two point discrimination thresholds
9. Pain protective reaction
• Patients with injury to the lingual nerve were
examined for the presence of a traumatic
neuroma.
• Injury to the inferior alveolar nerve -“B 1000
Pulp pen”
64. Techniques of Maxillary Anesthesia
1. LOCAL INFILTRATION
• The area of treatment is flooded with local
anesthetic. An incision is made into the same
area
2. FIELD BLOCK
• Local anesthetic is deposited near the larger
terminal nerve endings An incision is made away
from the site of injection.
3. NERVE BLOCK
• Local anesthetic is deposited close to the main
nerve trunk, located at a distance from the site of
incision
65. Supraperiosteal Injection
The syringe should be held parallel to the long
axis of the tooth and inserted at the height of the
mucobuccal fold over the tooth.
Large terminal branches of the dental
plexus.
67. Middle Superior Alveolar Nerve Block
Position of needle between maxillary premolars for a
middle superior alveolar (MSA) nerve block.
68. Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve Block
(Infraorbital Nerve Block)
Advance the needle parallel to the long axis of
the tooth to preclude prematurely contacting bone.
78. Vazirani-Akinosi Closed-Mouth Mandibular Block
Barrel of syringe is held parallel to maxillary occlusal
plane with the needle at the level of the mucogingival
junction of the second or third maxillary molar.
82. TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
(Fothergill’s disease/tic douloureux)
• The IASP defines TN as an often unilateral orofacial pain disorder that presents as brief and
recurrent episodes of an electric shock-like pain and is limited in distribution to one or more
divisions of the trigeminal nerve.
• Incidence: seen in about 4 in 100000 persons
• Age of occurrence: 5th to 6th decade
• Sex predilection: female predisposition
• Side involved more frequently: right side
• Division of trigeminal nerve involved; most commonly : maxillary> mandibular> ophthalmic
• Trigeminal neuralgia (TGN) is a form of facial pain which is uncommon in children.
83. • Superficial trigger points which radiates across the distribution of
one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve.
• Pain rarely crosses the midline pain is of short duration and last for
few seconds to minutes.
• In extreme cases patient has a motionless face called the frozen or
mask like face
83
84. It is provocated by obvious stimuli like:
Touching face at particular site
Chewing
Speaking
Brushing
Shaving
Washing the face
The characteristic of disorder is that the
attacks do not occur during sleep.
84
85.
86.
87. PATHOLOGY
• Compression of the trigeminal nerve root
• Primary demyelinating disorders
• Infiltrative disorders
• Changes secondary to the lesioning of the nerve root or gasserian ganglion
93. • Objective: To Evaluate the efficacy of Carbamazepine and Gabapentin in the
management of Trigeminal Neuralgia.
• Materials and Methods: A total of 42 patients with a mean age of 52.78
years included in the study were randomly divided into two groups A and B
and were given the tablets of carbamazepine in the dose range of 400mg to
1200 mg and gabapentin in the dose range of 600mg to 1800mg and recalled
after 3rd day, 15th day, 1 month and 3 month period to evaluate the response
to the drugs. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis.
94. • Results: The therapeutic effectiveness of carbamazepine recorded as good
response in 52.38% of patients of group A after 72 hours of recall while
28.57% patients had an average response and 19% patients had not relieved
off pain attacks at the dose of 400mg of carbamazepine. The therapeutic
effectiveness of gabapentin recorded as good response in 52.38% of group B
patients after 72 hours of recall while 42.8% patients had an average
response at the dose of 600mg of gabapentin.
• Conclusion: The study suggests that gabapentin can be effective as first or
second line treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, even in cases resistant to
traditional treatment modalities.
102. • Objective. To assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A
(BTX-A) for treating idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (ITN) in patients ≥80 years
old.
• Methods. Selected patients (n =43) with ITN, recruited from the neurology clinic
and inpatient department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
between August 2008 and February 2014, were grouped by age, one subset (n= 14)
≥80 years old and another (n= 29) <60 years old. Each group scored similarly in
degrees of pain registered by the visual analogue scale (VAS). Dosing, efficacy, and
safety of BTX-A injections were compared by group.
103. • Results. Mean dosages of BTX-A were 91.3 ± 25.6 U and 71.8 ± 33.1 U in
older and younger patients, respectively (t =1.930, p = 0.061). The median of
the VAS score in older patients at baseline (8.5) declined significantly at 1
month after treatment (4.5) (p = 0.007), as did that of younger patients (8.0
and 5.0, resp.) (p=0.001). The median of the D values of the VAS scores did
not differ significantly by group (older, 2.5; younger, 0; Z =−1.073, p =
0.283). Two patients in each group developed minor transient side effects (p
= 0.825). Adverse reactions in both groups were mild, resolving
spontaneously within 3 weeks.
• Conclusions. BTX-A is effective and safe in treating patients of advanced
age (≥80 years old) with ITN, at dosages comparable to those used in much
younger counterparts (<60 years old).
104. HERPES ZOSTER INFECTION
Caused by Varicella zoster
Predilection for nasociliary branch of
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
CLINICAL FEATURES:-
Cutaneous lesions:-
•Rash
•Vesicle
•Pustule
•crust
•permanent scar
104
105. • OCULAR LESIONS
Eyelid:- Perorbital pain
Oedema
Hyperasthesia
Conjunctivitis
Scleritis
Corneal scarring
Glaucoma
• TREATMENT:
Acyclovir 800mg 5 times /day
within 4 days of onset of rash
Analgesics
Antibiotic ointments
Systemic steroids 60mg/day
Corneal grafting
105
106. WALLENBERG SYNDROME:
A stroke which cause loss of pain and
temperature sensation from one side of
face and other side of body.
CHECKERBOARD PATTERN
107. REFERENCES
1. B D chaurasia’s HUMAN ANATOMY-4th edition,vol3
2. G. P. Rath (ed.), Handbook of Trigeminal Neuralgia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2333-1_2
Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
3. Textbook of Trigeminal Neuralgia Sujith Ovallath 2020 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN: 978-1-53618-130-2
4. Romanes GJ. The peripheral nervous system: trigeminal nerve. In: Romanes GJ, editor. Cunningham’s textbook
of anatomy. 12th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1981. p. 748–56
5. Fillmore, E. & Seifert, M. (2015). Nerves and Nerve Injuries, Vol 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy,
Imaging, and Diagnostics, Anatomy of trigeminal nerve Pages 319-350.
6. Shankland WE. The trigeminal nerve. Part I: An over-view. CRANIO®. 2000 Oct 1;18(4):238-48.
7. Gray H: Anatomy, descriptive and surgical. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Henry Lea,1867.
8. Sittitavornwong S, Babston M, Denson D, Zehren S, Friend J. Clinical anatomy of the lingual nerve: a review.
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2017 May 1;75(5):926-e1.
9. Ngeow WC, Chai WL. The clinical anatomy of accessory mandibular canal in dentistry. Clinical Anatomy. 2020
Nov;33(8):1214-27.
10. Krishnamurthy NH, Unnikrishnan S, Ramachandra JA, Arali V. Evaluation of relative position of mandibular
foramen in children as a reference for inferior alveolar nerve block using orthopantamograph. Journal of clinical
and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017 Mar;11(3):ZC71.